Indo-European vocabulary
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language words and roots,[Lithuanian language|] with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
Kinship
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| méh₂tēr "mother" | mother | mōdar "mother" | māter "mother" ⇒ | mḗtēr "mother" ⇒ | mā́tṛ, mātar, mātā "mother" | Av mātar- "mother"; NPers mādar "mother"; "mamān"; "Nane" Kurd mak "mother" | OCS mati, mater- "mother" | Lith móteris "woman", motina "mother"; OPrus muti "mother" | Gaul. mātīr "mother", OIr máthir "mother"; W modryb "auntie" | mayr "mother" | motër "sister" | A mācar, B mācer "mother" | |
| ph₂tḗr "father" | father | fadar "father" | pater "father" ⇒ | patḗr "father" | pitṛ, pitar, pitā "father"; Pitrs "spirits of the ancestors" | Av pitar-, OPers pita "father", NPers pedar; "Bābā" | OIr athair "father"; Welsh edrydd "paternal domain" | hayr "father" | A pācar, B pācer "father" | ||||
| ǵénh₁tōr "parent" | genitor "parent" ⇒ | genétōr "ancestor" | janitṛ "progenitor" | Av ząθar "progenitor, the Creator" | |||||||||
| bʰréh₂tēr "brother" | brother | brōþar "brother" | frāter "brother" ⇒ | pʰrā́tēr "member of a phratry " | bʰrā́tṛ, bhrātar, bhrātā "brother"; Rom phral "brother" | Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, NPers brādar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative", NPers barādar, Kurd bira/birader | OCS bratrŭ "brother" | Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother" | Gaul Bratronos ; OIr bráthair, W brawd "brother" | ełbayr "brother" | A pracar, B procer "brother" | Lyd brafr "brother" | |
| swésōr "sister" | sister | swistar "sister" | soror "sister" ⇒ | éor "cousin's daughter" | svásṛ, svasar, swasā "sister" | Av x̌vaŋhar- "sister"; NPers ḫwāhar, " Abji"; "Ham-Shire" "sister"; Kurd xwişk "sister" | OCS sestra "sister" | Lith sesuo, seser-, OPrus sestra "sister" | Gaul suiorebe "with two sisters" OIr siur, W chwaer "sister" | kʿuyr , nom.pl kʿur-kʿ "sister" | vashë, vajzë "girl" | A ṣar, B ṣer "sister" | |
| somo-ph₂tōr "sibling, lit. same-father" | ON samfeðra | homopátōr | OP hamapitar- | A ṣomapacar | |||||||||
| dʰugh₂tḗr "daughter" | daughter | daúhtar "daughter" | Oscan futír "daughter" | θugátēr "daughter"; Myc tu-ka-te "daughter" | dúhitṛ, duhitar, duhitā "daughter" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar "daughter" Kurd dot "daughter" | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter" | Lith duktė, dukter-, OPrus dukti "daughter" | Gaulish duxtir "daughter"; Celtib TuaTer "daughter" | dustr "daughter" | A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter" | HLuw túwatara "daughter"; ?Lyd datro "daughter"; CLuw/Hitt duttarii̯ata-; Lyc kbatra "daughter" | |
| suHnús "son" | son | sunus "son" | huiós "son" | sūnú- "son" | Av hunuš "son" | OCS synŭ "son" | Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son" | ? Celtib EBURSUNOS "son of Eburos " ? Celt/Lus EQUEUNUBO "to the sons on the horse" | ustr "son" | çun "boy/son" | A se, B soyä "son" | ||
| putló- "son" | Osc puklo- "son" | paîs "son" | putrá- "son" | Av puθra "son" Kurd pis, put | |||||||||
| népōts "nephew, grandson" | nephew; obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" | OHG nevo "nephew" | nepōs "grandson, nephew" ⇒ | népodes "descendants" | nápāt- "grandson, descendant" | Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt-, NPers naveh-, "grandson, descendant"; Kurd nevî "grandchild" | OCS netii "nephew" | OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson" | OIr nïa "sister's son", W nai "nephew" | nip "grandson, nephew" | |||
| néptih₂ "granddaughter, niece" | niece; obsolete nift "niece" | OHG nift "niece" | neptis "granddaughter" | naptī́ "granddaughter" | OIr necht "niece", W nith "niece" | ||||||||
| dayh₂wḗr "husband's brother, brother-in-law" | OE tācor "husband's brother" | OHG zeihhor "husband's brother" | levir "husband's brother" | dāēr "husband's brother" | devṛ́, devará "husband's brother" | Past lewar "brother-in-law" | OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law" | Lith dieveris "husband's brother" | W daw "brother-in-law" | taygr, tekʿr "husband's brother" | |||
| snusós "daughter-in-law" | OE snoru "daughter-in-law" | OHG snur "daughter-in-law" | nurus "daughter-in-law" | nuós "daughter-in-law" | snuṣā- "daughter-in-law" | Old Ir. *nušáh Bactrian ασνωυο NPers. sunoh / sunhār "daughter-in-law" | OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law" | nu "daughter-in-law" | nuse "bride" | B santse "daughter-in-law" | |||
