Electric power conversion


In electrical engineering, power conversion is the process of converting electrical energy from one form to another.
A power converter is an electrical device for converting electrical energy between alternating current and direct current. It can also change the voltage or frequency of the current.
Power converters include simple devices such as transformers, and more complex ones like resonant converters. The term can also refer to a class of electrical machinery that is used to convert one frequency of alternating current into another. Power conversion systems often incorporate redundancy and voltage regulation.
Power converters are classified based on the type of power conversion they perform. One way of classifying power conversion systems is based on whether the input and output is alternating or direct current.

DC power conversion

DC to DC

Devices that convert one DC voltage/current level to another:
Devices that convert DC to AC :

AC to DC

Devices that convert AC to DC :
Devices that convert AC to AC :
There are also devices and methods to convert between power systems designed for single and three-phase operation.
The standard power voltage and frequency vary from country to country and sometimes within a country. In North America and northern South America, it is usually 120 volts, 60 hertz, but in Europe, Asia, Africa, and many other parts of the world, it is usually 230 volts, 50 Hz. Aircraft often use 400 Hz power internally, so 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz frequency conversion is needed for use in the ground power unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground. Conversely, internal 400 Hz internal power may be converted to 50 Hz or 60 Hz for convenience power outlets available to passengers during flight.
Certain specialized circuits can also be considered power converters, such as the flyback transformer subsystem powering a CRT, generating high voltage at approximately 15 kHz.
Consumer electronics usually include an AC adapter to convert mains-voltage AC current to low-voltage DC suitable for consumption by microchips. Consumer voltage converters are used when traveling between countries that use ~120 V versus ~240 V AC mains power.

Application in renewable energy systems

Modern electric power conversion plays a critical role in renewable energy integration. Power electronic converters are required for interfacing variable-output sources such as photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines with the electrical grid or with batteries for energy storage. Solar photovoltaic systems commonly use DC-to-DC converters and grid-tied DC-to-AC inverters to match solar output to grid requirements, while wind turbines typically require AC-AC conversion and frequency regulation to produce stable, usable power. Advanced converters manage fluctuations, improve power quality, and enable smart grid operations, making large-scale adoption of renewables possible.