List of diminutives by language

The following is a list of diminutives by language.

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

English

English has a great variety of historical diminutives adopted from other languages but many of these are lexicalized. Productive diminutives are infrequent to nonexistent in Standard English in comparison with many other languages.

Native English endings that could be seen as diminutives

-k/-ock/-uck: bollock, bullock, buttock, fetlock, hillock, mattock, mullock, pillock, stalk, whelk, yolk
-n/-en/-on : chicken, kitten, maiden
-le : puddle, sparkle
-s: Becks, Betts, Wills
-sie/-sies/-sy : bitsy, footsie, halfsies, onesies, popsy, teensy-weensy, tootsie, twosies, Betsy, Patsy, Robsy
-o : bucko, daddio, garbo, kiddo, smoko, wacko, Jacko, Ricko,
-er/-ers/-ster : bonkers, preggers, starkers, Becker, Lizzers, Hankster, Patster
-a : Gazza, Macca
-z : Bez, Chaz, Gaz
-y : buddy, doggy, horsey
Loanwords and native English words using foreign-language diminutives
-ling : darling, duckling, fingerling, gosling, underling
: cockerel, coistrel, doggerel,,,, kestrel,,, mongrel, pickerel, puckerel, scoundrel, suckerel,, tumbrel, titterel/whimbrel, wastrel
-el/-il/-ille/-l/-le : broil, broil, griddle, grille, jail, mail, pill, quail, rail, rail, rail, roll, squirrel, toil, trail
-et/-ette/-etti/-etto/-it/-ita/-ito/-itta : amaretto, burrito, cigarette, clarinet, courgette, diskette, fajita, falsetto, faucet, gambit, kitchenette, marionette, minuet, oubliette, palette, pallet, parquet, poppet, puppet, rabbit, Sagitta, señorita, spaghetti, suffragette, swallet, taquito, towelette, wallet
-ot/-otte : culottes, harlot, Charlotte, Diderot, Lancelot, Margot, Peugeot, Pierrot
-let/-lette : aglet, applet, booklet, chicklet, wikt:eyelet, gauntlet, goblet, hamlet, leaflet, oillet, omelette, piglet, roulette, tablet
-ey/-ie/-y : cookie, daddy, dearie, doggy, girlie, kitty, laddie, mammy, mommy, mummy, sissy, whitey, Debbie, Frankie, Frenchy, Johnny, Marty, Morty, Nancy
-kin : bodkin, cannikin, catkin, lambkin, manikin, napkin, pannikin, ramekin, welkin
-kins : Laurakins, Sallykins
-leus/-ola/-ole/-oli/-ola/-olo/-olus/-ula/-ule/-uleus/-ulum : alveolus, areola, areole, article, cannoli, casserole, cerulean, cuniculus, curriculum, Equuleus, ferrule, formula, granule, homunculus, insula, malleolus, majuscule, minuscule, nodule, nucleus, nucleolus, particle, pergola, pendulum, pianola, piccolo, ravioli, raviolo, reticle, reticule, reticulum, spatula, tarantula, vacuole, vinculum
-eau/-el/-ella/-elle/-ello/-il/-illa/-ille/-illo/-le : armadillo,, bureau, castle, codicil, espadrille, flotilla, limoncello, mantle, Monticello, morsel, organelle, pastel, pencil, pestle, quadrille, quarrel, rowel, scintilla, vanilla, violoncello
-ina/-ine/-ini/-ino : bambino, coquina, doctrine, domino, farina, figurine, linguine, maraschino, marina, neutrino, palomino, tambourine, zucchini
mini-/micro- : minibar, miniblind, miniboss, minibus, minicar, minicassette, minicomputer, minigame, minigun, minimall, minimarket, minimart, mini-nuke, minischool, miniseries, miniskirt, minitower, minivan, miniver, mini-LP, mini-me, MiniDisc, microkitchen, microcosm

Scots

In Lowland Scots diminutives are frequently used. The most common diminutive suffixes are -, -ock, -ockie or the Caithness -ag. - is by far the most common suffix used. Others are -le or -er for frequentative or diminutive emphasis. Less frequent diminutives are -kin and -lin.
Examples include

-: burnie, feardie or feartie, gamie, kiltie, mannie, Nessie, postie, wifie
-ock: bittock, playock, sourock,
-ag: Cheordag, bairnag
-ockie: hooseockie, wifockie
-le: crummle, snirtle
-er: plowter, stoiter
-kin: cuitikins, flindrikin, joskin
-lin: hauflin, gorblin

Dutch

In Dutch, diminutives are used extensively. Their meaning often goes beyond a reduction in size and they are not merely restricted to nouns. The nuances of meaning expressed by diminutives are particularly unique to Dutch and can be difficult to master for non-native speakers. Diminutives are very productive endings, they can change the function of a word and are formed by adding one of the suffixes -je, -pje, -kje, -, -etje to the word in question, depending on the latter's phonology:-je for words ending in -b, -c, -d, -t, -f, -g, -ch, -k, -p, -v, -x, -z or -s: neef → neefje, lach → lachje, schaap → schaapje -pje for words ending in -m: boom → boompje -kje for words ending in -ing: koning → koninkje, but vondeling → vondelingetje - for words ending in -h, -j, -l, -n, -r, -w, or a vowel other than -y: zoen → zoen', boei → boei', appel → appel', ei → ei', keu → keu'. In case of a single open vowel, when adding "-" would change the pronunciation, this vowel is doubled: auto → autoo, café → cafee . The word jongen has an irregular diminutive, losing its ending -en: jongen → jongetje
-′ for words ending in -y and for abbreviations: baby → baby', cd → cd', A4 → A4'-etje for words ending in -b, -l, -m, -n, -ng or -r preceded by a "short" vowel: bal → balletje, kam → kammetje, ding → dingetje, kar → karretje. Note that except for the ending -ng the final consonant is doubled to preserve the vowel's shortness.
A few words have several diminutives: kip → kippetje or kipje, rib → ribbetje or ribje. One word has even three possible diminutives: rad → radje, raad'je or radertje. A few words have more than one diminutive, of which one is formed by lengthening of the vowel sound with a different meaning. Examples: gat-gaatje/gatje, glas-glaasje/glasje, lot-lootje/lotje, pad-paadje/padje
Suffix IPA Final letter Remarks Example Translation Diminutive
-je t d / t bad bath badje
-je f f straf punishment strafje
-je ɣ / χ g / ch dag day dagje
-je k k dak roof dakje
-je p p schaap sheep schaapje
-je s s kaas cheese kaasje
-je ks x fax fax faxje
- aː a This is an open vocal vla custard vlaatje
- eː e This is an open vocal zee sea zeetje
- i / iː / y This is an open vocal knie knee knietje
- oː o / eau This is an open vocal bureau desk bureautje
- y u This is an open vocal menu menu menuutje
- l l When preceded by a doubled open vowel paal pole paaltje
- n n When preceded by a doubled open vowel baan job baantje
- r / ɾ / ʁ r When preceded by a doubled open vowel haar hair haartje
-etje l l When preceded by a closed vowel bal ball balletje
-etje m m When preceded by a closed vowel dam dam dammetje
-etje n n When preceded by a closed vowel kan jug kannetje
-etje r / ɾ / ʁ r When preceded by a closed vowel kar car karretje
-etje ŋ ng When preceded by a closed vowel slang snake slangetje
-pje m m When preceded by a closed vowel boom tree boompje
-pje m m When preceded by a closed vowel raam window raampje
-pje m m When preceded by a closed vowel zeem chammy zeempje
-kje ɪŋ ing When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje. woning home woninkje
-kje ɪŋ ing When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje. mening opinion meninkje
-kje ɪŋ ing When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje. pudding pudding puddinkje
-kje ɪŋ ing When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje. haring herring harinkje