| wedʰ- "pledge, bind, secure, lead" | wed | vadhū́ "bride" | OCS voditi "to lead" | W gwedd "yoke" | |||||||||
| swéḱuros "father-in-law" | OE swēor "father-in-law" | swaihra "father-in-law" | socer "father-in-law" | hekurós "father-in-law" | śváśura "father-in-law" | Av xᵛasura "father-in-law"; Kurdish xwesûr | OCS svekrŭ "father-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law" | skesrayr "father-in-law" | vjehërr "father-in-law" | |||
| sweḱrúh₂ "mother-in-law" | OE sweger "mother-in-law" | swaihro "mother-in-law" | socrus "mother-in-law" | hekurá "mother-in-law" | śvaśrū́- "mother-in-law" | Past xwāše "mother-in-law" Kurdish xwesû | OCS svekry "mother-in-law" | OPrus swasri "mother-in-law" | W chwegr "mother-in-law" | skesur "mother-in-law" | vjehrrë "mother-in-law" | ||
| h₂éwh₂os "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" | awō "grandmother" | avus "grandfather"; avunculus "maternal uncle" ⇒ | Rus uj, vuj "uncle" ; Ukr vuyko "maternal uncle" | Lith avynas "maternal uncle", OPrus awis "uncle" | W ewythr, MBre eontr, MCo eviter "maternal uncle" ; OIr aue "descendant, grandchild" | OArm haw "grandfather" | B āwe "grandfather" | ḫuḫḫa-, Lyc χuga- "grandfather"; CLuw ḫu-u-ḫa-ti "grandfather" | |||||
| yemH- "twin; to hold" | ON Ymir | geminus "twin"; Remus "twin, Remus" | yáma- "twin; first man to die" | Av Yema | OIr emon, Gaul Iemurioi "twin?" | ||||||||
| h₁widʰéwh₂ "widow" < *h₁weydʰh₁- "to separate" | widow | widuwō "widow" | vidua "widow" | ēḯtheos "widow" | vidhávā "widow" | viδauua "widow" | OCS vŭdova "widow" | OP widdewū "widow" | OI fedb "widow"; W gweddw "widow, widower" | vejë' "widow" |
People
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| mon- "human beings" | man | manna "human beings" | Amazon < *n̥-mn̥-g-iōn 'man-less, without husband' | manuṣya "human being" | Av manuš "human" NPers maneš "human habitude" | OES/OCS mǫžĭ "man" | mard "man" | ||||||
| dʰǵʰmṓ "person, human " | Scots gome "person, man", OE brȳdguma "bridegroom"< *dʰǵʰm̥mṓ | guma "man" < *dʰǵʰm̥mṓ | homō "person" ⇒ < *dʰǵʰm̥mṓ | OLith žmuõ "person"; Lith žmoná "wife"; OPrus zmunents "human" | |||||||||
| h₂ner- "man, hero" | ON Njǫrðr | Ner-ō, neriōsus "strong" | anḗr "man" | nár- "man, person" | Av nar- "man, person",Past nar "male, brave" NPers nar-, Kurd nêr "male animal, masculine" | OCS naravŭ "character, custom"; | possibly Lith nóras "wish, want", narsa; narsùs "brave;" OPrus nàrs "courage" | W nêr "lord, prince, leader; hero"; Celt narto "strength" | ayr "man, person" | njer "man, person" | |||
| wiHrós "man" | werewolf | waír "man" | vir "man" ⇒ | hiérāx "a type of hawk" | vīrá- "man, hero" | Av vīra- "man, hero", Kurd mêr | OCS vira "wergeld" | Lith výras "man"; OPrus wirs "man, husband" | OIr fer, W gŵr "man" | heros "hero" | burrë "man" | A wir "young" | |
| gʷḗn "woman, wife" | queen | qēns, qinō "woman, wife" | gunḗ '' "woman, wife" < gʷun-eh₂ ; Boet baná "woman"; Myc ku-na-ja | gnā "wife of a god", jánis, jánī "woman, wife" | Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, Past jinə́i, njlə́i "girl"; NPers zan "woman, wife"; Kurd jin "woman, wife" | OCS žena "woman, wife" | OPrus gena "woman, wife" | Gaul bnanom "of the women" ; OIr ben "woman, wife" < gʷén-eH₂ , bé "wife < gʷén; W benyw "woman" | kin "woman" | zonjë "lady, wife, woman" < gʷen-yeH₂; Gheg grue, Tosk grua "wife" < gʷn-ōn | A śäṁ, B śana "woman, wife" | Hitt kuan "woman"; Luw wanatti "woman, wife"; Lyd kãna- "wife", "woman" | |
| *pótis "master, ruler, husband" | -faþs "lord, leader" | potis "able, capable, possible" | pósis "husband" | páti "master, husband, ruler" | Av paiti, Parthian pet, OPers pāti "master, lord, husband, commander" | OCS gospodĭ "lord, master" | Lith pats "husband, one oneself" | hay "husband, chief of family" | pata "in possession of something" | ||||
| *déms pótis "master of the house" | despótēs "lord, master, owner" ; despoina "lady" | dámpati "lord of the house; husband and wife"; patír dán | də̃ṇg paitiś "lord" | ||||||||||
| *gʰóstis "guest, host, stranger" | guest ; host < Lat. hostis; hospital, hostel, hotel < Lat. hospes | gasts "guest" | hostis "stranger, guest"; hostīlis "hostile"; hospes, hospit- "host, guest, visitor" < hostipotis < PIE *gʰóstipotis | OCS gostĭ "guest"; gospodĭ "lord, master" < PIE *gʰóstipotis | |||||||||
