July 1922

July 1, 1922 (Saturday)

• The Great Railroad Strike began in the United States as 400,000 railworkers walked off of the job.
• Construction began on the Country Club Plaza, the world's first regional shopping center, in Kansas City, Missouri. The Plaza opened in 1923.
• James Harvey and Joe Jordan, two African American men tried in absentia on accusations of rape and sentenced to death, were seized by a white mob of about 50 people while being driven by a deputy sheriff through Liberty County, Georgia and lynched. A grand jury indicted 22 men, and four were convicted of murder.
• Five men and a woman on the Spray, a boat on the St. Lawrence River, were drowned when the boat was struck by a larger passenger ship, the Cairndhu, near Sorel, Quebec.
• Born:
• *Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao, Indian archaeologist, claimed to have deciphered the Indus script used by the Indus Valley Civilisation in South Asia between 2600 BC and 1900 BC; in Sagara, Mysore State, British India
• *Toshi Seeger, German-born American environmental activist and Emmy Award-winning documentary producer; as Toshi Ohta, in Munich, Weimar Republic
• Died: Katherine S. Reed, 41, American screenwriter and playwright; died after a long illness

  July 2, 1922 (Sunday)

• The derailment of an express train of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad killed seven people and injured 89 at Winslow Junction, New Jersey.
• Louis James, an American aviator and daredevil, was killed in a horrific accident during an airshow while above 5,000 witnesses in Homewood, Illinois. James was attempting to perform the stunt of climbing down a rope ladder from one airplane and onto another when he was struck by the second aircraft. As The New York Times described it, "James and the ladder were thrown squarely into the propeller of the lower ship, a heavy bar of wood turning at 1,500 revolutions to the minute" and was cut to pieces. His mangled body then fell into the crowd.
• Born: Pierre Cardin, Italian-born French fashion designer; as Pietro Cardin, in San Biagio di Callalta, Kingdom of Italy

  July 3, 1922 (Monday)

• Three days of parliamentary elections concluded in Finland. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest in Parliament.
• German journalist and editor Maximilian Harden was stabbed and nearly killed by two right-wing radicals associated with a paramilitary group, the Freikorps.
• Before a crowd of more than 30,000 people at Camp Harding, a temporary encampment of the Gettysburg Battlefield, site of the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the Fourth Brigade of the U.S. Marines staged a large Civil War re-enactment of Pickett's Charge in conjunction with the 59th anniversary of the battle.
• Gerald Chapman, George "Dutch" Anderson, and Charles Loeber, who had teamed up to rob a United States Post Office truck in New York City on October 24, 1921, were located after Chapman had attracted attention by using his share of the loot to live a lavish lifestyle. Chapman was arrested after attempting to sell gold notes from Argentina to a U.S. postal inspector posing as a stock broker. The $2.4 million stolen would be equivalent to $38 million a century later.
• Born:
• *Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Belgian-born Dutch artist; as Cornelis Guillaume van Beverloo, in Liège, Belgium
• *David Ward, Scottish opera singer; in Dumbarton, Scotland

  July 4, 1922 (Tuesday)

• At the Gettysburg Battlefield in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a modern version of the 1863 American Civil War battle was staged by the 5th Regiment and 6th Regiment of the U.S. Marines Fourth Brigade before 50,000 people. The Gettysburg Times commented that the war game, presented the day after a re-enactment of the original battle, was "in many respects a simulation of battles fought in the Great World War rather than a reproduction of Pickett's charge," carried out "as the Marines would make it today" with "airplanes, tanks, field artillery, machine guns and Stokes mortars" against a hypothetical U.S. enemy whose troops "had entrenched themselves from the National Cemetery to the Round Tops, including the line which the Union Troops occupied at the time George Pickett made his charge."
• Benny Leonard knocked out Rocky Kansas in the eighth round in Michigan City, Indiana to retain boxing's World Lightweight Title.
• American swimmer Sybil Bauer broke four world records for swimming on the same day in one meet at Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, including 200 meters in 3 minutes, 6 4⁄5 seconds.
• The city of Jacksonville, Florida inaugurated a program it called "rolling courts" to enforce traffic regulations on the city's Atlantic Boulevard. According to The New York Times, "Justices of the Peace and their bailiffs in the districts traversed by the boulevard... and dozens of deputies in motorcycles and in automobiles were ready to pounce upon any driver who endangered traffic. Upon making an arrest, the deputy and his prisoner proceed until they meet one of the 'rolling courts.' The court stops, gives a preliminary hearing and fixes bond for the appearance of the defendant in Criminal Court. Failure to put up cash bond on the spot results in the taking of the prisoner to Public, where he is held in the city jail."
• A German mail plane flown by German fighter ace Lothar von Richthofen, which was carrying American actress Fern Andra and director Georg Bluen, crashed due to engine failure. Richthofen, the younger brother of Manfred von Richthofen, was killed in the crash but Andra and Bluen survived.
• Born: Father Yod, American spiritual leader, founded "The Source Family" in Los Angeles during the 1960s and early 1970s; as James Edward Baker, in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
• Died: Jacques Bertillon, 70, French demographer and statistical analyst, created the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death system used to determine correlations between socioeconomic conditions and types of death

