Tiny C Compiler
The Tiny C Compiler, TCC, tCc, or TinyCC is a x86, X86-64 and ARM processor C compiler initially written by Fabrice Bellard. It is designed to work for slower computers with little disk space. Windows operating system support was added in version 0.9.23. TCC is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
TCC claims to implement all of ANSI C, much of the C99 ISO standard, and many GNU C extensions including inline assembly.
Features
TCC has a number of features that differentiate it from other current C compilers:- Its small file size and memory footprint allow it to be used directly from a single 1.44 M floppy disk, such as a rescue disk.
- TCC is intended to produce native x86, x86-64 and ARM code very quickly; according to Bellard, it compiles, assembles and links about nine times faster than GCC does. As of 2023, the "mob" development branch also includes support for RISC-V and TMS320C67xx.
- TCC has a number of compiler-specific language features intended to improve its practicality, such as an optional memory and bound checker, for improved code stability.
- TCC allows programs to be run automatically at compile time using a command-line switch. This allows programs to be run as a shell script under Unix-like systems that support the shebang interpreter directive syntax. The shebang for TCC is
#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run.
Compiled program performance
In general, TCC's implementation emphasizes smallness instead of optimally-performing results. TCC generates code in a single pass, and does not perform most of the optimizations performed by other compilers. TCC compiles every statement on its own, and at the end of each statement register values are written back to the stack and must be re-read even if the next line uses the values in registers. TCC uses only some of the available registers.TCC performs a few optimizations, such as constant propagation for all operations, multiplications and divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate, and comparison operators are specially optimized. It also does some simple register allocation, which prevents many extraneous save/load pairs inside a single statement.
Here are two benchmark examples:
- A recursive Fibonacci algorithm on a 1.8 GHz Intel Centrino laptop with 512 MB RAM yields a noticeable difference in results between Microsoft Visual C++ compiler 13.10.3052 and TCC. To calculate the 49th Fibonacci number, it took a MS Visual C++ program approximately 18% longer than the TCC compiled program.
- A test compared different C compilers by using them to compile the GNU C Compiler itself, and then using the resulting compilers to compile GCC again. Compared to GCC 3.4.2, a TCC modified to compile GCC was able to compile the compiler ten times faster, but the resulting.exe it produced was 57% larger, and much slower, taking 2.2 times as long to compile GCC again.
The results were: Running cc1 on itself required 518 seconds when compiled using GCC 3.4.2, 545 seconds using Microsoft C compiler, and 1145 seconds using TCC. To create these compilers in the first place, GCC took 744 seconds to compile the GCC compiler, whereas TCC took only 73 seconds. The level of optimization in each compiler was -O1 or similar.
Uses
- TCCBOOT, a hack where TCC loads and boots a Linux kernel from source in about 10 seconds. That is to say, it is a "boot loader" that reads Linux kernel source code from disk, writes executable instructions to memory, and begins running it. This did require changes to the Linux build process.
- TCC has been used to compile GCC, though various patches were required to make this work.
- TCC was used to demonstrate a defense against the trust attack. It is also used in GNU Guix in an attempt to make the distribution bootstrappable without using any binary.
- Cinpy is a Python library that allows you to implement functions with C in Python modules. The functions are compiled with TCC at runtime. The results are made callable in Python through the ctypes library.
- TCC has been used as a reference for the compiled version of the Super Micro-Max Chess program source.
- Bun uses TCC to expose an API which allows users to compile and run C programs from JavaScript.
History
TCC has its origins in the Obfuscated Tiny C Compiler, a program Bellard wrote to win the International Obfuscated C Code Contest in 2001. After that time, Bellard expanded and deobfuscated the program to produce tcc.At some time prior to 4 February 2012 Fabrice Bellard updated the project's official web page to report that he was no longer working on TCC.
Since Bellard's departure from the project, various people and groups have distributed patches or maintained forks of TCC to build upon or fix issues with TCC. This includes Dave Dodge's collection of unofficial tcc patches, Debian and kfreebsd downstream patches, and grischka's gcc patches. Grischka also set up a public Git repository for the project that contains a mob branch where numerous contributions, including a shared build, cross-compilers, and SELinux compatibility were added. Grischka's GIT repository later became the official TCC repository.