| *weyḱ- "settlement, to enter, settle" | -wick, -wich < Lat. vīcus | weihs "village, countryside" | vīcus "village, settlement" | oîkos "house, dwelling place"; oiko·nomía "management of household administration" | viś "settlement, dwelling space" | OCS vĭsĭ "hamlet, village" | OLith viešė "settlement"; Lith viešas "public" | vis "land, country, place" | B īke "place, location" | ||||
| wiḱpótis "master of the household; lord, clan chief" | viśpáti "chief of a tribe or settlement, lord" | Lith viẽšpats "lord" | |||||||||||
| *h₃rḗǵs "king, ruler" | bishopric, rich | reiks, -ric "king" | rēx, rēg- "king" ⇒ | rāj-, rājan "king" | Gaul *rīx "king", Welsh rhi "king" | ||||||||
| tewtéh₂ "community, people" | OE þeod "people, nation" | Goth þiuda "folk"; ModGerm Deutsch < Proto-Germ *þeudō | Osc touto "community"; Umbr totam "tribe" | Sans Tati तति | Lith tautà "a people"; OPru tauto "country" | OIr tuath "tribe, people" ; Celt Toutatis "name of a god" | ?Hitt tuzzi- "army"; ?Luw tuta "army" | ||||||
| h₁lewdʰ- "people" | OE leode, lēod "a people, a group, nation" | OHG liut "people, population" | Proto-Italic *louðeros > Latin līber "free; name of a deity", Faliscan loiferto; Pael loufir "free man"; Ven louderos "child"; | eleútheros "free", Eleutherios "the liberator "; Myc e-re-u-te-ro/a "a free allowance", e-re-u-te-ro-se "to make free, remit" | OCS ljudinŭ "free man"; Pol lud "people, folk" | Lith liaudis "folk" |
Pronouns and particles
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| éǵh₂ "I" | I | ik "I" | egō "I" < egoH₂ | egṓ, egṓn "I" | ahám "I" < egH₂-om | Av azǝm, OPers adam, Parth. az "I" < egH₂-om; Kurd ez "I " | OCS azŭ 'As "I" "Ia" | Lith àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Latv es "I" | es "I" | es "I" | u', unë "I" | ñuk "I" | ūk "I" influenced by ammuk "me" |
| h₁me "me " | me | mik "me " | mē "me " | emé, me "me " | mām "me " < H₁mē-m, mā "me " | Av mąm "me" Kurd mi "me" Past mā "I " | OCS mę "me " < H₁mē-m | OPrus men "me" < h₁me-m | OIr me-sse, mé, W mi "I" | is "me " | mua, mue "me " < H₁mē-m | ammuk "me " < H₁me-ge, -mu "me " | |
| h₁meǵʰye "me ", moy "me " | me | mis "me " | mihi "me " | moi "me " | máhya "me ", mḗ, me "me " | Av maibya "me ", me "me " | OCS mi < moi | OPrus maiy "me " | OIr infix -m- "me"; W -'m infixed accusative first person singular pronoun "me" | inj "me " | meje | ammuk "me " < h₁me-ge, -mi "me " | |
| h₁meme-, *h₁mene- "of me, mine"; h₁mo-yo-, * h₁me-yo- "my" | my, mine | meins "my"; meina "of me" | meī "of me"; meus "my" < H₁me-yo- | emeĩo "of me"; emós "my" | máma "of me"; ma/má "my" < H₁mo- | Av mana, OPers manā "of me"; Av ma, mā "my", NPers az āne man-; Kurd a/ê min | OCS mene "to me", moj/a/e "mine" | Lith mane "me ", OPrus mais/maia "my" | W fyn "of me, my"; Breton ma "of me, my" | im "my" | im "my" | AB ñi "my" < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi | miš "my" < H₁me-yo- |
| túh₂ "you" | thou | þu "you" | tū "you" | Doric tú | tvám "you"; | Av tū "you" NPers to "you" Kurd tu, ti Past tə "you" | OCS ty "you" | Lith tù, OPr tu "you" | OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso, W ti | du "you" | ti "you" | A tu, B twe "you" | zik, zikka "you" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| wéy "we"; n̥smé, encl. nos "us" | we, us | weis "we", uns "us" | nōs "we, us" | hēm- "we, us"; Aeol ámme "us" < *asme < *n̥sme | vay-ám "we" < *wei-óm, asmān "us" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. nas "us" < *nos | Av vaēm "we", ahma "us", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "us" | Bulg nìe "we", OCS gen. nasŭ "ours" < *nōs-oHom | OPr gen. nōuson "ours" < *nōs-oHom | OIr ni "we, us" *s-nēs, gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m; W ni "we" < *nēs | na "we" < *nŏs, ne "us" < *nōs | A was, B wes "we" | wēs "we" < *wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "us" | |
| yū́ "you "; uswé, *usmé, encl. wos "you " | ye, you | jūs "you ", izwis "you " | vōs "you " | hum- "you "; Aeol úmme "you " < *usme | yūyám "you ", yuṣmā́n "you " < y- + *usme + acc. -ān, encl. vas "you " | Av yūžǝm, yūš "you ", yūšmat̃ "you ", encl. vā̊ "you "; Kur Win | OCS vy "you ", vasŭ "yours " | Lith jū̃s "you ", jū̃sų "yours "; OPr iouson "yours " | OIr sī, sissi "you " < *sw-, uai-b "of you " < *ō-swī, NIr far n- "your "; W chwi "you " < *sw- | du, tu "you" | ju "you " < *u < *vos | A yas, B yes "you " | sumes < *usme |