The diminutive suffixes -ke, -eke, -ske, -', -kie, and -pie are regularly used in different dialects instead of the former mentioned. Some of these form part of expressions that became standard language:
Slapie: a buddy who one shares sleeping quarters with
Jonkie: a young one
Koppiekoppie: smart thinking
Koek en zopie: small food and drinks stall for ice skaters that springs up along frozen canals during winter
Makkie: easy job, piece of cake
Manneke: little man, little fellow
Bakkie: cup, rig, trailer
The form -ke is nowadays still present in many women's names: Janneke ; Renske ; Marieke, Marijke, Mieke, Meike ; Anneke ; Tineke ; Joke, Hanneke ; and many others like Lieneke, Lonneke, Wieteke, Dineke, Nelleke, etc. Similar women's names, such as Femke and Sjouke, exist in [West West Frisian language|Frisian language|Frisian]. Until the early twentieth century the diminutive was a normal way of forming men's names into women's names: Dirk → Dirkje, Pieter → Pietertje.
In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns, but the diminutive form is a noun in some cases. Note that adverbs get an extra s appended to the diminutive:

adjectives: groen → groen' adjective → noun;
adverbs: even → eventjes ; net → netjes ; zacht → zachtjes
numerals: een-twee' numeral → noun; wij drietjes ; vijfje, tientje, twintigje etc. → numeral five, ten, twenty etc. → with diminutive a coin or bank note with a value of five, ten, twenty etc.. → noun
personal pronouns: onderonsje
prepositions: ommetje preposition → noun; uitje preposition → noun
verbs: moetje verb → bloempje This is the regularly formed diminutive.
bloem → bloemetje.
pop → popje.
pop → poppetje.

A few words exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje and sneeuwklokje, while others, e.g. meisje, originally a diminutive of meid, have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. See other examples.
A diminutive can also sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs → ijsje, bier → biertje, cola → colaatje.
When used, the diminutive has mostly a neutral or positive connotation:

Na een uur' gekletst te hebben met haar vriend ging het meisje naar huis.

The diminutive can, however, also be used pejoratively.

Hij was vanavond weer echt het "'mannetje'".

Besides the above, Dutch also has the now no longer productive diminutive -lijn, which is preserved in several words like for example vendelijn "small flag", Duimelijn "Little Thumbling", vogelijn "little bird" and lievelijn "sweetie".
The grammatical gender of words in the diminutive is always neuter, regardless of the original gender of the words.

Afrikaans

In Afrikaans, the diminutive is formed by adding one of the suffixes -., -pie, -kie, -'tjie, -tjie, -jie, -etjie to the word, depending on the latter's phonology :- for words ending in -f, -g, -k, -p or -s: neef → nefie, lag → laggie, skaap → skapie -pie for words ending in -m: boom → boompie -kie for words ending in -ing: koning → koninkie

-′tjie for words ending in -i, -o, or -u : impi → impi′tjie-jie for words ending in -d or -t: hoed → hoedjie -etjie for CVC words ending in -b, -l, -m, -n or -r, and requires the last consonant to be doubled if it follows a short vowel: rob → robbetjie, bal → balletjie, kam → kammetjie, kar → karretjie-tjie for other words ending in -l, -n, -r or a vowel: soen → soentjie, koei → koeitjie, appel → appeltjie, beker → bekertjie, baba → babatjie

Diminutives of words that are themselves diminutives are used, for example baadjie → baadjietjie. Such constructions do not appear in Dutch.
Afrikaans has almost identical usage and grammar for diminutive words as Dutch, the language Afrikaans was derived from. There are differences in Dutch as compared to Afrikaans. One is that suffixes end with -je as compared, i.e. in Afrikaans. This reflects the usage, i.e. in the dialects of the province of Holland that most of Dutch settlers came from. Another difference is that in the Dutch language also adjectives and adverbs can be conjugated as diminutives as if they were nouns. Diminutives are widely used in both languages, but possibly more so in the Afrikaans language.
In some cases the diminutive in Afrikaans is the most commonly used, or even only form of the word: bietjie, mandjie, baadjie and boontjie. In other cases the diminutive may be used figuratively rather than literally to imply affection, camaraderie, euphemism, sarcasm, or disdain, depending on context.

(High) German

German features words such as "Häuschen" for "small house", "Würstchen" for "small sausage" and "Hündchen" for "small dog". Diminutives are more frequently used than in English. Some words only exist in the diminutive form, e.g. "Kaninchen" derived from Old French word conin, which in turn is from the Latin diminutive cuniculus. The use of diminutives is quite different between the dialects. The Alemannic dialects for example use the diminutive very often.
There are two suffixes that can be systematically applied in German:-chen, e.g. "Brötchen" for bread roll -lein e.g. "Männlein" for little man, -li.
The contemporary colloquial diminutives -chen and -lein are always neuter in their grammatical gender, regardless of the original word. For example, the common German word for girl is das Mädchen, which is neuter because it is a diminutive of die Magd – the maiden. While Mädchen is an everyday word, Magd is not common in modern use—and in any meaning other than "female farm employee" it is associated with medieval language. However, -ling has a masculine gender. In the cases of "Zögling", "Setzling", this form nominalizes a verb, as in, "ziehen" - "Zögling", "setzen" - "Setzling".
Use of these diminutive suffixes on a finally stressed word stem causes umlaut of the stressed vowel.

Austro-Bavarian

In Austro-Bavarian, the -l or -erl suffix can replace almost any usual German diminutive. For example, the standard word for 'girl' in German is Mädchen and, while Mädchen is still used frequently in Austrian German, a more colloquial "cute" usage would be Mädl, Madl or Mäderl. It is regular for Austrians to replace the normal Bisschen with Bissel. This has become a very distinctive feature of Austrian German. Contrary to the previous section, umlaut are not used that frequently.
A familiar example of the -erl diminutive is Nannerl, the childhood name of Maria Anna Mozart, the sister of the celebrated composer. Historically, some common Austro-Bavarian surnames were also derived from first names using the -l suffix; for example, hann > Händl, Man > Mändl, fried > Friedl, and so on.

Swabian

In Swabian German this is done by adding a -le suffix. For example, a small house would be a "Häusle" or a little girl a "Mädle". A unique feature of Swabian is that words other than nouns may be suffixed with -le, which is not the case with other German dialects, High German, or other languages: wasele or jetzetle or kommele.. Many variants of Swabian also have a plural diminutive suffix: -la. E.g.: "oi Mädle, zwoi Mädla."

