Rishonim
Rishonim were the leading rabbis and poskim who lived approximately during the 11th to 15th centuries, in the era before the writing of the Shulchan Aruch and following the Geonim. Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulchan Aruch are generally known as acharonim.
The distinction between the and the is meaningful historically; in halakha the distinction is less important. According to a widely held view in Orthodox Judaism, the Acharonim generally cannot dispute the rulings of rabbis of previous eras unless they find support from other rabbis in previous eras. On the other hand, this view is not formally a part of halakha itself, and according to some rabbis is a violation of the halakhic system. In The Principles of Jewish Law, Orthodox rabbi Menachem Elon writes that:
List of Rishonim
11th Century
- Menahem ben Helbo, 11th century French tosafist and exegete
- Isaac ibn Ghayyat, 11th century Spanish halakhist and commentator.
- Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry, 11th century French Talmudist
- Bahya ibn Paquda,, 11th century Spanish philosopher and moralist
- Rabbenu Gershom, 11th century German Talmudist and legalist
- Isaac Alfasi,, 11th century North African and Spanish Talmudist and Halakhist
- Jonah ibn Janah, 11th century Hebrew grammarian
- Rashi,, 11th century French Talmudist and exegete
- Tosafists,, 11th, 12th and 13th century Talmudic scholars in France and Germany
- Simeon Kara, 11th century rabbi and Joseph's father
- Baruch ben Samuel, 12th century Talmudist and poet
12th Century
- Isaac ben Melchizedek, 12th-century Talmudist
- Isaac of Chernigov, 12th century exegete
- Eleazar of Worms, 12th century German halakhist
- Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg, 12th century German mystic and halakhist
- Isaac ben Abba Mari, 12th century Provençal rabbi
- Jacob ben Meir, 12th century Talmudist, halakhist, and Biblical philologist
- Shemaiah of Soissons, 12th century Talmudist and Biblical exegete
- Joseph Kara, 12th century Biblical exegete.
- Isaiah di Trani, 12th century Biblical exegete and halakhist.
- Isaac ben Dorbolo, 12th-century halakhist
- Abraham ibn Daud,, 12th century Spanish philosopher
- Abraham ibn Ezra,, 12th century Spanish-North African Biblical commentator
- Samuel ben Jacob Jam'a, 12th century North African rabbi and scholar
- Joseph Kimhi, 12th century exegete, grammarian, and lexicographer
- Moses Kimhi, 12th century biblical commentator and grammarian.
- David Kimhi, 12th century French biblical commentator, philosopher, and grammarian
- Eliezer ben Nathan, 12th century poet and pietist
- Hillel ben Eliakim,, 12th century Talmudist and disciple of Rashi''
- Solomon ben Meir, 12th century grandson of Rashi, one of the Tosafot.
- Ibn Tibbon, a family of 12th and 13th century Spanish and French scholars, translators, and leaders
- Joseph ibn Migash 12th century Spanish Talmudist and rosh yeshiva; teacher of Maimon, father of Maimonides
- Maimonides, Moshe Ben Maimon,, 12th century Spanish-North African Talmudist, philosopher, and law codifier
- Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, 12th-13th century French Maimonidean philosopher and translator
- Yehuda Halevi,, 12th century Spanish philosopher and poet devoted to Zion
- ,, 12th century Talmudist with a commentary on Masechet Pesachim that has become influential on contemporary Iyyun
- Yitzhak Saggi Nehor,, 12th-13th century Provençal Kabbalist
- Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona, 12th century Talmudist
- Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah, 12-13th century grammarian
13th Century
- Isaac ben Meir Halevi of Düren, 13th-century halakhist
- Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, 13th-century halakhist
- Isaac of Ourville, 13th-century halakhist
- Menahem Recanati, 13th-century halakhist
- Abraham ben Nathan, 13th century Provençal Talmudist.
- Moses de León, 13th century Spanish Kabbalist
- Moses ben Meir of Ferrara, 13th century Tosafist
- Eliezer ben Samuel of Metz, 13th century Tosafist.
- Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona, 13th century Tosafist.
- Judah ben Benjamin Anaw, 13th century Italian halakhist and Talmudist
- Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw, 13th century Italian halakhist
- Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw, 13th century poet, exegete, and halakhist.
- Abba Mari,, 13th century Provençal rabbi
- Isaiah di Trani the Younger, 13th century Biblical exegete and halakhist
- Asher ben Jehiel,, 13th century German-Spanish Talmudist
- Meir of Rothenburg, 13th century German rabbi and poet
- Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, 13th century Bohemian Posek
- Meir Abulafia,, 13th century Spanish Talmudist
- Mordecai ben Hillel,, 13th century German Halakhist
- Nahmanides, Moshe ben Nahman,, 13th century Spanish and Holy Land mystic and Talmudist
- Menachem Meiri,, 13th century Talmudist
- Yom Tov Asevilli,, 13th century Talmudist
- Solomon ben Aderet,, 13th century Talmudist
- Aharon HaLevi,, 13th century Talmudist
- Meshullam ben Jacob, , 13th century Talmudist
- Joseph Caspi, 13th–14th century talmudist, grammarian, and philosopher
- Bahya ben Asher ibn Halawa, 13th-14th century commentator, Talmudist and Kabbalist
- Moses of Évreux, one of three rabbi brothers in 13th century Normandy, modern-day France.
14th Century
- Samson ben Samuel, 14th-century poet and halakhist
- Menahem ben Aaron ibn Zerah, 14th-century halakhist
- Moses da Rieti, 14th-century poet and philosopher
- David Abudirham, 14th century liturgical commentator
- Gersonides, Levi ben Gershom,, 14th century French Talmudist and philosopher
- Jacob ben Asher,, 14th century German-Spanish Halakhist
- Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin, , 14th century codifier of German minhag
- Hasdai Crescas,, 14th century Talmudist and philosopher
- Isaac Lattes, 14th-century French chronicler.
- Immanuel of Rome, 14th century Italian poet
- Benjamin ben Judah, 14th century Italian exegete.
- Kalonymus ben Kalonymus, 14th-century French translator and philosopher.
- Benjamin ben Isaac of Carcassonne, 14th century scholar.
- Nissim of Gerona,, 14th century Halakhist and Talmudist
- Crescas Vidal, 14th century Talmudist and philosopher
- , 14th-century halakhist
- Samuel ben Aaron Schlettstadt, 14th century German halakhist
- Simeon ben Zemah Duran, 14th-15th century Halakhist
15th Century
- Don Isaac Abravanel, 15th century philosopher and Torah commentator
- Joseph ben Moses, 15th century halakhist
- Abraham Saba, Castilian exegete
- Meir ben Ezekiel ibn Gabbai, Sephardic kabbalist
- Joseph Albo, 15th century Spain
- Israel Bruna, 15th century German Rabbi and Posek
- Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro , 15th century commentator on the Mishnah