| só "that" | the, that, there | sa, þata "the", "that" | sī "if", tum "then", iste "that", sum "him" | ho, to "the" | sáh,sā,tàt "that, the" | Avestan ha "this" | OCS tŭ "this, that" | Lith tàs "that" | OIr so "this", sí "she"; W hi "she" | ayd "that near you", da "that one near you" ' | tërë "whole" | ||
| ḱe, ḱís, ḱos "this" ' | he, she, it, here | his "this" | cis "on this side, before" | ekeînos "that" | OCS sĭ "this", se "behold" | Lith šis "this", še "behold" | Primitive Irish koi "here" | ays "this", sa "this one" ' | kāš "this" Palaic kii̯at "here" | ||||
| h₁énos "that, yon" | yon | jains "that, yon" | enim "truly" | ekeînos "that" | OCS onŭ "that, yon" ' | Lith anas "he, that" ' | ayn "that, yon", na "that one, yon one" ' | A äntsaṃ, B intsu "which, what kind of" | anniš "that" | ||||
| ís, éy, 'h₁é | OE ī- "the same" | is "he" | is | ía "one" | ayám, iyám, idám "this" | Av aiiə̄m "this" | OCS i' "he" ' | Lith jis "he" ' | OIr é "he", ed "it"; W ef, 'e, fe, o, fo "he" | ai "he", ajo "she" | |||
| se- "oneself"; | self | swes, OHG sih | sē | hé | sva- | Avestan hva- Kurd xwe "itself, myself, etc."NPers xod "self, itself" | Bulg sèbe "oneself", OCS svoji | Lith savè "oneself", OPrus swajs "my own, myself" | OIr fein ; W hun "self, myself, himself/herself etc" | iwr self, himself/herself | vetë | A ṣn-i, B ṣañ " own" | Lydian s'fa-, Carian sfes |
| kʷíd, kʷód "what" | what | ' "what" | quid "what?", quod "what..., that..." | tí "what?", tì "what..." | kím "what" | NPers či, če "what" | Bulg kakvò "what", OCS čь-to "what?" | OIr cid "what?" | *i , inčʿ "what?" | çfarë "what?" | kuit "what", kuit-ki "whatever"; Luvian kuit "what?" | ||
| kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy/kʷóy "who?" | who | ' "who?" | quis "who?", quī "who..." | tís, Thess kís, CyprArc sís "who?", tìs "who..." | kah, kā "who?" | Av kō "who?, which?", čiš "who"NPers ke, ki "who?" kas "who, another person" | Bulg kòj "who", OCS kъ-to "who?" | Lith kàs "who, what"; OPrus kas "who" | OIr cia, W pwy "who" | о "who?" "who?" | "A" kë "B" kush acc. "who?" | A kus, B kuse "who, which" | kuiš "who, which" |
| Hyós "who..." | yon | jains "that, yon" | iam "already" | hós "who..., this" | yáḥ, yā́, yát "who..." | NPers -i, -e | OCS i' "he", iže "who..." ' | Lith jis "he" ' | OIr -a | ||||
| -kʷe "and; any" | though | -h "and", "whoever" | -que "and", quis-que "each one, whoever"; Venetic -ke "and"; South Picenian -p "and" | -te "and", tís te, hós-te "whoever" | -ca, káś-ca, kás-cit"whoever" | Av ča, OPers čā "and"; Av čiš-ca, OPers čiš-čiy "whoever" | Bulg če "but, and, because"; Old Czech a-če, ač "if" | OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not"; Lepontic -pe "and" | o-kʿ "whoever" | dhe "and" | Lydian -k "and"; Hitt kuis-ki, Lycian ti-ke "whoever" | ||
| -we, -wē "or" | ' -u | -ve "or" | ḗ, ēé "or" | vā "or" | Av va "or" | OIr nó, W neu "or" < PIE né-we | A pat, B wat "or" | ||||||
| n̥- "not, un-" | un- | un- "un-" | in- "un-" | a-, an- "un-" | a-, an- "un-" | Av, OPers a-, an- "un-", | OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-" | an- "un-" | AB a-, am-, e-, em-, on- "un-" | ||||
| né "not" | ne "not" | ni "not" | nē "not, don't, lest" | ná "not" | NPers nā- "un-"; Kurd ni/ne/nek | OCS ne, ne- "not" | Lith ne- "not", ne "no"; OPrus ni- "not" | OIr ná "not" | nuk "not" < PIE ne h₁óy-kos | ||||
| méh₁ "don't" | mē "don't", "shouldn't", etc. | mā́ "don't" | NPers ma- "don't" ' | mi "don't" | mo "don't" | AB mā "not, un-" | |||||||
| h₂óyu kʷid "definitely not, never, not on your life" | oukí, ou "not" | očʻ "no, not" | as "neither, nor" |
Numbers
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| sem- "one, together" | same ; OE sam- "together"; | sama "same" | sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" < sems, *sem, *smiH₂ | sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any" | Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all" Past sam "even, fine" | OCS samŭ "self, alone, one" | Lith san-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing" | OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "equal" | mi "one" | gjithë "all" < PAlb *semdza | A sas, B ṣe "one" < sems | |
