Outline of logic


Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language. The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analyses of reasoning such as probability, correct reasoning, and arguments involving causality. One of the aims of logic is to identify the correct and incorrect inferences. Logicians study the criteria for the evaluation of arguments.

Foundations of logic

Informal logic and critical thinking

Theories of deduction

  • Anti-psychologism
  • Conceptualism
  • Constructivism
  • Conventionalism
  • Counterpart theory
  • Deflationary theory of truth
  • Dialetheism
  • Fictionalism
  • Formalism
  • Game theory
  • Illuminationist philosophy
  • Logical atomism
  • Logical holism
  • Logicism
  • Modal fictionalism
  • Nominalism
  • Polylogism
  • Pragmatism
  • Preintuitionism
  • Proof theory
  • Psychologism
  • Ramism
  • Semantic theory of truth
  • Sophism
  • Trivialism
  • Ultrafinitism

    Fallacies

  • Fallacy - incorrect argumentation in reasoning resulting in a misconception or presumption. By accident or design, fallacies may exploit emotional triggers in the listener or interlocutor, or take advantage of social relationships between people. Fallacious arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure any logical argument. Fallacies can be used to win arguments regardless of the merits. There are dozens of types of fallacies.

    Formal logic

  • Formal logic - Mathematical logic, symbolic logic and formal logic are largely, if not completely synonymous. The essential feature of this field is the use of formal languages to express the ideas whose logical validity is being studied.
  • * List of mathematical logic topics

    Symbols and strings of symbols

Logical symbols


Propositional logic

Predicate logic

Set theory