List of historical separatist movements in Asia

This is a list of historical separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

They are no longer an active movement with active members.
They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region.
They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:De facto state : for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.

Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
* De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
* Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
* Political party : for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
* Militant organisation: for armed organisations.
* Advocacy group: for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
* Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group.

List

Azerbaijan

People: Armenian peoplePolitical party: Government of ArtsakhProposed de facto state: Status: Inactive following Azerbaijan's siege, military conquest, and the subsequent expulsion of the entire Armenian population.

Bangladesh

People: Jumma people
* Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
* Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
* Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
* Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
People: Bengali Hindus
* Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
* Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
* Proposed State: Bangabhumi

China

Mainland ChinaDe facto state:

* Political party: Chinese Communist Party
* Armed organization: Chinese Red ArmyProposed state:
* Political party: Chinese Communist Party

Outer MongoliaDe facto state: Great Mongolian State

* Political organization: Bogd KhanateProposed state: Mongolian People's Republic
* Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

Cyprus

Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

France (associated territories)

IndochinaProposed state: Kingdom of Cambodia

* Political organization: Khmer IssarakProposed state: LaosMilitant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet LaoProposed state: State of Vietnam
* Political organization: Viet Quoc

Mandate of SyriaPolitical organization: National Bloc

India

People: Sikh
* Militant organisation: Khalistan Liberation Force, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force
* Proposed state: Khalistan
* Status: Armed insurgency crushed
People: Tripuri
* Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
* Proposed state: Tipperaland
* Status: Separatist movement crushed. Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
People: Garo, Khasi
* Militant organisation: Garo National Liberation Army, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
* Proposed state: Garoland, Hynniewtrep
* Status: Separatist movement crushed
People: Bodo
* Militant organisation: National Democratic Front of Boroland
* Proposed state: Boroland
* Status: Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
People: Karbi
* Militant organisation: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front, United People's Democratic Solidarity
* Proposed state: Hemprek Kangthim
* Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
People: Dimasa
* Militant organisation: Dima Halam Daogah
* Proposed state: Dimaraji
* Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
People: Tani
* Militant organisation: National Liberation Council of Taniland
* Proposed state: Taniland
* Status: Separatist movement crushed
People: Mizo
* Militant organisation: Mizo National Front
* Proposed state: Mizoram Sawrkar
* Status: Separatist movement crushed, peace accord signed with government.

Indonesia

AcehProposed state: Aceh

* Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement

Iran

KurdistanProposed state: Republic of Mahabad

* Militant organization: Democratic Party of Kurdistan

Iranian AzerbaijanProposed state: Azerbaijan People's Government

* Militant organization: Azerbaijani Democratic Party

KhorasanProposed state: Autonomous Government of Khorasan

* Militant organization: National Committee of Khorasan

Israel/Palestine

Samaritans in Nablus Governorate, West BankProposed state: Mount Gerizim

[Timor]

Proposed state:

* Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor

People: Bengalis
* Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
* Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
* De facto state: People's Republic of Bangladesh
* Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Philippines

Bangsamoro Proposed state: Bangsamoro Republik

* Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
* Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed ForcesProposed state: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
* Political organization: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
* Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed ForcesProposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao
* Militant organization: Mindanao People's Democratic Movement
* Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement, Mindanao Freedom Movement

Saudi Arabia

HejazProposed state: Kingdom of Hejaz

* Political organization: Committee for the Liberation of Arabia

Spain (associated territories)

Spanish East Indies

Philippine archipelago
* Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, Republic of the Philippines, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga
** Militant organization: Katipunan
** Society: La Liga Filipina
* Ilocos
** Secessionist state: Free Ilocos

Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil peopleProposed state: Tamil Eelam

* Political party: Tamil National Alliance
* Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
* Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
* Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam

Syria

Syrian DruzeProposed state: Jabal Druze StateRebel organization: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen

Turkey

Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party : all part of the Armenian national movement.Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaStatus: Inactive following Turkey's genocide in Western Armenia and the region's annexation following the Turkish invasion of Armenia. The territory of Western Armenia was surrendered to Turkey during the Treaty of Alexandropol.

United Kingdom (associated territories)

BurmaPolitical organization: Dobama AsiayoneMilitant organization: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Burma Independence Army, Communist Party of Burma
India

Proposed state:
* Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
* Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
* Rebel organization: Indian National Army

MalayaProposed state: Federation of MalayaPolitical party: Alliance Party
PenangEthnic groups: Penangites, Penangite ChineseProposed state: PenangOrganization: Penang Chamber of Commerce, Penang Straits Chinese British Association, Penang Chinese Town Hall, Penang Chamber of Commerce, Penang Indian Chamber of Commerce, Settlement of Penang Association, Penang Eurasian Association, Penang Muslim Chamber of Commerce

United States (associated territories)

Commonwealth of the PhilippinesPolitical party: Nacionalista PartyProposed state: Republic of the Philippines
MindanaoEthnic group: MaranaoProposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions.