Outline of artificial intelligence
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the scientific field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.
AI algorithms and techniques
Search
- Discrete search algorithms
- * Uninformed search
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- * Informed search
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- * Adversarial search
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- * Logic as search
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- * Planning as search
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Optimization search
- Optimization algorithms
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- Evolutionary computation
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- Society based learning algorithms.
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Logic
- Logic and automated reasoning
- * Programming using logic
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- ** See "Logic as search" above.
- * Forms of Logic
- ** Propositional logic
- ** First-order logic
- *** First-order logic with equality
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- ** Fuzzy logic
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- *** Perceptual Computing –
- ** Default reasoning and other solutions to the frame problem and qualification problem
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- *** Abductive reasoning
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- * Domain specific logics
- ** Representing categories and relations
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- ** Representing events and time
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- ** Causes and effects
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- ** Knowledge about knowledge
- *** Belief revision
- *** Modal logics
- *** paraconsistent logics
- * Planning using logic
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- * Learning using logic
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- * General logic algorithms
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Other symbolic knowledge and reasoning tools
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- Commonsense knowledge
Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
- Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning:
- * Bayesian networks
- * Bayesian inference algorithm
- * Bayesian learning and the expectation-maximization algorithm
- * Bayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks
- Probabilistic perception and control:
- * Dynamic Bayesian networks
- * Hidden Markov model
- * Kalman filters
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- Decision tools from economics:
- * Decision theory
- * Decision analysis
- * Information value theory
- * Markov decision processes
- * Dynamic decision networks
- * Game theory
- * Mechanism design
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Classifiers and statistical learning methods
- Classifier and Statistical classification
- * Alternating decision tree
- * Artificial neural network
- * K-nearest neighbor algorithm
- * Kernel methods
- ** Support vector machine
- * Naive Bayes classifier
Artificial neural networks
- Artificial neural networks
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- ** feedforward neural networks
- *** Perceptrons
- *** Multi-layer perceptrons
- *** Radial basis networks
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- ** Recurrent neural networks
- *** Long short-term memory
- *** Hopfield networks
- *** Attractor networks
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- * Learning algorithms for neural networks
- ** Hebbian learning
- ** Backpropagation
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- ** Competitive learning
- ** Supervised backpropagation
- ** Neuroevolution
- ** Restricted Boltzmann machine
Biologically based or embodied
- Developmental robotics
- Situated AI
- Artificial immune systems
Cognitive architecture and multi-agent systems
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- * AERA
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- Distributed artificial intelligence –
- Multi-agent system –
Philosophy
Definition of AI
- Pei Wang's definition of artificial intelligence
- Dartmouth proposal
- Turing test
- * Computing Machinery and Intelligence
- Intelligent agent and rational agent
- * Action selection
- AI effect
- Synthetic intelligence
Classifying AI
- Symbolic vs sub-symbolic AI
- * Symbolic AI
- * Physical symbol system
- * Dreyfus' critique of AI
- * Moravec's paradox
- Elegant and simple vs. ad-hoc and complex
- * Neat vs. Scruffy
- * Society of Mind
- * The Master Algorithm
- Level of generality and flexibility
- * Artificial general intelligence
- * Narrow AI
- Level of precision and correctness
- * Soft computing
- * "Hard" computing
- Level of intelligence
- * Progress in artificial intelligence
- * Superintelligence
- Level of consciousness, mind and understanding
- * Chinese room
- * Hard problem of consciousness
- * Computationalism
- * Functionalism
- * Robot rights
- * User illusion
- * Artificial consciousness
Goals and applications
General intelligence
- Artificial general intelligence
- * AI-complete
Reasoning and Problem Solving
- Automated reasoning
- Mathematics
- * Automated theorem prover
- * Computer-assisted proof –
- * Computer algebra
- General Problem Solver
- Expert system –
- * Decision support system –
- ** Clinical decision support system –
Knowledge representation
- Knowledge representation
- Knowledge management
- Cyc
Planning
- Automated planning and scheduling
- Strategic planning
- Sussman anomaly –
Learning
- Machine learning –
- * Constrained Conditional Models –
- * Deep learning –
- * Neural modeling fields –
- * Supervised learning –
- * Weak supervision –
- * Unsupervised learning –
Natural language processing
- Natural language processing –
- * Chatterbots –
- * Language identification –
- * Large language model –
- * Natural language user interface –
- * Natural language understanding –
- * Machine translation –
- * Statistical semantics –
- * Question answering –
- * Semantic translation –
- * Concept mining –
- ** Data mining –
- ** Text mining –
- ** Process mining –
- * E-mail spam filtering –
- * Information extraction –
- ** Named-entity extraction –
- *** Coreference resolution –
- *** Named-entity recognition –
- *** Relationship extraction –
- *** Terminology extraction –
Perception
- Machine perception
- Pattern recognition –
- Computer Audition –
- * Speech recognition –
- * Speaker recognition –
- Computer vision –
- * Image processing
- * Intelligent word recognition –
- * Object recognition –
- * Optical mark recognition –
- ** Handwriting recognition –
- ** Optical character recognition –
- *** Automatic number plate recognition –
- * Information extraction –
- ** Image retrieval –
- *** Automatic image annotation –
- * Facial recognition systems –
- ** Silent speech interface –
- ** Activity recognition –
- Percept
Robotics
- Robotics –
- * Behavior-based robotics –
- * Cognitive –
- * Cybernetics –
- * Developmental robotics –
- * Evolutionary robotics –
Control
- Intelligent control
- Self-management –
- * Autonomic Computing –
- * Autonomic Networking –
Social intelligence
- Affective computing
- Kismet
Game playing
- Game artificial intelligence –
- * Computer game bot – computer replacement for human players.
- * Video game AI –
- ** Computer chess –
- ** Computer Go –
- * General game playing –
- * General video game playing –
Creativity, art and entertainment
- Artificial creativity
- Artificial intelligence art
- Creative computing
- Generative artificial intelligence
- Uncanny valley
- Music and artificial intelligence
- Computational humor
- Chatbot
Integrated AI systems
- AIBO - Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills.
- Asimo – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.
- - A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment.
- Cog - M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks.
- QRIO - Sony's version of a humanoid robot.
- TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans.
- Watson – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.
- * Purpose: Open domain question answering
- * Technologies employed:
- ** Natural language processing
- ** Information retrieval
- ** Knowledge representation
- ** Automated reasoning
- ** Machine learning
- Project Debater - artificially intelligent computer system, designed to make coherent arguments, developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel.
Intelligent personal assistants
- Amazon Alexa -
- Assistant -
- Braina -
- Cortana -
- Google Assistant -
- Google Now -
- Mycroft -
- Siri -
- Viv -
Other applications
- Artificial life – simulation of natural life through the means of computers, robotics, or biochemistry.
- Automatic target recognition –
- Diagnosis –
- Speech generating device –
- Vehicle infrastructure integration –
- Virtual Intelligence –
History
- History of artificial intelligence
- Progress in artificial intelligence
- Timeline of artificial intelligence
- AI effect – as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced, so far, throughout the history of development of AI.
- AI winter – a period of disappointment and funding reductions occurring after a wave of high expectations and funding in AI. Such funding cuts occurred in the 1970s, for instance.
- Moore's law