High Alemannic

In High Alemannic the standard suffix -li is added to the root word. A little would be äs bitzli as to "ein bisschen" in Standard German. The diminutive form of bitzli is birebitzli.
Vowels of proper names often turn into an umlaut in Highest Alemannic, whereas in High Alemannic it remains the same.
Proper names: Christian becomes Chrigi, in Highest Alemannic: Chrigu. Sebastien becomes Sebi resp. Sebu. Sabrina becomes Sabsi resp. Sabä. Corinne becomes Cogi resp. Corä. Barbara becomes Babsi resp. Babsä, Robert becomes Röbi resp. Röbu. Jakob becomes Köbi resp. Köbu. Gabriel becomes Gäbu in Highest Alemannic.

Low German

In varieties of West Low German, spoken in the east of the Netherlands, diminutives occasionally use the umlaut in combination with the suffixes -gie:

man → mānnegie
kom → kōmmegie

In East Frisian Low Saxon, -je, -, and -pje are used as a diminutive suffix ; boom becomes boompje ). Compare this with the High German suffix -chen. Some words have a slightly different suffix, even though the diminutive always ends with -je. For example, man becomes mannetje. All these suffixes East Frisian Low Saxon shares with Dutch.
In Northern Low Saxon, the -je diminutive is rarely used, except maybe Gronings, such as in Buscherumpje, a fisherman's shirt. It is usually substituted with lütte, meaning "little", as in dat lütte Huus- the small house. The same goes for the North Germanic languages.
Historically, some common Low German surnames were derived from first names using the -ke suffix; for example, Ludwig > Lüdeke, Wilhelm > Wilke, Wernher > Werneke, and so on. Some of these name bases are difficult to recognize in comparison to standard German; for example, Dumke, Domke < Döm 'Thomas', Klitzke < Klitz 'Clement', etc. Some of these names may also have Slavic or mixed Slavic-Germanic origins.

Yiddish

Yiddish frequently uses diminutives. In Yiddish the primary diminutive is -l or -ele in singular, and -lekh or -elekh in plural, sometimes involving a vowel trade in the root. Thus Volf becomes Velvl, Khaim: Khaiml, mame : mamele, Khane: Khanele, Moyshe: Moyshele, kind : kindl or kindele, Bobe : Bobele, teyl : teylekhl, regn : regndl, hant : hentl, fus : fisl. The longer version of the suffix sounds generally more affectionate and usually used with proper names. Sometimes a few variations of the plural diminutive forms are possible: balebos : balebeslekh : balebatimlekh.
Many other diminutives of Slavic origin are commonly used, mostly with proper names:

-ke: Khaim/Khaimke, Mordkhe/Motke, Sore/Sorke, Khaye/Khayke, Avrom/Avromke, bruder/bruderke. These forms are usually considered nicknames and are only used with very close friends and relatives.
-nyu: kale/kalenyu, harts/hartsenyu, zeyde/zeydenyu. Often used as an affectionate quasi-vocative.
-tshik: Avrom/Avromtshik, yungerman/yungermantshik.
-inke: tate/tatinke, baleboste/balebostinke.
-ik: Shmuel/Shmulik, Yisroel/Srolik.
-tse or -tshe: Sore/Sortshe, Avrom/Avromtshe, Itsik/Itshe.
-shi: bobe/bobeshi, zun/zuneshi, tate/tateshi.
-lebn: tate-lebn, Malke-lebn. This particle might be considered a distinct compound word, and not a suffix.

These suffixes can also be combined: Khaim/Khaimkele, Avrom/Avromtshikl, Itsik/Itshenyu.
Some Yiddish proper names have common non-trivial diminutive forms, somewhat similar to English names such as Bob or Wendy: Akive/Kive, Yishaye/Shaye, Rivke/Rivele.
Yiddish also has diminutive forms of adjectives :

-lekh : roytlekher, gelblekher, zislekher.
-ink : roytinker, gelinker, zisinker.
-tshik or -itshk: kleynitshker, altitshker.

Some Yiddish diminutives have been incorporated into modern Israeli Hebrew: Imma to Immaleh and Abba to Abbaleh.

Icelandic

A common diminutive suffix in Icelandic is -lingur:
Examples:

grís → gríslingur
bók → bæklingur
jeppi → jepp'''lingur'''

Swedish

The Swedish use of diminutive is heavily dominated by prefixes such as "mini-", "lill-", "små-" and "pytte-" and all of these prefixes can be put in front of almost all nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs:
The suffixes "-ling" and "-ing" are also used to some extent:
The suffix "-is" can be used as a diminutive suffix to some extent but is often used as a slang suffix which is very colloquial.

Latin and Romance languages

Latin

See latin diminutive.
In the Latin language the diminutive is formed also by suffixes of each gender affixed to the word stem. Each variant ending matches with a blend of the variant secondary demonstrative pronouns: In Old Latin, ollus, olla, ollum; later ille, illa, illud.

-ulus, -ula, -ulum, e.g. globulus from globus.
-culus, -cula, -culum, e.g. homunculus from homo
-olus, -ola, -olum, e.g. malleolus from malleus
-ellus, -ella, -ellum, e.g. libellus smaller than librulus from liber
-ittus, -itta, -ittum

Similarly, the diminutive of gladius is gladiolus, a plant whose leaves look like small swords.
Adjectives as well as nouns can be diminished, including paululus from paulus.
The diminutive ending for verbs is -ill-, placed after the stem and before the endings. The diminutive verb changes to the first conjugation, no matter what the original conjugation. Conscribere "write onto" is third-conjugation, but the diminutive conscribillare "scribble over" is first-conjugation.
The Anglicisation of Latin diminutives is relatively common, especially in medical terminology. In nouns, the most common conversion is removal of the -us, -a, -um endings and trading them for a mum e''. Hence some examples are vacuole from vacuolum, particle from particula, and globule from globulus''.

French

French diminutives can be formed with a wide range of endings. Often, a consonant or phoneme is placed between the root word and the diminutive ending for phonetic purposes:
porcelet < pourceau, from lat. porcellus.
Feminine nouns or names are typically made diminutive by adding the ending -ette: fillette ; courgette ; Jeannette ; pommettes, from pomme ; cannette, from cane. This ending has crossed over into English as well. Feminine nouns may also end in -elle.
Masculine names or nouns may be turned into diminutives with the ending -ot, -on, or -ou, but sometimes, for phonetic reasons, an additional consonant is added : Jeannot, from Jean ; Pierrot from Pierre ; chiot, from chien ; fiston, from fils ; caneton, from canard ; chaton, from chat ; minou ; Didou ; Philou or Filou.
Some masculine diminutives are formed with the masculine version of -ette: -et. For example: porcelet, piglet, from porc; oiselet, fledgling, from oiseau, bird. However, in many cases the names for baby animals are not diminutives—that is, unlike chaton/chat or chiot/chien, they are not derived from the word for the adult animal: poulain, foal ; agneau, lamb. French is not unique in this, but it is indicated here to clarify that not all names of animals can be turned into diminutives by the addition of diminutive endings.
In Old French, -et/-ette, -in/-ine, -el/-elle were often used, as Adeline for Adele, Maillet for Maill, and so on. As well, the ending -on was used for both genders, as Alison and Guion from Alice and Guy respectively. The Germanic side of Vulgar Latin bore proper diminutives -oc and -uc, which went into words such as the Latin pocca and pucca, to become French poche ; -oche is in regular use to shorten words: cinéma → cinoche.