| óynos, óywos "one" | one | ains "one" | ūnus | oĩnos "one ", oĩos "alone" | Av aēva-, OPers aiva-, | OCS inŭ "one, another" | Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one" | OIr ōen, W un "one" | andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here" | ? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE tod-oino-; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE eni-oino- | B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit" | ās "one" | |
| dwóh₁ , neut. dwóy "two" | two | twái "two" | duo "two" | dúō "two" | dvā́ "two" | Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two"; NPers do "two"; Kurd diwa "two " | OCS dŭva "two" | Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two" | OIr da, W dau "two" | erku "two" | dy "two" | A wu, B wi "two" | dā-, ta-; HLuw tuwa/i- "two"; Lyc kbi- "two"; Mil tba "two" |
| tréyes "three" | three | þreis "three" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyas "three" | Av θrayō, θrayas, OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three" | OCS trĭje "three" | Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three" | OIr trí, W tri "three" | erekʿ "three" | tre masc., tri fem. "three" | A tre, B trai "three" | tri- "three"; teriyas- |
| kʷetwóres "four" | four | fidwor "four" | quattuor "four" | téssares "four" | masc. catvā́ras, neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasras "four" | Av masc. čaθwārō, fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four"; Kurd çwar | OCS četyre "four" | Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four" | Gaul petuar "four" OIr cethir "four"; W pedwar "four" | čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ "four | katër "four" | A śtwar, B śtwer "four" | Lyc teteri |
| pénkʷe "five" | five | fimf "five" | quīnque "five" | pénte "five" | páñca "five"; Mitanni-Aryan panza- "five" | Av panča "five"; Kurd pênc/pênz | OCS pętĭ "five" | Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five" | Gaul pinpe-, pompe "five" OIr cóic, W pum "five" | hing "five" | pesë "five" | A päñ, B piś "five" | Luw paⁿta "five" |
| swéḱs "six" | six | sáihs "six" | sex "six" | héx, dial. wéx "six" | ṣáṣ "six" | Av xšvaš "six" | OCS šestĭ "six" | Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six" | Celtib sues "six"; Gaul suexos "sixth"; OIr sé, W chwe "six" | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six" | |
| septḿ̥ "seven" | seven | sibun "seven" | septem "seven" | heptá "seven" | saptá "seven"; Mitanni-Aryan šatta- "seven" | Av hapta, NPers haft-, "seven" | OCS sedmĭ "seven" | Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven" | OIr secht, W saith "seven" | eawtʿn "seven" | shtatë "seven" | A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven" | sipta- "seven" |
| h₁oḱtṓ "eight" | eight | ahtáu "eight" | octō "eight" | oktṓ "eight" | aṣṭā́ "eight" | Av ašta "eight" | OCS osmĭ "eight" | Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight" | Gaul oxtu- "eight" OIr ocht n- "eight"; W wyth "eight" | utʿ "eight" | tetë "eight" < H₁ok̂tō-t- | A okät, B okt "eight" | Lyc aitãta "eight" |
| néwn̥ "nine" | nine | niun "nine" | novem "nine" | ennéa "nine" | náva "nine" | Av nava, NPers noh- "nine" | OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | Lith devynì, OPrus newinei "nine" | OIr noí n-, W naw "nine" | inn "nine" | nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | Lyc nuñtãta "nine" |
| déḱm̥t "ten" | ten | taíhun "ten" | decem "ten" | déka "ten" | dáśa "ten" | Av dasa, NPers dah- "ten" | OCS desętĭ "ten" | Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" | Gaul decam- "ten"; Celtib tekam- "ten"; OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten" | tasn "ten" | dhjetë "ten" < dék̂m̥t-i- | A śäk, B śak "ten" | |
| wídḱm̥ti "twenty" < dwi-dḱm̥t-i "two tens" | vīgintī "twenty" | eíkosi "twenty" | viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty" | Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty" | OIr fiche , OW uceint "twenty" | kʿsan "twenty" | zet "twenty" | A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty" | |||||
| ḱm̥tóm "hundred" < dḱm̥tóm | hundred | hunda "hundred" | centum "hundred" | he-katón "hundred" | śatám "hundred" | Av satǝm "hundred" | OCS sŭto "hundred" | Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred" | OIr cét, W can "hundred" | qind "hundred" | A känt, B kante "hundred" | ||