  July 5, 1922 (Wednesday)

• Elections were held in the Netherlands for the 100-member Tweede Kamer of the Staten-Generaal, the first in which women were allowed to vote. No party got a majority, but the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses of Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck increased its plurality to almost one-third, winning 32 seats.
• The Tenente revolts began in Brazil, with an uprising of 301 soldiers at Fort Copacabana near Rio de Janeiro. Out of the original 301 rebels, 273 surrendered the next day when offered a chance to leave the fort. The 28 who remained marched toward Rio and were shot by government troops; only four survived. Brazil's Congress voted to impose martial law, with the approval of President Epitácio Pessoa, in order to restore order.
• The Battle of Dublin ended with a total of 65 people killed in a defeat of Irish rebels by the Irish Free State Army at the Granville Hotel on O'Connell Street in Dublin. Near the end, only six anti-treaty fighters remained. Cathal Brugha refused to surrender and was shot and fatally wounded.

  July 6, 1922 (Thursday)

• The Brazilian Navy battleship São Paulo fired its 12-inch diameter guns at the rebel-held Fort Copacabana near Rio de Janeiro and forced the surrender of all but 18 of the 301 soldiers and seamen who had seized the fort.
• New York City's Brooklyn Bridge was closed to all motor traffic and horse-drawn vehicles and limited to pedestrians due to two large suspension cables beginning to slip. The bridge would remain closed for almost three years as repairs would be made, not reopening until May 12, 1925.
• Eleven people in Soviet Russia were condemned to death for interfering with the state confiscation of church property.
• Born: William Schallert, American character actor best known for his role in The Patty Duke Show; in Los Angeles, United States
• Died: Sir John Sandys, 78, English classical scholar

  July 7, 1922 (Friday)

• The Vatican placed the works of French author Anatole France on the list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read.
• Lawrence K. Marshall, Vannevar Bush, and Charles G. Smith founded the American Appliance Company, initially to manufacture refrigerators that would run more quietly, but then moved into electronics to market Smith's invention, the voltage-regulator tube, that could convert alternating current used in home electricity to a regulated, high voltage direct current. The company was renamed as the Raytheon Manufacturing Company in 1925.
• Born:
• *Chandrashekhar, Indian actor and filmmaker; as Chandrashekhar Vaidya, in Hyderabad, British India
• *Robert Raymond, Australian television producer and journalist, co-founder of the news program Four Corners, which has run on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation network since August 19, 1961; in Canungra, Queensland, Australia
• Died:
• *Cathal Brugha, 47, the Minister for Defence of Ireland from 1919 until his death and a supporter of the anti-treaty faction of Sinn Féin; died three days after being fatally wounded by an Irish Free State soldier in Dublin
• *Ioannis Svoronos, 59, Greek archaeologist and numismatist

  July 8, 1922 (Saturday)

• Muhammad VI al-Habib, commonly known as "Habib Bey", became the new Bey of Tunis, the monarch of the French protectorate of Tunisia in North Africa, upon the death of his first cousin, Muhammad V an-Nasir, who had ruled since 1906. Habib Bey would reign until 1929.
• Elections to the Upper House of the Althing were held in Iceland for the six seats that had previously been filled by appointment. The other 14 representatives' seats had been selected directly by the voters in prior elections in 1916 and 1919.
• The lone aircraft of the Army of Paraguay, an Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 biplane, was shot down over Pirayú while on a bombing mission against rebels in the Paraguayan Civil War. Paraguayan pilot Francisco Cusmanich and British mechanic Sidney J. Stewart were killed in the crash. They had been conducting bombing missions since June 29, and had killed and injured prisoners of war while bombing a train on July 3.
• The government of Chile agreed to a proposal by Peru to request American arbitration of the boundary dispute over the Arica Province of Chile, and the Department of Tacna of Peru, occupied by Chilean troops since 1885.
• Suzanne Lenglen of France defeated Molla Mallory in straight sets, 6–2 and 6–0 to win the Ladies' Championship at Wimbledon for the fourth straight year.
• Born: John Prip, American metalsmith; in New York City, United States