Italian

In Italian, the diminutive is expressed by several derivational suffixes, applied to nouns or adjectives to create new nouns or adjectives with variable meanings. The new word is then pluralized as a word in its own right. Such derived words often have no equivalent in other languages.

-ello, -ella: finestra → finestrella, campana → campanello or → campanella ;
-etto, -etta, the most used one along with -ino: casa → casetta, povero → poveretto, cane → cagnetto ; may also be applied affectionately to names, usually female names: Laura → Lauretta, Paola→ Paoletta
-ino, -ina, the most used one along with -etto: paese → paesino ; also in baby talk and after other suffixes: bello → bellino, gatto → gattino ;
-uccio, -uccia, similar to -ello/-ella, -etto/-etta and -ino/-ina, it is generally a loving, benign, courtesy, or affectionate diminutive suffix: tesoro→''tesoruccio, amore → amoruccio ; may also be applied affectionately to names: Michele→Micheluccio, Guido→ Guiduccio. Like many diminutives, it may also be patronizing or pejorative if used in a certain context: medico→ medicuccio, femmina → femminuccia. In Southern Italy, especially Sicily, this diminutive becomes -uzzo or -uzza.
-iccio, -iccia
-icchio, -icchia, mainly of regional use, often pejorative: sole → solicchio ;
-otto, -otta, often attenuating: aquila → aquilotto, stupido → stupidotto ;

Double diminutives, with two diminutive suffixes rather than one, are also possible: casa → casetta → casettina, giovane → giovanotto → giovanottino.
Suffixes -accio, -accia, -astro, -astra and -ucolo, -ucola, also exist, but they are used to form pejorative words, with no diminutive meaning: tempo → tempaccio, popolo → popolaccio, amore → amorazzo, giallo → giallastro, poeta → poetucolo or poetastro
Such suffixes are of Latin origin, except -etto and -otto, which are of unclear origin.
There also exist:

some additional hypocoristic suffixes that are used to create new adjectives from other adjectives : -iccio/a, -icciolo/a, -igno/a, -ognolo/a, -occio/a.
the masculine augmentative suffixes, -one, normally used for feminine nouns too instead of the rarer -ona''.
Italian loanwords in English

Examples of Italian diminutive words used in English are mostly culinary, like spaghetti, linguine, bruschetta and zucchini. The diminution is often figurative: an operetta is similar to an opera, but dealing with less serious topics. "Signorina" means "Miss"; with "signorino" they have the same meanings as señorita and señorito in Spanish.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, diminutives can be formed with a wide range of endings but the most common diminutives are formed with the suffixes -inho, -inha, replacing the masculine and feminine endings -o and -a, respectively. The variants -ito and -ita, direct analogues of Spanish -ito and -ita, are also common in some regions. The forms with a z are normally added to words that end in stressed vowels, such as café → cafezinho. Some nouns have slightly irregular diminutives.
Noun diminutives are widely used in the vernacular. Occasionally, this process is extended to pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and even verbs.

Galician

In Galician, the suffix -iño is added to nouns and adjectives. It is occasionally added to adverbs, in contrast with other Romance languages: amodiño, devagariño, engordiño or the fossilized paseniño, all meaning "slowly".

Romanian

Romanian uses suffixes to create diminutives, most of these suffixes being of Latin or Slavic origin.
Not only names, but adjectives, adverbs and pronouns can have diminutives as well, as in Portuguese, Polish and Russian.
Feminine suffixes

-ea
-ică
-ioară
-ișoară
-iță
-ușcă
-uță

Masculine suffixes

-aș
-el
-ic
-ior
-ișor
-uleț
-uș
-uț

Adjectives

frumos > frumușel

Adverbs

repede > repejor

Pronouns

dumneata > mata > mătăluță
nimic > nimicuța
nițel

Spanish

Spanish is a language rich in diminutives, and uses suffixes to create them:

-ito/-ita, words ending in -o or -a ; for adjectives, it is used in an assertive manner.
-cito/-cita, a variant of -ito/-ita used for words ending in -e or another consonant.
-illo/-illa ; for adjectives, it is used in an approximative manner.
-ico/-ica, words ending in -to and -tro, commonly used in Antilles, Colombia and Venezuela for words ending in -to and -tro, but also common with any kind of nouns in Aragon or Murcia.
-ín/-ina
-ete/-eta.
-ingo/-inga, words ending in -o, -a, -e or consonant commonly used in lowland Bolivian Spanish,

Other less common suffixes are

-uelo/-uela
-zuelo/-zuela
-uco/-uca
-ucho/-ucha
-ijo/-ija
-izno/-izna
-ajo/-aja
-ino/-ina

Some speakers use a suffix in a word twice, which gives a more affectionate or stronger sense to the word.

chico, "small" → chiquito → chiquitito/a, chiquitico/a, chiquitín and even chirriquitico.
poco, "few" → poquito → poquitito.
pie, "foot" → piecito → piececito, piececillo.

Sometimes alternating different suffixes can change the meaning.

mano, "hand" → manita, "little hand", or manilla "bracelet", or manecilla, "clock/watch hand".
caña, "cane" → canilla, literally "small cane" but actually "water tap" or, in some places, "baguette".

Adverbs can be added diminutive suffixes too, generally giving an affectionate sense to the word.

lento "slowly" → lentito.
rápido "quickly" → rapidito.
mejor "best" → mejorcito.

Catalan

Catalan uses suffixes to create diminutives:

-et/-eta,,
-ó, -ona,
-ic/-ic,
-í/-ina

More than one diminutive suffix can be applied to add more emphasis: e.g. rei, "king" → reietó ; panxa "belly" → panxolineta
Diminutives can also be applied to adjectives: e.g. petit, "small" → petitó.
Historically other suffixes have formed diminutives as well:

-ell, -ella also -ol

Sometimes diminutives have changed their original meaning:

llenç, "piece of material" → llençol, "bed sheet".

Baltic languages

Lithuanian

Lithuanian is known for its array of diminutive forms. Diminutives are generally constructed with suffixes applied to the noun stem. By far, the most common are those with -elis/-elė or -ėlis/-ėlė. Others include: -ukis/-ukė, -ulis/-ulė, -užis/-užė, -utis/-utė, -ytis/-ytė, etc. Suffixes may also be compounded, e.g.: -užis + -ėlis → -užėlis. In addition to denoting small size and/or endearment, they may also function as amplificatives, pejoratives, and to give special meanings, depending on context. Lithuanian diminutives are especially prevalent in poetic language, such as folk songs. Examples:

ąžuolas → ąžuolėlis, ąžuoliukas
brolis → brolelis, broliukas, brolytis, brolužis, brolužėlis, brolutytis, broliukėlis, etc.
klevas → klevelis, klevukas, klevutis
pakalnė → pakalnutė
saulė → saulelė, saulytė, saulutė, saulužė, saulužėlė, etc.
svogūnas → svogūnėlis, svogūniukas
vadovas → vadovėlis

Latvian

In Latvian diminutives are widely used and are generally constructed with suffixes applied to the noun stem.
Different diminutive forms can express smallness or intimacy: -iņš/-iņa, -sniņa, -tiņš/-tiņa, -ītis/-īte, derogative, uniqueness or insignificantness: -elis/-ele, -ulis/-ule, smallness and uniqueness: -ēns/ene, -uks.
Sometimes double diminutives are derived: -elītis/-elīte, -ēntiņš, -ēniņš/-enīte.
Diminutives are also often derived from adjectives and adjectives themselves in few cases can be used in diminutive forms.
Examples:

laiva → laiviņa
sirds → sirsniņa
ūdens → ūdentiņš
brālis → brālītis
nams → namelis
zirgs → zirģelis
gudrs → gudrelis
brālis → brālēns
cālis → cālēns
lācis → lāčuks
zirgs → zirģelis → zirģelītis
kaķis → kaķēns → kaķēntiņš
kuce → kucēns → kucēniņš
mazs → maziņš
mīļš → mīlīgs
maza pele → maziņa pelīte

Slavic languages

Slovene

Slovene typically forms diminutives of nouns, but can also form diminutives of some verbs and adjectives.

Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

Shtokavian dialect of Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian language most commonly use suffixes -ić, -ak, -če for diminutives of masculine nouns, -ica for feminine nouns and names, and -ce, -ašce for neuter nouns.
Feminine:žaba → žabicalopta → lopticapatka → patkica
Masculine:nos → nosićkonj → konjić, konjče
Some masculine nouns can take two diminutive suffixes, -k and -ić; in those cases, -k- becomes palatalized before -i to produce an ending -čić:sin → sinčić momak → momče, momčić
Neuter:pero → percejezero → jezercesunce → sunašce
Kajkavian dialects form diminutives similarly to Slovene language.

Bulgarian

Bulgarian has an extended diminutive system.
Masculine nouns have a double diminutive form. The first suffix that can be added is -че,. At this points the noun has become neuter, because of the -e ending. The -нце, suffix can further extend the diminutive. A few examples:

kufar → kufarche → kufarchentse
nozh → nozhche → nozhchentse
stol → stolche → stolchentse

Feminine nouns can have up to three different, independent forms :

zhena → zhenica → zhenichka
riba → ribka → ribchitsa
saksiya → saksiyka → saksiychitsa
glava → glavitsa → glavichka

Note that the suffixes can be any of -ка, -чка, and -ца.
Neuter nouns usually have one diminutive variant, formed by adding variations of -це :

dete → detentse
zhito → zhittse
sluntse → slunchitse

Adjectives have forms for each grammatical gender and these forms have their corresponding diminutive variant. The used suffixes are -ък for masculine, -ка for feminine and -ко for neuter:

maluk → munichuk, malka → munichka, malko → munichko
golyam → golemichuk, golyama → golemichka, golyamo → golemichko

Czech

In Czech diminutives are formed by suffixes, as in other Slavic languages. Common endings include -ka, -ko, -ek, -ík, -inka, -enka, -ečka, -ička, -ul-, -unka, -íček, -ínek etc. The choice of suffix may depend on the noun's gender as well as the degree of smallness/affection that the speaker wishes to convey.
Czech diminutives can express smallness, affection, and familiarity. Hence, "Petřík" may well mean "our", "cute", "little" or "beloved" Peter. Some suffixes generally express stronger familiarity than others. The most common examples are the pairs -ek and -eček, and -ík and -íček, -ko and -ečko, and -ka and -ička/'-ečka. However, some words already have the same ending as if they were diminutives, but they aren't. In such cases, only one diminutive form is possible, e.g. "kočka" means "cat", "kočička" means "small cat".
Every noun has a grammatically correct diminutive form, regardless of the sense it makes. This is sometimes used for comic effect, for example diminuting the word "obr" to "obřík". Speakers also tend to use longer endings, which are not grammatically correct, to express even stronger form of familiarity or cuteness, for example "miminečíčko", instead of correct "miminko" and "miminečko". Such expressions are generally understood, but are used almost exclusively in emotive situations in spoken language and are only rarely written.
Some examples. Note the various stem mutations due to palatalisation, vowel shortening or vowel lengthening:
/-ka/
táta → taťka, Anna → Anka, Ivana → Ivanka, hora → hůrka, noha → nožka
/-ko/
rádio → rádijko, víno → vínko, triko → tričko, pero → pírko, oko → očko
/-ek/
dům → domek, stůl → stolek, schod → schůdek, prostor → prostůrek, strom → stromek
/-ík'/

Tom → Tomík, pokoj → pokojík, kůl → kolík, rum → rumík, koš → košík

Polish

In Polish diminutives can be formed of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and some other parts of speech. They literally signify physical smallness or lack of maturity, but usually convey attitude, in most cases affection. In some contexts, they may be condescending or ironic. Diminutives can cover a significant fraction of children's speech during the time of language acquisition.
For adjectives and adverbs, diminutives in Polish are grammatically separate from comparative forms.
There are multiple affixes used to create the diminutive. Some of them are -ka, -czka, -śka, -szka, -cia, -sia, -unia, -enka, -lka for feminine nouns and -ek, -yk, -ciek, -czek, -czyk, -szek, -uń, -uś, -eńki, -lki for masculine words, and -czko, -ko for neuter nouns, among others.
The diminutive suffixes may be stacked to create forms going even further, for example, malusieńki is considered even smaller than malusi or maleńki. Similarly, koteczek is derived from kotek, which is itself derived from kot. Note that in this case, the suffix -ek is used twice, but changes to ecz once due to palatalization.
There are also diminutives that lexicalized, e.g., stołek, which is grammatically a diminutive of stół.
In many cases, the possibilities for creation of diminutives are seemingly endless and leave room for the creation of many neologisms. Some examples of common diminutives:
Feminineżaba → żabka, żabcia, żabusia, żabeńka, żabuleńka, żabeczka, żabuniacórka → córeczka, córunia, córcia, córuś kaczka → kaczuszka, kaczusia, kaczuniaKatarzyna → Kasia, Kaśka, Kasieńka, Kasiunia, Kasiulka, Kasiuleczka, KasiuneczkaAnna → Ania, Anka, Ańcia, Anusia, Anuśka, Aneczka, Anulka, AnuleczkaMałgorzata → Małgorzatka, Małgosia, Małgośka, Gosia, Gosieńka, Gosiunia, Gosiula
Masculinechłopak → chłopaczek kot → kotek, koteczek, kociątko, kociak, kociaczek, kocio, kicia, kiciunia, kotuś, kotunio, kiciopies → piesek, pieseczek, piesio, piesiunio, psinka, psineczka, psiaczekGrzegorz → Grześ, Grzesiek, Grzesio, Grzesiu, Grzeniu, GrzenioMichał → Michałek, Michaś, Misiek, Michasiek, Michaszek, Misiu, MinioPiotr → Piotrek, Piotruś, PiotrusiekTomasz → Tomek, Tomuś, Tomcio, Tomeczek, Tomaszekptak → ptaszek, ptaszeczek, ptaś, ptasiątko
Neuterpióro → piórko, pióreczkoserce → serduszko, serdeńkomleko → mleczkoświatło → światełkosłońce → słoneczko, słonko
Pluralkwiaty → kwiatki, kwiatuszki, kwiateczki
Adjectivesmały → maleńki, malusi, malutki, maluśki, maciupkimała → maleńka, malusia, malutka, maluśka, maciupkazielony → zieloniutkizielonkawy → zieloniutkawymiękkie → mięciutkie, mięciuchne
Adverbsprędko → prędziutko, prędziuteńko, prędziuśko, prędziusieńkoprędzej → prędziusiejfajnie → fajniusiosuper → supcio
Verbspłakać → płakuniać, płakuńciać, płakusiać

