She (pronoun)
In Modern English, she is a singular, feminine, third-person pronoun.
Morphology
In Standard Modern English, she has four shapes representing five distinct word forms:she: the nominative formher: the accusative form; the dependent genitive formhers: the independent genitive formherself: the reflexive formHistory
Old English had a single third-person pronoun – from the Proto-Germanic hu y ccudemonstrative base khi-, from PIE ko- – which had a plural and three genders in the singular. In early Middle English, one case was lost, and distinct pronouns started to develop. The modern pronoun it developed out of the neuter, singular in the 12th century. Her developed out of the feminine singular dative and genitive forms. The older pronoun had the following forms:The evolution of she is disputed. By Middle English, it was found in the form schē, but how it arrived there is unclear. Some sources propose it evolved from the demonstrative pronoun: Others propose it descends directly from the third-person feminine pronoun: This does not lead to the modern form she. None of this is entirely plausible.
The -self forms developed in early Middle English, with hire self becoming herself. By the 15th century, the Middle English forms of she had solidified into those we use today.''''
Gender
Historically, she was encompassed in he as he had three genders in Old English. The neuter and feminine genders split off during Middle English. Today, she is the only feminine pronoun in English.She is occasionally used as a gender neutral, third-person, singular pronoun.
Syntax
Functions
She can appear as a subject, object, determiner or predicative complement. The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct. She occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase.- Subject: She's there; her being there; she paid for herself to be there.
- Object: I saw her; I introduced him to her; She saw herself.
- Predicative complement: The only person there was her.
- Dependent determiner: This is her book.
- Independent determiner: This is hers.
- Adjunct: She did it herself.
- Modifier: ''The she goat was missing.''
Dependents
Pronouns rarely take dependents, but it is possible for she to have many of the same kind of dependents as other noun phrases.- Relative clause modifier: she who arrives late
- Determiner: A: Somebody was here, and she left this. B: I'm that she.
- Adjective phrase modifier: the real her
- Adverb phrase external modifier: ''Not even her''
Semantics
SheGeneric
The pronoun she can also be used to refer to an unspecified person, as in If you see someone in trouble, help her.- ''If either your mother or father would like to discuss it, I'll talk to her.''
Non-human ''she''
She has traditionally been used for ships, but can also be used for other inanimate objects as a form of anthropomorphism.SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in Lake Superior during a storm. When launched in 1958, she was the largest ship on North America's Great Lakes. "I know, I know... It's Eleanor... Just take her, slick." ―Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)She can also be used for countries as political entities, but not as geographical entities.Canada really found her place in the world during WWII., and she has five great lakes in Ontario.
Many English style guides discourage the use of she for countries or inanimate objects; such use may be considered dated or sexist.