Naming of chemical elements

Chemical elements may be named from various sources: sometimes based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered. Some have Latin or Greek roots deriving from something related to the element, for example some use to which it may have been put.

Known elements

All 118 discovered elements are confirmed and have a formal name and symbol, as decided by IUPAC. The last four names and symbols were added on November 28, 2016. Currently there are no unconfirmed discoveries and all seven periods of the periodic table are completed.

Etymology

Element names can refer to:

a mythological concept or character,
a mineral or similar substance,
a place, or geographical region,
a property of the element, or
a scientist.

People

Chemical elements are sometimes named after people, especially the synthetic elements discovered after. Very few are named after their discoverers, and only two have been named after living people: the element seaborgium was named after Glenn Seaborg, who was alive at the time of naming in 1997; and in 2016 oganesson was named after Yuri Oganessian.
Many transuranic elements are named after Nobel Prize winners:
Other transuranic elements are named after scientists who did not receive the prize:
The transuranic element flerovium was named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, which in turn was named after Georgy Flyorov. The IUPAC stated that the element was named after the laboratory, not Flyorov, but Yuri Oganessian, who led the team at the laboratory that discovered the element, said that the intention of the naming was to honor Flyorov.
The element samarium is named after Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, and gadolinium is indirectly named after Johan Gadolin.
Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who named the element gallium after his native land of France denied that the element's naming was for a pun on his own name.

Places on earth

Some chemical elements are named after places on the planet earth. Elements which are named after currently existing countries and cities are as:

Polonium, named after Poland
Francium and gallium, both named after France
Nihonium, named after Japan
Germanium was named for Germany
Beryllium was named after the mineral beryl, whose name may have come from Belur, a city in Karnataka state of India.
Indium gets its name from the indigo color seen in its spectrum, the Latin indicum meaning "of India", which makes it indirectly named after India.
Americium was named after the Americas.
Europium was named after Europe.
Berkelium was named after American city Berkeley, which is in turn named after the philosopher George Berkeley.
Tennessine and Californium were named after American states Tennessee and California respectively.
Dubnium and Moscovium were named after Russia's Dubna and Moscow cities.

Several places in Scandinavia have elements named after them.

Yttrium, terbium, erbium, and ytterbium are all named for the Swedish village of Ytterby, where their ores were first found.
Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Danish capital Copenhagen.
Holmium is named after Holmia, Latin for the Swedish capital Stockholm.
Scandium comes from the Latin word for Scandinavia.
Thulium is from the Ancient Greek word for the remote Arctic land that the Romans called ultima Thule.

A number of other elements are named after classical words for various places.

Ruthenium is from the Latin name for the region including Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia.
Lutetium is named after Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris.
Copper's name comes from an Old English word derived from the Latin name for the island of Cyprus.
The names of both magnesium and manganese derive from the Greek region of Magnesia.

Astronomical objects

The naming of elements from astronomical objects stems from the ancient association of metals with the various planets and their gods, as follows: mercury with Mercury; copper with Venus; iron with Mars ; tin with Jupiter ; and lead with Saturn. The Sun and the Moon were associated with gold and silver, respectively.
A few other elements are directly named for astronomical bodies, including planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. Uranium, neptunium, plutonium, cerium, and palladium were named after Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, and Pallas, respectively. The name selenium comes from the Greek word for the Moon. Similarly, the name helium is derived from the Greek word for the Sun, as the first evidence for helium came in the form of distinctive emission lines from the Sun that were not explainable by any of the known elements in the 1870s. Tellurium is named after the Latin word tellus, meaning "earth".

Minerals

Many elements are named after the minerals in which they are found, e.g. calcium after Latin calx, silicon is named after Latin silex, sodium after soda and potassium after potash.

Temporary names

In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations for their systematic element names to be used for yet unnamed or undiscovered elements as a placeholder, until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a permanent name is decided on. The recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists, who simply call these elements by their atomic number, for example "element 119", with the symbol of or even simply 119.
Since 2002, the IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division has been the official body responsible with assigning official names to new elements, with the IUPAC Council making the final decision.

Suffixes

There are some standard suffixes for the element names. The suffix -ium, or less commonly -um, usually denotes a metallic element, or at least one that was thought to be metallic when it was discovered. It arose from the Latin suffix of metals such as aurum and ferrum. The suffix -on is used by some nonmetals as well as the noble gases from neon downward. For the noble gases, it arises from the Greek-adjective names of the stable noble gases, with radon matching its source radium as well as adding the -on suffix. For the nonmetals, the -on was generalised to boron and silicon from the ending of "carbon". The -ine suffix is used only for the halogens, with chlorine being named first, and the others being named to match. The suffix -gen is used for three other nonmetals forming diatomic molecules. Suffixes were used more inconsistently before 1784, with tungsten the last element discovered whose English name lacks a standard suffix.
The naming rules promulgated by IUPAC in 2002 declared that all newly discovered elements should have names ending in -ium, for linguistic consistency. In 2016, this was amended so that elements in the halogen and noble gas groups would receive the traditional -ine and -on suffixes. This amendment was put into practice for tennessine and oganesson ; it was noted that the 2002 recommendations had apparently not anticipated that these elements would be reached as quickly as they were.

Chemical symbol

Once an element has been named, a one- or two-letter symbol must be ascribed to it so it can be easily referred to in such contexts as the periodic table. The first letter is always capitalized. While the symbol is often a contraction of the element's name, it may sometimes not match the element's English name; for example, "Pb" for lead or "W" for tungsten. Elements which have only temporary systematic names are given temporary three-letter symbols.

Naming controversies

The naming of the synthetic elements dubnium and seaborgium generated a significant amount of controversy, referred to as the Transfermium Wars. The Americans wished to name element 105 hahnium, while the Russians preferred the name dubnium. The Americans also wished to name element 106 seaborgium. This naming dispute ran from the 1970s to the 1990s, when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry created a tentative list of the element names for elements 104 to 109. The Americans, however, refused to agree with these names because seaborgium was not in the list. Thus, IUPAC reconsidered, and in 1996 named element 105 dubnium and element 106 seaborgium.
In the past, elements would sometimes be renamed if the original discovery claim was successfully challenged: this occurred for elements 43, 61, and 85. To avoid confusion, this is no longer done, e.g. element 102 is still called nobelium even though that discovery claim was refuted.

Alternative forms of an element, names indicating molecular structure, and names of compounds

When a pure element, comprising only one type of atom, nevertheless exists in multiple forms with different structure and properties, they are generally given different names; for example graphite and diamond are both forms of the element carbon. Even for elements such as nitrogen having only one stable allotrope, a name such as dinitrogen may be used to indicate its molecular structure N₂ as well as its elemental composition. The naming of chemical compounds comprising more than one element is a complex subject, discussed at length in the article on chemical nomenclature.