Russian

Russian has a wide variety of diminutive forms for names, to the point that for non-Russian speakers it can be difficult to connect a nickname to the original. Diminutive forms for nouns are usually distinguished with -ик, -ок, -ёк, -чк-, -шк-, -оньк- or -еньк- infixes and suffixes. For example, вода becomes водичка, кот becomes котик, кошка becomes кошечка, солнце becomes солнышко. Often there are many diminutive forms for one word: мама becomes мамочка, мамуля, маменька, маманя, - all of them have different hues of meaning, which are hard to understand for a foreigner, but are very perceptible for a native speaker. Sometimes you can combine several diminutive suffixes to make several degrees of diminution: пирог becomes пирожок, which then may become пирожочек. The same with сыр, сырок, сырочек. In both cases the first suffix -ок changes к to ч, when the suffix -ек is added.
Often formative infixes and suffixes look like diminutive ones. The well-known word, водка, has the suffix, "-ka", which is not a diminutive, but formative, the word has a different meaning and has its own diminutive suffix -ochka: водочка is an affectionate name of vodka. There are many examples of this kind: сота and сотка, труба and трубка. However, трубка also means a small tube. But most of the time you can tell diminutive particle from formative by simply omitting the suffix. If the meaning of a word remains, the suffix is diminutive. For example: кучка -> куча - the general meaning remains, it is a diminutive form, but тачка -> тача - the general meaning changes, it is not a diminutive form, потолок -> потол - the same with masculine gender.
There is one more peculiarity. For example, the word конь has a diminutive form конёк. But конёк also means a skate, and has another diminutive form конёчек. The word конёк also means a gable with no diminutive sense.
Adjectives and adverbs can also have diminutive forms with infix -еньк- : синий becomes синенький, быстро becomes быстренько. In case of adjectives the use of diminutive form is aimed to intensify the effect of diminutive form of a noun. Diminutive forms of adverbs are used to express either benevolence in the speech or on the contrary to express superciliousness, depending on the inflection of a whole phrase.
Some diminutives of proper names, among many others:
Feminine

Anastasiya → Nastya, Nasten'ka, Nastyona
Anna → Anya, An'ka, Anka, Anechka, Annushka, Anyuta, Nyura, Nyuta, Nyusha
Irina → Ira, Irka, Irinka, Irinushka, Irochka, Irisha
Natalya → Natasha, Natashka, Natashen'ka, Nata, Natalka
Tatyana → Tanya, Tan'ka, Tanechka, Tanyusha, Tata, Tanchik
Yelizaveta → Liza, Lizochka, Lizka, Lizon'ka, Lizaveta
Yekaterina → Katya, Katyusha, Katen'ka, Kat'ka, Katechka, Katerina
Yevgeniya → Zhenya, Zhen'ka, Zhenechka, Zheka

Masculine

Aleksander → Sasha, Sashka, Sashen'ka, Sashechka, Sanya, Shura, Sashok, Shurik
Aleksey → Alyosha, Alyoshka, Alyoshen'ka, Lyosha, Lyoshka, Lyoshen'ka, Leksey
Andrej → Andryusha, Andryushka, Andryushechka, Dyusha, Andreika
Anton → Antosha, Antoshka, Tosha, Toshka
Dmitriy → Dima, Mitya, Dimka, Dimushka, Dimochka, Miten'ka, Dimok, Diman, Dimon, Mityai
Ivan → Vanya, Van'ka, Vanechka, Vanyusha, Vanyushka, Ivanushka
Mikhail → Misha, Mishka, Mishen'ka, Mishechka, Mishutka, Mikhei, Mikhailo
Pyotr → Petya, Pet'ka, Peten'ka, Petyunya
Sergej → Seryoga, Seryozha, Seryozhka, Seryozhen'ka, Seryi
Vladimir → Volodya, Voloden'ka, Vova, Vovka, Vovochka, Vovan, Vovchik

Celtic languages

Irish

In the Irish language diminutives are formed by adding -ín, and sometimes -án.

Rós > Róisín
Seán > Seáinín
Séamas > Séamaisín, Jimín
Pádraig > Páidín
bóthar > bóithrín
caile > cailín
fear > firín, also feairín,
teach, also tigh, > tigín, also teaichín
cloch > cloichín
sráid > sráidín
séipéal > séipéilín

This suffix is also used to create the female equivalent of some male names:

Pádraig > Pádraigín
Gearóid > Gearóidín
Pól > Póilín

-án as a diminutive suffix is much less frequent nowadays.

leabhar > leabhrán
cnoc > cnocán

It could also be used ironically, for example bolgadán was used to denote someone who had a large belly and an oileán became the name for an island.

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic has two inherited diminutive suffixes of which only one is considered productive.

-ag, feminine: Mòr → Mòrag, Loch Nis → Niseag
-an, masculine: loch → lochan, bodach → ''bodachan''

Greek

Ancient Greek

Several diminutive derivational suffixes existed in Ancient Greek. The most common ones were -ιο-, -ισκο-/-ισκᾱ-, -ιδ-ιο-, -αρ-ιο-. Often there is phonetic change in the transition from the nominative case forms to the oblique cases, with the diminutives based on the oblique form, as in the examples of ξίφος and παῖς below, in which the diminutive is based on a dental consonant instead of the sibilant ending of the nominative form.

Modern Greek

Diminutives are very common in Modern Greek with every noun having its own diminutive. They express either small size or affection: size -aki or affection -ula. The most common suffixes are -άκης/-akis and -ούλης/-ulis for the male gender, -ίτσα/-itsa and -ούλα/-ula for the female gender, and -άκι/-aki for the neutral gender. Several of them are common as suffixes of surnames, originally meaning the offspring of a certain person, e.g. Παπάς/Papas "priest" with Παπαδάκης/Papadakis as the surname.

Indic languages

Hindi

In Hindi, some common nouns and adjectives which are declinable and some which end in a consonant can be made diminutive by changing the end gender-marking vowel आ or ई to ऊ or by adding the vowel to ऊ respectively.
For some inanimate masculine nouns which end in the vowel आ, feminising it by changing the आ end vowel to ई can make it diminutive.
Some proper nouns are made diminutive with ऊ. This is most often applied to children's names, though lifelong nicknames can result:

Punjabi

In Punjabi, oftentimes feminine inanimate nouns tend be diminutives of a masculine noun. This change can be brought by replacing the vowel ā by ī. Most diminutives just differ in size from the base word.

