List of private spaceflight companies
Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.
| List of abbreviations used in this article |
LEO: Low Earth orbit GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit HCO: Heliocentric orbit VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit |
Commercial astronauts
- Association of Spaceflight Professionals — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support
Manufacturers of space vehicles
Cargo transport vehicles
| Company name | Spacecraft | Launch system | Length | Dry mass | Launch mass | Payload | Payload volume | Return payload | Diameter | Generated power | Automated docking | Status |
| SpaceX | Dragon | Falcon 9 Block 5 | pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture | , plus 14, or 34 | capsule return | No | Retired | |||||
| SpaceX | Dragon 2 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | , plus 14 | Yes | Operational | |||||||
| SpaceX | Starship (spacecraft) | Super Heavy | 52.1 | - | - | - | - | - | 9 | - | - | In development |
| Orbital | Cygnus (standard) | Antares 110 | None | 3500 | No | Retired | ||||||
| Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230 Atlas V 401 Falcon 9 Block 5 | 27 | None | No | Operational | ||||||
| Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V Vulcan | pressurized, 500 unpressurized | Yes | Development Planned: 2025 |
Crew transport vehicles
Suborbital
| Company name | Spacecraft | Range | Launch system | Crew size | Length | Diameter | Launch mass | First spaceflight* | Status |
| Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | White Knight | 1 | 8.53 | 8.05 | 3,600 | 21 June 2004 | Retired | |
| Blue Origin | New Shepard Crew Capsule | New Shepard | 6 | 3.6 | Crewed: July 20, 2021 | Operational | |||
| The Spaceship Company | SpaceShipTwo | White Knight Two | 8 | 18.3 | 8.3 | 9,740 | 13 December 2018 | Testing | |
| Copenhagen Suborbitals | Tycho Deep Space | Spica | 1 | 13 | 0.955 | 4,000 | Planned date not known | Development | |
| PD AeroSpace | 8 | 14.8 | >6,000 | Planned date not known | Development | ||||
| World View | Explorer Capsule | 30 km | Stratospheric Balloon | 10 | 5.5 | 4,500 | Planned 2024 | Development |
Launch vehicle manufacturers
| Company name | Launcher name | Launcher type | No. of stages | Maximum reach | Launcher status | Maiden flight | Ref |
| ABL Space Systems | RS1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired | 10 January 2023 | |
| Agnikul Cosmos | Agnibaan | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Alpha Impulsion | Grenat | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| ARCA Space | Haas 2b | Suborbital crewed rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | |
| ARCA Space | Haas 2CA | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| ARCA Space | Super Haas | Medium rocket | 2 | LEO | Proposed | Unknown | |
| ARCA Space | EcoRocket Demonstrator | Reusable light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2022 | |
| ARCA Space | EcoRocket Heavy | Heavy rocket | 3 | Deep space | Proposed | Unknown | |
| Australian Space Research Institute | AUSROC Nano | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Astra Space | Astra Rocket 1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired | 2018 | |
| Astra Space | Astra Rocket 2 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired | 2018 | |
| Astra Space | Astra Rocket 3 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired | 2020 | |
| Astra Space | Astra Rocket 4 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Astra Space | SALVO | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Bellatrix Aerospace | Chetak | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Blue Origin | New Shepard | Reusable suborbital rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2015 | |
| Blue Origin | New Glenn | Reusable heavy rocket | 2 or 3 | GTO | Operational | 2025 | |
| Blue Origin | New Armstrong | Reusable super-heavy rocket | 3 | HCO | Proposed | ~2030 | |
| BluShift Aerospace | Stardust | Reusable sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2020 | |
| BluShift Aerospace | Starless Rogue | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| BluShift Aerospace | Brown Dwarf | Sounding rocket | 2 or 3 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | |
| BluShift Aerospace | Red Dwarf | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Q2 2024 | |
| Borneo SubOrbitals | TBA | Sounding rocket | 2 or 3 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 | |
| Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | |
| CubeCab | Cab-3A | Light rocket | 3 + airplane | LEO | Proposed | Unknown | |
| Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. | JFCR.2000-Pollux | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| Dawn Aerospace | Mk-II Aurora | Light Rocket | Suborbital | Test flights | 2023 | ||
| Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy | Sounding Rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2023 | |
| Exos Aerospace | SARGE | Reusable sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2018 | |
| Equatorial Space Systems | Volans | Light Rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Equatorial Space Systems | Dorado | Sounding Rocket | 1 or 2 | Suborbital | Development | 2023 | |
| Equatorial Space Systems | LAD | Sounding Rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Retired | 2020 | |
| Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Operational | 2021 | |
| Firefly Aerospace | Firefly MLV | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2026 | |
| Galactic Energy | Ceres-1 | Light Rocket | 4 | LEO | Operational | 2020 | |
| General Astronautics | Urania | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Gilmour Space Technologies | RASTA | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Retired | 2016 | |
| Gilmour Space Technologies | Eris | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | April 2023 | |
| Generation Orbit | X-60A | Air-launched sounding rocket | 1 + airplane | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| Generation Orbit | GOLauncher 2 | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Independence-X Aerospace | DNLV | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N series | Light rocket | 3–4 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N36 | Light rocket | 4 | TLI | Proposed | Unknown | |
| Interorbital Systems | Neptune TSAAHTO | Medium rocket | 2½ | TLI | Proposed | Unknown | |
| Interstellar Technologies | Momo | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2017 | |
| Isar Aerospace | Spectrum | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Testing | 2025 | |
| Launcher | Light | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Leaf Space | Primo | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Lesath International | Telson | Reusable Light Rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2029 | |
| Lesath International | Scorpion | Reusable Medium Rocket | 2 | TMI | Proposed | Unknown | |
| Lin Industrial | Taymyr | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Lockheed Martin | Athena | Medium rocket | 2 or 3 | TLI | Retired | 1995 | |
| Mishaal Aerospace | M-SV | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| Mishaal Aerospace | M-OV | Light rocket | 1 + 6 Boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Mishaal Aerospace | M-LV | Light rocket | 1 + 8 boosters | TLI | Development | Unknown | |
| OneSpace | OS-X | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Operational | 2018 | |
| OneSpace | OS-M1 | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational | 2019 | |
| OneSpace | OS-M2 | Light rocket | 3 + 2 boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| OneSpace | OS-M4 | Light rocket | 3 + 4 boosters | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Orbex | Prime | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| OrbitX | Haribon SLS-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023–2024 | |
| Outerstellar Space | Crocoship | Medium rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | 2040 | |
| Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational | 2013 | |
| Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket | 4 | LEO | Operational | 1994 | |
| Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit | 3-4 + airplane | HEO | Operational | 1990 | |
| Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Omega | Medium rocket | 3 + 0-6 boosters | GEO | Cancelled | ||
| Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | Medium rocket | variable | LEO Suborbital | Retired | 1977 | |
| Perigee Aerospace | Blue Whale 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2025 | |
| PLD Space | Miura 1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 6 October 2023 | |
| PLD Space | Miura 5 | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2024 | |
| Relativity Space | Terran 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired | 23 March 2023 | |
| Relativity Space | Terran R | Reusable heavy rocket | 2 | Deep space | Development | 2024 | |
| Rocket Crafters | Intrepid-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Rocket Lab | Ātea-1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Retired | 2009 | |
| Rocket Lab | Ātea-2 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | |
| Rocket Lab | Electron | Reusable light rocket | 2 | TLI | Operational | 2017 | |
| Rocket Lab | Neutron | Reusable medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Development | 2024 | |
| RocketStar | Star-Lord | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Rocket Factory Augsburg | RFA One | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram S | Sounding rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational | 2022 November 18 | |
| Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram-II | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram-III | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Skyrora | Skyrora 1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| Skyrora | Skylark Micro | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Operational | 2021 | |
| Skyrora | Skylark L | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 | |
| Skyrora | Skyrora XL | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| SpaceForest | Bigos | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2015 | |
| SpaceForest | Candle-2 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2016 | |
| SpaceForest | Perun | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2020 | |
| SpaceForest | SIR | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 | |
| Space Services Inc. | Percheron | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | |
| Space Services Inc. | Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket | 4 | LEO Suborbital | Retired | 1995 | |
| SpaceLS | Prometheus-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Space Pioneer | Tiansuo-1 | Vertical landing test stage | 1 | Suborbital | Development | Unknown | |
| Space Pioneer | Tianlong-1 | Light rocket | LEO | Development | Unknown | ||
| SpaceX | Falcon 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired | 2006 | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 1e | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 5 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Cancelled | — | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO LEO | Retired | 2010 | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket | 2 | HCO | Retired | 2013 | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 9 Full Thrust Block 1-4 | Reusable medium rocket / Heavy rocket | 2 | TMI | Retired | 2015 | |
| SpaceX | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Reusable medium rocket / Heavy rocket | 2 | TMI | Operational | 2018 | |
| SpaceX | Falcon Heavy | Reusable heavy rocket / Super-heavy rocket | 2 + 2 boosters | Deep space | Operational | 2018 | |
| SpaceX | Starship Super-Heavy | Reusable super-heavy rocket | 2 | Deep space | Testing | 2023 | |
| Stoke Space | Nova | Reusable light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | Unknown | |
| Success Rockets | Nebo 1 | Ultralight rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | December 2021 | |
| Success Rockets | Stalker | Ultralight rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2024 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Atlas V | Medium rocket | 2 + 0-5 boosters | TMI | Operational | 2002 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Delta II 6000 | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | GTO | Retired | 1989 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Delta II 7000 | Light rocket | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters | GTO | Retired | 1990 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Delta II 7000H | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | TMI | Retired | 2003 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Delta IV | Medium rocket | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters | GTO | Retired | 2003 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket | 2 + 2 boosters | GTO | Retired | 2004 | |
| United Launch Alliance | Vulcan | Heavy rocket | 2 + 0-6 boosters | GTO | Operational | 2024 | |
| UP Aerospace | Skyloft/Skyloft XL | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 2006 | |
| UP Aerospace | Spyder | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Vector Launch | Vector-R | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 | |
| Vector Launch | Vector-RE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Vector Launch | Vector-H | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Vector Launch | Vector-HE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | |
| Virgin Orbit | LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Retired | 2020 | |
| X-Bow Systems | Bolt | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | July 2022 | |
| Zero2infinity | Bloostar | Rockoon system | 3 + high-altitude balloon | LEO | Development | Unknown |
Landers, rovers and orbiters
| Company name | Craft name | Craft type | Craft status | Ref |
| ARCASPACE | ELE | lunar orbiter | Development | |
| Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover | lunar rover | Development | |
| Astrobotic Technology | Griffin | lunar lander | Development | |
| Astrobotic Technology | Peregrine Lander | lunar lander | ||
| Blue Origin | Blue Moon | lunar lander | Development | |
| Blue Origin | Integrated Lander Vehicle | crewed lunar lander | Development | |
| Dynetics | Dynetics HLS | lunar lander | Development | |
| Euroluna | ROMIT | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Firefly Aerospace | Blue Ghost | lunar lander | Operational | |
| Firefly Aerospace | Elytra | orbital vehicle | Development | |
| Golden Spike Company | unnamed | crewed lunar lander | Cancelled | |
| Hakuto | Sorato | lunar rover | Development | |
| Hakuto | Tetris | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL | lunar lander | Cancelled | |
| Interorbital Systems | RIPPER | lunar lander | Development | |
| Intuitive Machines | Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle | lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle | Operational | |
| Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander | Proposed | |
| Lunar Outpost | MAPP rover | lunar rover | Testing | |
| Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander | Negotiating | |
| Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | lunar lander | Development | |
| Moon Express | MX-1 | lunar lander | Testing | |
| Odyssey Moon | MoonOne | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Omega Envoy | Sagan | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| OrbitBeyond | Z-01 | lunar landers and rovers | Proposed | |
| PTScientists | Audi Lunar quattro | lunar rover | Testing | |
| PTScientists | ALINA | lunar lander | Development | |
| Puli Space Technologies | Puli | lunar rover | Fundraising | |
| Roscosmos | Luna 25 | lunar lander | ||
| SpaceX | Starship | crewed mars lander | Development | |
| SpaceX | Starship HLS | crewed lunar lander | Development | |
| Team FREDNET | Picorover | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Team Italia | AMALIA | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Team Indus | HHK-1 | lunar lander | Development | |
| Team Indus | ECA | lunar rover | Development | |
| TransOrbital | TrailBlazer | lunar orbiter | Cancelled | |
| Team Plan B | Plan B | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
| Spacebit | Asagumo | lunar rover | Testing | |
| Space IL | Beresheet | lunar lander | ||
| Space Explration Corp | Defiant | lunar lander | Cancelled | |
| Synergy Moon | Tesla | lunar rover | Development |
Research craft and tech demonstrators
| Company name | Craft name | Craft purpose | Craft status | Ref |
| TesArc Space | TesAris Satellite Constellation | Testing satellite-based signal detection for defense, security, aviation monitoring, and asset tracking. | Development | |
| ARCA | Demonstrator 2b | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine | Retired | |
| Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| ASRI | AUSROC I | systems Testing | Retired | |
| ASRI | AUSROC II | payload to 10 km | Retired | |
| ASRI | AUSROC 2.5 | systems Testing | Testing | |
| ASRI | AUSROC III | payload of 150 kg to 500 km | Development | |
| Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| Deep Blue Aerospace | Nebula-1 | demonstrate VTOL | Development | |
| Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy | systems testing, payload to 124 km | Development | |
| Interorbital Systems | Neutrino | systems Testing | Operational | |
| Interorbital Systems | Tachyon | systems Testing | Operational | |
| Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO | Cancelled | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 | Operational | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights | Retired | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights | Destroyed | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights | Retired | |
| Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights | Operational | |
| Masten Space Systems | XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander | Development | |
| Masten Space Systems | Xeus | commercial flights | Cancelled | |
| McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| Origin Space | Yang Wang-1 | space mineral resources developer | Development | |
| Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing | Retired | |
| SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| SpaceX | F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL | Destroyed | |
| SpaceX | F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL | Cancelled | |
| SpaceX | Starhopper | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| SpaceX | Starship prototypes | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
| Swedish Space Corp. | Maxus | payload to 700 km | Operational | |
| Swedish Space Corp. | Maser | payload to 300 km | Operational | |
| UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL | payload to 140 km | Operational | |
| World View Enterprises | Stratollite | payload up to 30 km and 300 kg | Operational | |
| zero2infinity | nanobloon 1.0 | payload to 32 km | Operational | |
| zero2infinity | nanobloon 2.0 | payload to 33 km | Operational | |
| zero2infinity | microbloon 1.0 | payload to 24 km | Operational | |
| zero2infinity | microbloon 2.0 | payload to 31 km | Operational | |
| zero2infinity | microbloon 3.0 | payload to 27 km | Operational |