Solid-state transformer

A solid-state transformer, power electronic transformer, or electronic power transformer is an AC-to-AC converter, a type of electric power converter that replaces a conventional transformer used in AC electric power distribution. It is more complex than a conventional transformer operating at utility frequency, but can be smaller and more efficient than conventional transformers because it operates at higher frequencies. Solid-state transformers are an emerging technology as of 2025.
Solid-state transformers can actively regulate voltage and current. Some can convert single-phase power to three-phase power and vice versa. Variations can input or output DC power to reduce the number of conversions, for greater end-to-end efficiency. As a complex electronic circuit, it must be designed to withstand lightning and other surges.
The main types are AC-to-AC converter and AC-to-DC-to-DC-to-AC converter. A solid-state transformer usually contains a transformer, inside the AC-to-AC converter or DC-to-DC converter, which provides electrical isolation and carries the full power. This transformer is smaller due to smaller DC-DC inverting stages between transformer coils, which consequently mean smaller transformer coils required to step up or step down voltages.
A modular solid-state transformer consists of several high-frequency transformers and is similar to a multi-level converter.