ḍabbā ਡੱਬਾ → ḍabbī ਡੱਬੀ
sūā ਸੂਆ → sūī ਸੂਈ

With animals, there may sometimes be a change in meaning.

kīṛā ਕੀੜਾ → kīṛī ਕੀੜੀ

Haryanvi

In Haryanvi, proper nouns are made diminutive with 'u', 'da', 'do' and 'di'. This is of course most often applied to children's names, though lifelong nicknames can result:

Bharat → Bhartu: demonstrates the use of 'u' for a male
Vaishali → Vishu: demonstrates the use of 'u' for a female
Amit → Amitada: demonstrates the use of 'da' for a male
Vishal → Vishaldo: demonstrates the use of 'da' for a male
Sunita → Sunitadi: demonstrates the use of 'di' for a female

Magahi

In Magahi, proper nouns are made diminutive with -a or -wa. This is of course most often applied to children's names, though lifelong nicknames can result:

Raushan → Raushna
Vikash → Vikashwa
Anjali → Anjalia

Marathi

In Marathi, masculine proper nouns are made diminutive with -ya or -u, while feminine proper nouns use -u and sometimes -ee. This is of course most often applied to children's names, though lifelong nicknames can result.
Masculine :

Abhijit → Abhya
Rajendra → Rajya, Raju

Feminine :

Ashwini → Ashu
Namrata → Namee, Namu

Sinhala

In Sinhala, proper nouns are made diminutive with -a after usually doubling the last pure consonant, or adding -iya. In doing so, often the last few characters are dropped.

Rajitha → Rajja or Rajiya
Romesh → Romma or Romiya
Sashika → Sashsha or Sashiya
Ramith → Ramma or Ramiya

Sometimes, you don't double the last constant or don't add -iya after dropping the last few characters.

Rajitha → Raj
Dhanushka → Dhanu

It seems that the sound is the decisive factor here, so it might be useless to find some grammatical devices here. For example, the proper noun Wickramananayaka can make the diminutive Wicky. Here, only the first syllable is what is focused on. Therefore, Wicky can be the diminutive of all forms of names that start with Wick, like Wickramasinghe, Wickramaratne, Wickramabahu, and so on.

Iranian languages

Kurdish

Northern Kurdish or Kurmanji uses mostly "-ik" suffix to make diminutive forms:

keç → keçik
hirç → hirçik

-ûç\-oç; kiçoç, piçûç.
-il; zengil, çingil.
-çe\-çik; baxçe, rûçik.
-ole; hirçole, kiçole.
-ok; kiçkok, berxok, derok.
...etc.

Persian

The most frequently used Persian diminutives are -cheh and -ak.

bâgh باغ → bâghcheh باغچه
mard مرد → mardak مردک

Other less used ones are -izeh and -zheh.

rang رنگ → rangizeh رنگیزه
nây نای → nâyzheh نایژه

Armenian

Armenian diminutive suffixes are -ik, -ak and -uk. For example, the diminutive forms of տատ, գետ and գայլ are տատիկ, գետակ, and գայլուկ, respectively.

Semitic languages

Arabic

In Modern Standard Arabic the usual diminutive pattern is FuʿayL, FuʿayyeL, and FuʿayyeiL with or without the feminine -a added:

kūt كوت → kuwayt كويت
kitāb كِتاب → kutayyeb كتيّب
hirra هِرّة → hurayra هُرَيرة
kalb كلب → kulayb كليب
najm نجم → nujaym نجيم
jabal جبل → jubayl جبيل

In certain varieties of Arabic, reduplication of the last syllable is also used, as in:

baṭṭa بطة → baṭbūṭa بطبوطة

Hebrew

Hebrew employs a reduplication pattern of its last syllable to mark diminutive forms.

kélev כלב : klavláv כלבלב
khatúl חתול : khataltúl חתלתול
batsál בצל : b'tsaltsál בצלצל
adóm אדום : adamdám אדמדם
dag דג : dagíg דגיג

Also, the suffixes -on and -it sometimes mark diminutive forms; sometimes the former is masculine and the latter is feminine.

kóvaʿ כובע : kovaʿón כובעון
yéled ילד : yaldón ילדון
sak שק : sakít שקית
kaf כף : kapít כפית

Names can be made diminutive by substituting the last syllable for suffixes such as "-ik", "-i" or "-le", sometimes slightly altering the name for pronunciation purposes. At times, a syllable can be omitted to create an independent diminutive name, to which any of the suffixes mentioned earlier can be applied. In some cases, reduplication works as well.

Aryé אריה : Ári ארי
Ariél אריאל : Árik אריק
Adám אדם : Ádamke אדמ'קה
Mikhaél מיכאל : Míkha מיכה
Aharón אהרון : Árale אהר'לה or Rón רון, which in turn can produce Róni רוני
Davíd דוד : Dúdu דודו, which in turn can produce Dúdi דודי

Sino-Tibetan languages

Chinese

Diminutives in Chinese are typically formed in one of three ways: by repetition or by the addition of a "cute" prefix or suffix.
Chinese given names are usually one or two characters in length. The single character or the second of the two characters can be doubled to make it sound cuter. Some given names, such as Sun Feifei's, are already formed in this way. Throughout China, the single character or the second of the two characters can also be prefixed by "Little" or—mostly in Southern China—by "Ah" to produce an affectionate or derisive diminutive name. For example, Andy Lau might be referred to as "Little Wah" or "Ah-Wah".
In Cantonese, "child" is also used as a diminutive suffix. Andy Lau's more common nickname in Hong Kong is "Wah Zai". Cute suffixes in Mandarin include "-a" and -ya.

Turkic languages

Turkish

Turkish diminutive suffixes are -cik and -ceğiz, and variants thereof as dictated by the consonant assimilation and vowel harmony rules of Turkish grammar.
-cik is applied in cases of endearment and affection, in particular toward infants and young children by exaggerating qualities such as smallness and youth, whereas -ceğiz is used in situations of compassion and empathy, especially when expressing sympathy toward another person in times of difficulty. Note the effects of vowel harmony in the following examples:

köy → köyceğiz
kadın → kadıncağız
çocuk → çocukçağız
kedi → kedicik
köpek → köpecik
kitap kitapçık

It's not common, but some adjectives may also have diminutives.

küçük → küçücük
sıcak → sıcacık
çabuk → çabucak → çabucacık

There are a few exceptions; gülücük is derived from the verb gülmek, but it's not considered a diminutive. Çocuk is not a diminutive, and it can't take a diminutive suffix. Kılçık may look like a diminutive, but it's not related to kıl anyway. And kızılcık is not a diminutive of kızıl, and gelincik is not a diminutive of gelin.

Uralic languages

Estonian

The diminutive suffix of Estonian is "-kene" in its long form, but can be shortened to "-ke". In all grammatical cases except for the nominative and partitive singular, the "-ne" ending becomes "-se". It is fully productive and can be used with every word. Some words, such as "päike", "väike" or "pisike", are diminutive in their basic form, the diminutive suffix cannot be removed from these words. The Estonian diminutive suffix can be used recursively - it can be attached to a word more than once. Forms such as "pisikesekesekene", having three diminutive suffixes, are grammatically legitimate. As is demonstrated by the example, in recursive usage all but the last diminutive "-ne" suffix become "-se" as in forms inflected by case.

