NCSA Mosaic


NCSA Mosaic is a discontinued web browser that was instrumental in popularizing the World Wide Web and the general Internet during the 1990s. Although not the first web browser, it was the first browser to display images inline with text instead of a separate window.
It supported various Internet protocols such as HTTP, FTP, NNTP, and Gopher. Its interface, reliability, personal computer support, and simple installation contributed to Mosaic's initial popularity.
Mosaic was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign beginning in late 1992, released in January 1993, with official development and support until January 1997. Mosaic lost market share to Netscape Navigator in late 1994, and had only a tiny fraction of users left by 1997, when the project was discontinued. Microsoft licensed one of the derivative commercial products, Spyglass Mosaic, to create Internet Explorer in 1995.

History

In 1991, the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 was passed, which provided funding for new projects at the NCSA, where, after trying ViolaWWW, David Thompson demonstrated it to the NCSA software design group. This inspired Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina – two programmers working at NCSA – to create Mosaic. Andreessen and Bina began developing Mosaic in February 1991 for Unix's X Window System, calling it xmosaic. Marc Andreessen announced the project's first release, the "alpha/beta version 0.5," on January 23, 1993. Version 1.0 was released on April 21, 1993. Ports to Microsoft Windows and Macintosh were released in September. A port of Mosaic to the Amiga was available by October 1993. NCSA Mosaic for Unix version 2.0 was released on November 10, 1993 and was notable for adding support for forms, thus enabling the creation of the first dynamic web pages. From 1994 to 1997, the National Science Foundation supported the further development of Mosaic.
Marc Andreessen, the leader of the team that developed Mosaic, left NCSA and, with James H. Clark, one of the founders of Silicon Graphics, Inc., and four other former students and staff of the University of Illinois, started Mosaic Communications Corporation. Mosaic Communications eventually became Netscape Communications Corporation, producing Netscape Navigator. Mosaic's popularity as a separate browser began to decrease after the 1994 release of Netscape Navigator, the relevance of which was noted in The HTML Sourcebook: The Complete Guide to HTML: "Netscape Communications has designed an all-new WWW browser, Netscape, that has significant enhancements over the original Mosaic program."
In 1994, SCO released Global Access, a modified version of SCO's Open Desktop Unix, which became the first commercial product to incorporate Mosaic. However, by 1998, the Mosaic user base had almost completely evaporated as users moved to other web browsers.

Licensing

The licensing terms for NCSA Mosaic were generous for a proprietary software program. In general, non-commercial use was free of charge for all versions. Additionally, the X Window System/Unix version publicly provided source code. Despite persistent rumors to the contrary, however, Mosaic was never released as open source software during its brief reign as a major browser; there were always constraints on permissible uses without payment.
, license holders included these:

Features

Robert Reid notes that Andreessen's team hoped:
Mosaic is based on the libwww library and thus supported a wide variety of Internet protocols included in the library: Archie, FTP, gopher, HTTP, NNTP, telnet, WAIS.
Mosaic is not the first web browser for Microsoft Windows; this is Thomas R. Bruce's little-known Cello. The Unix version of Mosaic was already famous before the Microsoft Windows, Amiga, and Mac versions were released. Other than displaying images embedded in the text, Mosaic's original feature set is similar to the browsers on which it was modeled, such as ViolaWWW. But Mosaic was the first browser written and supported by a team of full-time programmers, was reliable and easy enough for novices to install, and the inline graphics proved immensely appealing. Mosaic is said to have made the Internet accessible to the ordinary person.
Mosaic was the first browser to explore the concept of collaborative annotation in 1993 but never passed the test state.
Mosaic was the first browser that could submit forms to a server.

Impact

Mosaic led to the Internet boom of the 1990s. Other browsers existed during this period, such as Erwise, ViolaWWW, MidasWWW, and tkWWW, but did not have the same effect as Mosaic on public use of the Internet.
In the October 1994 issue of Wired magazine, Gary Wolfe notes in the article titled "The Revolution Has Begun: Don't look now, but Prodigy, AOL, and CompuServe are all suddenly obsolete – and Mosaic is well on its way to becoming the world's standard interface":
Reid also refers to Matthew K. Gray's website, , which indicates a dramatic leap in web use around the time of Mosaic's introduction.
David Hudson concurs with Reid:
Ultimately, web browsers such as Mosaic became the killer applications of the 1990s. Web browsers were the first to bring a graphical interface to search tools, the Internet's burgeoning wealth of distributed information services. A mid-1994 guide lists Mosaic alongside the traditional, text-oriented information search tools of the time, Archie and Veronica, Gopher, and WAIS but Mosaic quickly subsumed and displaced them all. Joseph Hardin, the director of the NCSA group within which Mosaic was developed, said downloads were up to 50,000 a month in mid-1994.
In November 1992, there were twenty-six websites in the world and each one attracted attention. In its release year of 1993, Mosaic had a What's New page, and about one new link was being added per day. This was a time when access to the Internet was expanding rapidly outside its previous domain of academia and large industrial research institutions. Yet it was the availability of Mosaic and Mosaic-derived graphical browsers themselves that drove the explosive growth of the Web to over 10,000 sites by August 1995 and millions by 1998. Metcalfe expressed the pivotal role of Mosaic this way:

Legacy

was later developed by Netscape, which employed many of the original Mosaic authors; however, it intentionally shared no code with Mosaic. Netscape Navigator's code descendant is Mozilla Firefox; the name "Mozilla" was a corrupted portmanteau of "Mosaic killer".
Spyglass, Inc. licensed the technology and trademarks from NCSA for producing its own web browser but never used any of the NCSA Mosaic source code. Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic in 1995 for US$2 million, modified it, and renamed it Internet Explorer. After a later auditing dispute, Microsoft paid Spyglass $8 million. The 1995 user guide The HTML Sourcebook: The Complete Guide to HTML, specifically states, in a section called Coming Attractions, that Internet Explorer "will be based on the Mosaic program". Versions of Internet Explorer before version 7 stated "Based on NCSA Mosaic" in the About box. Internet Explorer 7 was audited by Microsoft to ensure that it contained no Spyglass Mosaic code, and thus no longer credits Spyglass or Mosaic.
After NCSA stopped work on Mosaic, development of the NCSA Mosaic for the X Window System source code was continued by several independent groups. These independent development efforts include mMosaic, which ceased development in early 2004, and Mosaic-CK and VMS Mosaic.
VMS Mosaic, a version specifically targeting OpenVMS operating system, is one of the longest-lived efforts to maintain Mosaic. Using the VMS support already built-in in the original version, developers incorporated a substantial part of the HTML engine from mMosaic, another defunct flavor of the browser. As of the most recent version, released in 2007, VMS Mosaic supported HTML 4.0, OpenSSL, cookies, and various image formats including GIF, JPEG, PNG, BMP, TGA, TIFF and JPEG 2000 image formats. The browser works on VAX, Alpha, and Itanium platforms.
Another long-lived version, Mosaic-CK, developed by Cameron Kaiser, was last released on July 11, 2010; a maintenance release with minor compatibility fixes was released on January 9, 2015, followed by another one in October 2015. The stated goal of the project is "Lynx with graphics" and runs on Mac OS X, Power MachTen, Linux and other compatible Unix-like OSs.

Release history

The X, Windows, and Mac versions of Mosaic all had separate development teams and code bases.
Internal BuildPre-releaseStable release

Macintosh

SeriesVersionRelease dateNotes & features
1.x1.0Nov 10, 1993Background color is white by default
1.x1.0.1Nov 29, 1993
1.x1.0.2Dec 17, 1993
1.x1.0.3Jan 27, 1994Fixed serious crashes; Improved speed
2.x2.0 alpha 1Jun 10, 1994Support for forms and tables; Users can now enter URLs directly into the address bar and press return to load them ; Background color is now gray by default ; Support for <S>, <SUP>, <SUB>; Reload button; New Hotlist interface
2.x2.0 alpha 2Jun 21, 1994
2.x2.0 alpha 3Jul 12, 1994
2.x2.0 alpha 6Jul 26, 1994
2.x2.0 alpha 8Sep 16, 1994
2.x2.0 alpha 17Nov 14, 1994
2.x2.0 beta 1Mar 6, 1995Inline JPEGs; Support for mailto: links
2.x2.0 beta 2
2.x2.0 beta 3Mar 15, 1995
2.x2.0 beta 4
2.x2.0 beta 5Apr 6, 1995
2.x2.0 beta 6HTML Parser is much faster; Throbber globe wires now display moving arrows and yellow ball proportional to percent of page loaded; Support for <CENTER>, <BIG>, <SMALL>, and IMG tag ALIGN=LEFT/RIGHT attributes
2.x2.0 beta 7Apr 27, 1995
2.x2.0 beta 8Support for <P ALIGN>; Image alignment improvements
2.x2.0 beta 9May 5, 1995
2.x2.0 beta 10
2.x2.0 beta 11
2.x2.0 beta 12Jun 1, 1995
2.x2.0 beta 13Support for background images
2.x2.0 beta 14
2.x2.0.0
2.x2.0.1Sep 28, 1995Fixed some table rendering bugs
3.x3.0.0 beta 1Apr 15, 1996
3.x3.0.0 beta 2Apr 25, 1996
3.x3.0.0 beta 3Jul 30, 1996
3.x3.0.0 beta 4Sep 12, 1996
3.x3.0Jan 7, 1997Final Release - Nested tables; Removed frames support that was present in 3.0.0 betas