Son


A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative.

Social issues

In pre-industrial societies and some current countries with agriculture-based economies, a higher value was, and still is, assigned to sons rather than daughters, giving males higher social status, because males were physically stronger, and could perform farming tasks more effectively.
In China, a one-child policy was in effect until 2015 in order to address rapid population growth. Official birth records showed a rise in the level of male births since the policy was brought into law. This was attributed to a number of factors, including the illegal practice of sex-selective abortion and widespread under-reporting of female births.
In patrilineal societies, sons will customarily inherit an estate before daughters.
In some cultures, the eldest son has special privileges. For example, in Biblical times, the first-born male was bequeathed the most goods from his father. Some Japanese social norms involving the eldest son are: "that parents are more likely to live with their eldest child if their eldest child is a son" and "that parents are most likely to live with their eldest son even if he is not the eldest child".

Christian symbolism

Among Christians, "the Son" or Son of God refers to Jesus Christ. Trinitarian Christians view Jesus as the human incarnation of God the second person of the Trinity, known as God the Son. In the Gospels, Jesus sometimes refers to himself as the Son of Man.

Indications in names

In many cultures, the surname of the family means "son of", indicating a possible ancestry—i.e., that the whole family descends from a common ancestor. It may vary between the beginning or the termination of the surname.
;Arabic
  • bin or ibn. Examples: "Ibn Sina", "Ibn Khaldun".
;Berber
  • U. Examples: "Usadden", "Uâli".
  • Ayt. Examples: "Ayt Buyafar", "Ayt Mellul".
  • n Ayt. Examples: "n Ayt Ndir", "Naït Zerrad".
;Danish
  • Sen. Examples: "Henriksen", "Jensen", "Andersen".
;Dutch
  • Sen. Examples: "Jansen", "Petersen", "Pietersen"
  • Zoon. Examples: "Janszoon", "Peterszoon", "Pieterszoon"
;English
  • s. Examples: "Edwards", "Williams", "Jeffreys"
  • Son. Examples: "Jefferson", "Wilson", "Edson", "Anderson".
;French
  • es. Example: "Fernandes".
  • ot. Example: "Pierrot".
  • de or d'. Example: "Danton".
;Hebrew
  • ben or bin before 1300 BC. Example: "Benjamin". Also, the Hebrew word for "person" is ben Adam, meaning "son of Adam".
;Hindi
  • beta. Example: "Mera beta Tim".
  • बेटा. Example "मेरा बेटा टिम".
;Hungarian
  • -fi or -ffy. Examples: "Petőfi", "Sándorfi", "Péterffy" .
;Irish
  • Mac or Mc. Examples: "MacThomas", "McDonald", "MacLean".
;Italian
  • di. Examples: "di Stefano", "di Giovanni", "di Giuseppe".
  • de. Examples: "de Paolo", "de Mauro", "de Giorgio".
  • d`. Examples: "d'Antonio", "d'Adriano", "d'Agostino".
  • -i, which comes from Latin ending for Genitive. Examples: "Paoli", "Richetti".
;Norwegian
  • Son. Examples: "Magnusson" ; "Sigurdson", "Odinson".
;Persian
  • pur/pour. Example: "Mahdipur".
  • zadeh. Example: "Muhammadzadeh".
;Tagalog
  • Anak Example: mga Anak ni Pedro
;Tamil
  • Magan. Example: "En Magan Murugan".
  • மகன். Example "என் மகன் முருகன்".
;Polish
  • ski. Examples: "Janowski", "Piotrowski", "Michalski".
;Portuguese
  • Es. Examples: "Gonçalves", "Henriques", "Fernandes".
;Romanian
  • a as prefix and ei as suffix. Example: "Amariei", "Adomniței", "Alenei".
  • escu or sometimes aşcu comes from the Latin -iscus which means "belonging to the people". Examples: "Petrescu", "Popescu", "Constantinescu".
;Russian
  • ov, ovich. Example: "Ivanov".
  • ev, evich. Example: "Dmitriev".
;Spanish
  • Ez. Examples: "González", "Henríquez", "Fernández", Gómez, Sánchez.
;Turkish
  • oğlu. Examples: "Elbeyioğlu", "Ağaoğlu", "Yusufoğlu".
  • zade. Examples: "Beyzade", "Aşıkpaşazade", "Mehmedzade".
;Ukrainian
  • -enko or -ko, meaning simply "son of". Example: "Kovalenko"
  • sky. Examples: "Stanislavsky", "Chaykovsky", "Petrovsky".
  • shyn. Examples: "Petryshyn", "Danylyshyn".
  • chuk. Example: "Ivanchuk".
;Welsh
  • ap or ab. Examples: "ap Rhys", "ab Owain".

    Semitic

The Arabic word for son is ibn. Because family and ancestry are important cultural values in the Arab world and Islam, Arabs and most Muslims often use bin, which is a form of ibn, in their full names. The bin here means "son of." For example, the Arab name "Saleh bin Tarif bin Khaled Al-Fulani" translates as "Saleh, son of Tarif, son of Khaled; of the family Al-Fulani". Accordingly, the opposite of ibn/''bin is abu, meaning "the father of." It is a retronym, given upon the birth of one's first-born son, and is used as a moniker to indicate the newly acquired fatherhood status, rather than a family name. For example, if Mahmoud's first-born son is named Abdullah, from that point on Mahmoud can be called "Abu Abdullah."
This is cognate with the Hebrew language ben,'' as in "Judah ben Abram HaLevi," which means "Judah, son of Abram, the Levite." Ben is also a standalone name.