Finnish

The diminutive suffixes of Finnish "-ke", "-kka", and "-nen" are not universal, and cannot be used on every noun. The feature is common in Finnish surnames, f.e. 'Jokinen' could translate 'Streamling', but since this form is not used in speaking about streams, the surname could also mean 'lands by the stream' or 'lives by the stream'. Double diminutives also occur in certain words f.e. lapsukai''nen, lapsonen, lapsi.
Examples:

*-ke: haara → haarake, nimi → nimike
*-kka: peni → penikka, nenä → nenukka
*-nen: lintu → lintunen, poika → poika'''nen'''''

Hungarian

Hungarian uses the suffixes -ka/ke and -cska/cske to form diminutive nouns. The suffixes -i and -csi may also be used with names. However, you traditionally cannot have the diminutive form of your name registered officially in Hungary. Nouns formed this way are considered separate words. They may not even be grammatically related to the base word, only historically, whereas the relation has been long forgotten.
Some examples:

Animals
*-us: kutya → kutyus, cica → cicus
*-ci: medve → maci, borjú → boci, liba → libuci
*-ka/-ke: madár → madárka, egér → egérke
*-cska/-cske: hal → halacska, méh → méhecske
Names
*-i: János → Jani, Júlia → Juli, Kata → Kati, Mária → Mari, Sára → Sári, Gergő/Gergely →' Geri, Domokos → Domi
*-i-ka/ke: János → Janika, Júlia → Julika, Mária → Marika, Ferenc → Ferike, Teréz → Terike
*-csi: János → Jancsi, Júlia → Julcsi, Mária → Marcsi
*-iska/-iske/-uska: Júlia → Juliska, Mária → Mariska, Ilona → Iluska
*-us: Béla → Bélus, Júlia/Judit → Jucus
*-ci: László → Laci, Júlia/Judit → Juci, Anna → Anci
*-có: Ferenc → Fecó, József → Jocó
*-ca: Ilona → Ica, László → Laca
*-tya: Péter → Petya, Zoltán → Zotya
*-nyi: Sándor → Sanyi, Mária → Manyi

Note that these are all special diminutive suffixes. The universal -ka/ke and -cska/cske can be used to create further diminutive forms, e.g. kutyuska, cicuska. Theoretically, more and more diminutive forms can be created this way, e.g. kutyuskácskácska. Of course, this is not a common practice; the preferred translations are kutyulimutyuli and cica'mica.

Bantu languages

Chichewa

Chichewa noun class 12 and 13 contain diminutive prefixes. The prefixes are ka for singular nouns and ti for plural nouns. These classes do not contain any words as opposed to the augmentative marker, which is also a regular noun class containing nouns.

mwana → kamwana
ana → tiana

Ikyaushi

Ikyaushi expresses the diminutive using the nominal class prefixes aka- and utu-, representing the singular and plural forms respectively. Both of these nominal classes also contain lexical items that are not characterized by diminution, as found in Spier's descriptive grammar, such as akashimi and utubuki. Interestingly, these prefixes can also be attached to non-nominal roots, such as the adjectival -noonoo in akanoonoo. Additional examples can be found below.inama → akanama ikyuuni → akauni / utuuni mbushi → utubushi umuti → utumuti ifibwesela → utubwesela

seSotho

In the Sotho languages, the diminunitive is formed with variants of the -ana suffix.

mošemane → mošemanyana
koloi → koloinyana
kolobe → '''kolobjana'''

Algonquian languages

Cree

Cree uses two basic diminutives.-iš to indicate a smaller version of a noun:-išiš to indicate either a very small version of a noun or a young version of the noun:
In both diminutives, sound changes may be triggered as ⟨t⟩→⟨c⟩ in most dialects, and ⟨s⟩→⟨š⟩ in the eastern dialects.atim → ''acimošiš''

Ojibwe

Ojibwe has several different types of diminutive suffixes.

Adorative-diminutive: /ish/
Affective-diminutive: /iz/
Productive-diminutive, a.k.a. "diminutive": /enz/

The following diminutives palatize all the preceding ⟨d⟩ → ⟨j⟩, ⟨s⟩ → ⟨sh⟩, ⟨t⟩ → ⟨ch⟩, ⟨z⟩ → ⟨zh⟩.

Pejorative-diminutive, a.k.a. "pejorative": /y_ish/
Contemptive-diminutive, a.k.a. "contemptive": /y_eny/
Verbal diminutive: /y_ijiiny/

International auxiliary languages

Esperanto

For generic use, Esperanto has a single diminutive suffix, "-et".

domo → dometo
knabo → knabeto
varma → varmeta

For personal names and familial forms of address, the affixes "-nj-" and "-ĉj-" are used, for females and males respectively. Unusually for Esperanto, the "root" is often shortened.

patrino → panjo
patro → paĉjo
Aleksandra → Alenjo
Aleksandro → Aleĉjo
Johano → Joĉjo
Maria → Manjo
Sofia → Sonjo
Vilhelmo → Vilĉjo, Will)

Whereas languages such as Spanish may use the diminutive to denote offspring, as in "perrito", Esperanto has a dedicated and regular suffix, "-id" used for this purpose. Thus "hundeto" means "little dog", while "hundido" means a dog who is not yet fully grown.

Interlingua

Interlingua has a single diminutive suffix, -ett, for diminutives of all sorts.

Johannes → Johannetto
camera → cameretta
pullo → pulletto

Use of this suffix is flexible, and diminutives such as mama and papa may also be used. To denote a small person or object, many Interlingua speakers simply use the word parve, or small:

parve can → small dog
parve arbore → small tree

Suffix	IPA	Final letter	Remarks	Example	Translation	Diminutive
-je	t	d / t		bad	bath	badje
-je	f	f		straf	punishment	strafje
-je	ɣ / χ	g / ch		dag	day	dagje
-je	k	k		dak	roof	dakje
-je	p	p		schaap	sheep	schaapje
-je	s	s		kaas	cheese	kaasje
-je	ks	x		fax	fax	faxje
-	aː	a	This is an open vocal	vla	custard	vlaatje
-	eː	e	This is an open vocal	zee	sea	zeetje
-	i / iː	/ y	This is an open vocal	knie	knee	knietje
-	oː	o / eau	This is an open vocal	bureau	desk	bureautje
-	y	u	This is an open vocal	menu	menu	menuutje
-	l	l	When preceded by a doubled open vowel	paal	pole	paaltje
-	n	n	When preceded by a doubled open vowel	baan	job	baantje
-	r / ɾ / ʁ	r	When preceded by a doubled open vowel	haar	hair	haartje
-etje	l	l	When preceded by a closed vowel	bal	ball	balletje
-etje	m	m	When preceded by a closed vowel	dam	dam	dammetje
-etje	n	n	When preceded by a closed vowel	kan	jug	kannetje
-etje	r / ɾ / ʁ	r	When preceded by a closed vowel	kar	car	karretje
-etje	ŋ	ng	When preceded by a closed vowel	slang	snake	slangetje
-pje	m	m	When preceded by a closed vowel	boom	tree	boompje
-pje	m	m	When preceded by a closed vowel	raam	window	raampje
-pje	m	m	When preceded by a closed vowel	zeem	chammy	zeempje
-kje	ɪŋ	ing	When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje.	woning	home	woninkje
-kje	ɪŋ	ing	When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje.	mening	opinion	meninkje
-kje	ɪŋ	ing	When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje.	pudding	pudding	puddinkje
-kje	ɪŋ	ing	When a noun contains more than one syllable and the stress is on the syllable before the -ing ending, the diminutive suffix will be -kje. The ng will be replaced by the cluster -nkje.	haring	herring	harinkje