| ǵʰéslom "thousand" | mīlle "thousand" < PIE *sm-ih₂-ǵʰésl-ih₂ | kʰī́lioi "thousand" < PIE *ǵʰesl-i-yoy | sahásra "thousand" < PIE *sm̥-ǵʰéslom | Av hazaŋra "thousand" < PIE *sm̥-ǵʰéslom | |||||||||
| tuHsont- "thousand" | thousand '' | þūsundi "thousand" | OCS tysǫšti "thousand" | Lith tūkstantis; OPrus tusimtons "thousand" |
Body
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| krep- "body" | riff | corpus, corporis "body" ⇒ | kṛ́p "beautiful appearance, beauty" | Av kéhrp "corpse, body" | kurm "torso" and krep | ||||||||
| káput ~ *kapwéts "head" | head ; OE hafela, hafola "head" | haubiþ "head" | caput, capitis "head" ⇒ | kapā́la "skull, cranium; bowl" | kapelë "hat"; Latin caput | ||||||||
| dáḱru, h₂éḱru "tear" | tear | tagr "tear" | lacrima "tear" | dákru "tear" | áśru "tear" | Av asrū- "tear"; Kurd hêsir "tear" | OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear | OIr dēr, W deigr "tear"; Cornish dagr "tear" | artawsr "tear" < drak̂ur | A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears" | isḫaḫru "tear" | ||
| dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ "tongue" | tongue | tuggō "tongue" | lingua "tongue" ⇒ | jihvā́ "tongue" < *ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue", NPers zabān; Kurd izman "tongue" | OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue" | teng "tongue"; W tafod "tongue, language" | lezu "tongue" | gjuhë "tongue" | A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" | ||
| h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés "blood" | archaic aser, sanguis "blood" | éar "blood" | ásṛj, asnás "blood" | OP ahr̥ "blood" | Lat asins, Ltg asnis "blood" | īsarnom "blood-colored, iron" | ariwn "blood" | A ysār "blood" | ēsḫar "blood" | ||||
| ǵnH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin" | chin | kinnus "cheek" | gena "cheek" | génus "chin, jaw"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "jaw" < ĝnH₂dʰ- | hánu-ṣ "jaw" < ǵʰenu-s, gaṇḍa "cheek" | Av zānu- "jaw-" < ǵʰenu-s, OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw"; NPers gune "cheek", chune "jaw"; Kurd gup "cheek" Past žā́ma "jaw" | OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žándas "cheek", žiáuna "gill" | OIr gin "mouth"; W gên, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" | cn-awt "jaw, cheek" | A śanwe-m "jaw" | |||
| ǵónu, ǵnéws "knee" | knee | kniu "knee" | genū "knee" | gónu "knee", pró-kʰnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gʰnu | jā́nu- "knee", pra-jñus "bow-legged" | Av zānu- acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee" | Rus zvenó "knee" | OI glún "knee" | cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "knee" | gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE ĝnu-n- | A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees" | genu "knee" | |
| ǵómbʰos "tooth, row of teeth" | comb | OHG kamb "comb" | gómphos "bolt, nail"; gómphíos "molar tooth" | jámbha- "tooth, tusk; set of teeth "; jámbhya- "molar teeth" | Pash žâma "jawbone"; Khot ysīmä "tooth" | OCS zǫbŭ, Ukr zub, Pol ząb "tooth" | Latv zùobs "tooth"; Lith žam̃bas "sharp edge" | dhëmb "tooth, tusk" | A kam, B keme "tooth" | ||||
| h₃dónts, *h₃dn̥t- "tooth" | tooth | tunþus "tooth" < H₁dn̥t- | dēns "tooth" < H₁dn̥t- | odṓn "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" | dán, dántas "tooth" | Av dantan-, dātā "tooth"; NPers dandân "tooth"; Kurd diran, didan, dan "tooth" | Russ desná "gum" < H₁dent-sn- | OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth" | OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth" | atamn "tooth" | |||
| *h₃ésth₁, h₂óst- "bone" | os "bone" | ostéon "bone" | ásthi "bone" | Av ast-, asti- "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone"; Kurd hestî, hestû "bone" | OCS kostĭ "bone" | OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko- | os-kr "bone" | asht, ahstë "bone" | B āy, pl. āsta "bone" | ḫastāi- "bone" | |||
| H₂ous- "ear" | ear | áusō "ear" | auris "ear" | oũs "ear" | ūṣa "cavity of the ear" | Av uši "both ears"; NPers guš "ear" | OCS uxo "ear" | OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear" | OIr āu, ō "ear" | unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ "ear" | vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| h₃ókʷs "eye" | eye | áugō "eye" | oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s ⇒ | ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥; ókkon "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | Av aši "both eyes" | OCS oko "eye" | OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye" | OIr enech "face", W wyneb "face", Cornish enep "face" | akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ "eye" | sy "eye" | A ak, B ek "eye" | |
| h₁óh₃s "mouth" | Scot ure | Nor óss "river mouth" | ōs, ōris "mouth" | Ved ā́s "mouth, face" | Av āh "mouth" | OCS usta "mouth" | Lith úostas "mouth of a river, harbor" | OIr á "mouth" | aiš, gen. iššāš "mouth" | ||||
| ḱerd- "heart"; ḱred-dʰē- "to believe" | heart | haírtō "heart" | cor "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < ḱred-dʰē- ⇒ | kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < ḱr̥dā; poetic kẽr "heart" < ḱḗr | hṛd "heart" < post-PIE ǵʰr̥d; hṛdaya, hārdi "heart"; | Av zǝrǝd "heart", Pashto zṛə "heart" < post-PIE ǵʰr̥d; | OCS sŭrdĭce "heart", serda "medium, core" | OPrus siran "heart", seyr "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core" | OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Gaul crid "heart" | sirt "heart" | A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts" | Hitt karz "heart"; Luw zarza "heart" | |
| h₃nebʰ- "navel, hub"; h₃nóbʰōl "navel" | navel ; nave | OHG nabalo "navel"; ON nafli "navel" | umbilīcus "navel"; umbō "elbow" | omphalós "navel; umbilical cord" | nā́bhi "navel, belly button; center"; nábhya "nave, center part of a wheel" | NPers nāf "navel", nāv- "deep" Past nom, naw "navel" | OIr imbliu "navel" | ||||||
| kréwh₂- "gore, blood " | raw "uncooked food" | ON hrár "raw" | cruor "thick blood, gore"; crūdus "raw, bloody", crūdēlis "cruel, rude" ⇒ | kréas "flesh, meat"; kréa "raw flesh" | krávis- "raw flesh"; kravyá "raw flesh, carrion", krūrá "bloody, raw" | Av xrūra, xrūma "bloody"; vi-xrūmant- "bloodless"; xrvi.dru "of the bloody mace " YAv xrvišyant "grim, bloodthirsty" | OCS kry "blood"; Rus krov' "blood" | OPrus crauyo, krawian; Lith kraũjas "blood", krùvinas "bloody"; Latv kreve "coagulated blood, bloody scab" | OIr crúaid, MIr crū "blood", W crau "blood, gore" | ||||
| néh₂s "nose" | nose | ON nǫs "nose" | nāsus, nāris "nose" | nas- "nose" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose" | OCS nosŭ "nose" | OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose" | ||||||
| pṓds, *ped- "foot" | foot | fōtus "foot" | pēs "foot" | poús "foot" ⇒ | pā́d- "foot" | Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot"; Kurd pê Past px̌a "foot | OCS pěšǐ "on foot", pęta "heel" | OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot" | OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is "below, under; lower " | otn "foot", otkʿ "feet" | poshtë "below" | A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot" | pata-, CLuw pāta-, Lyc pedi- "foot" |
| tpḗrsneh₂ "heel, upper thigh" | OE fiersn "heel, calx" | fairzna "heel" | perna "gammon"; Spa pierna "leg" | ptérnē "heel, hoof; footstep" | pā́rṣṇi "heel; rear of the army; kick" | paršna- "loins" | |||||||
h₂rmós "arm, forequarter" | arm | arms "arm" | armus "shoulder, forequarter" | harmós "joint ; link; bolt" | īrmá- "arm, forequarter " | OCS ramo "shoulder" | |||||||
| h₃nṓgʰs "nail " | nail | nagls "nail" | unguis "fingernail, toenail; claw; hoof"; ungula "hoof, claw; an aromatic spice" | ónux "claw, nail, hoof; a kind of aromatic substance; onyx " | nakhá "nail"; áṅghri "foot; foot of a seat; tree root" | Npers nâxon "nail" | OCS noga "foot, leg"; nogŭtĭ "nail" | Lith nãgas "fingernail, talon" | Irsh ionga "nail", W ewin "nail" | ełung "nail" | nyell "nail" | A maku, B mekwa "nail" | ša-an-ku-wa- "nail" |
| yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "liver" | jecur "liver" | hẽpar "liver" | yákr̥t "liver" | Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto iná "liver" | Serbian jetra "liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra "fish roe" | OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos | W afu "liver"; MIr ichair "fish roe" | leard "liver" | A ykär, B yakär* "liver" | Luwian ikkwar/n- "liver" | |||
| *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés "hand" | hir "hand" | kheír "hand" | hás-ta "hand" | Av zas-ta "hand", NPers dast "hand" | jeṙ "hand, arm" | dorë "hand" | A tsar, B ṣar "hand" | keššar "hand", Luwian īssaris "hand" | |||||
| méh₂r̥ ~ *mh₂én- ~ *mh₂ntéh₂ "hand, the pointing one" | mound | Ger vormund "legal guardian" | manus, manūs "hand" ⇒ | márē "hand" | manii̯aḫḫ-i, "to distribute, entrust" | ||||||||
| *bʰeh₂ǵʰús "arm, trunk" | bough | Ger Bug "shoulder joint", ON bógr "shoulder" | fagus "beech tree" | pêkhus "forearm" | bāhú "arm" | NPers bāzū "arm" | |||||||
| h₃bʰrúHs "eyebrow" | brow, Scot broo | ON brún "sharp edge; eyebrow" | ophrū́s "eyebrow" | bhrū́ "eyebrow" | NPers abrū "eyebrow" | OCS bry "eyebrow" | |||||||
| péth₂r̥ "wing, feather" | feather | OHG fedara "feather" ON fjǫðr "feather" | penna < *petna "wing; feather; quill pen" | pterón "feather, wing; winged creature" | pát·tra- "wing, pinion, feather; leaf, petal " | Av Karšiptar "black-winged" NPers par "feather" | OCS perije "feather" | W adar "birds", W adain "wing" | trnum "to fly" |
Animals
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| éḱwos, h₁éḱwos "horse, fast animal" | OE eoh "horse" | "horse" | equus "horse" | híppos "horse"; Myc i-qo "horse" | áśva- "horse"; Mitanni-Aryan aššu- "horse" | Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < yéḱwos; NPers asp "horse"; Kurd hesp "horse" | OCS jastrębъ "hawk" | OPrus aswīnan "mare's milk", Lith ašva "mare | OIr ech; W ebol "foal, colt". | ēš "donkey" | A yuk, B yakwe "horse" | Luwian ásùwa "horse"; Lycian esbe "horse" | |
| gʷṓws "cattle" | cow | Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow" | bōs "cattle"; Umbrian acc. bum "cow" | boũs, Dor bõs "cattle, cow" | gáus "cow" | Av gāuš "cow"; NPers gāv "cow"; Kurd ga "cow" Past ğwā "cow" | Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor" | Latvian gùovs "cow" | OIr bó "cow"; Boand < Proto-Celtic *bowo-windā "white cow cow-finder" Boyne OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < gʷou-kʷolyos | kov "cow" | ka "ox" | A ko "cow", B keu "cow" | HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow"; ?Pal kuwa- "bull" |
| *péḱu "livestock" | fee; fief; feud ; | faihu "property, possessions, wealth, riches, money" | pecū "cattle, domestic animals"; pecūnia "money" ⇒ | páśu, paśú "livestock" | Av pasu "livestock", Past psə "sheep,cattle" | OCS pasti "to herd, pasture" | OLith pekus "cattle" | asr "wool" | |||||
| h₂éwis "bird" | avis "bird" ; auceps "bird-catcher; fowler; eavesdropper"; LL avicellus, aucellus "little bird" > Fre oiseau; avispex, later, auspex "augur " ⇒ | āetós "eagle; omen"; oiōnós "large bird, bird of prey; omen; bird used in augury"; oiōnoskópos "augur "; oiōnistḗrion "place for watching bird flight; omen" | ví "bird" | Av vīš "bird" | W hwyad "ducks" | hav "chicken" | |||||||
| h₂ówis "sheep" | ewe | awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep" | ovis "sheep" | óis "sheep" | ávi- "sheep" | Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe" | OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram" | OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer" | hov-iw "shepherd" | B eye "sheep", āw "ewe" | Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep" | |
| h₂ŕ̥tḱos "bear" | ursus "bear" | árktos "bear" | ŕ̥kṣa- "bear" | YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear"; NPers xers "bear"; Kurd hirç "bear" | Lith irštva "bear den" < h₂r̥tḱ-wéh₂ | MIr art, W arth "bear" | arǰ "bear" | arí "bear" | ḫartaqqas | ||||
| ḱwṓ "hound, dog" | hound | hunds "dog" | canis "dog" | kúōn "dog"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i, Att/Ion kunegétes "huntsman" | śvan "dog" | Av spā ; MPers sak; Kurd kuçik, se, sey; Wakhi šač "dog" Past spay "dog" | Bulg kùt͡ʃe "dog", OCS suka "bitch " | OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo "dog", Latv suns "dog", Ltg suņs "dog" | OIr cú , W ci "dog" Cú Chulainn litt. "hound of Chulainn" Cunobeline < Com. Britt. *Cunobelinos "strong as a dog" | šun "dog" | possibly qen | AB ku "dog" | Hittite kuwaš, kunaš ; HierLuv suwanni "dog"; Pal kuwan- "dog"; Lyd kan- "dog" |
| múh₂s "mouse" | mouse, Scot moose | ON mús "mouse" | mūs "mouse" | mũs "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | OPers muš "mouse" ; Kurd mişk "mouse" | OCS myšĭ "mouse" | mukn "mouse" | mi "mouse" | ||||
| *uksḗn "ox, bull" | ox | auhsa "ox" | ukṣán "bull, ox" | Av uxšan "bull" | MW ych; MidIr oss "stag, cow"; MBret ouhen | B okso "draft-ox" | |||||||
| *táwros "bull" | steer | ON þjórr | taurus, Osc taurom | taûros | stawra- "bull" | OSl turŭ | Lith taũras; OPr tauris "bison" | Gaul tarvos "bull"; OIr tarb, W tarw "bull" | tuar "cattle" | tarok | |||
| suHs- "pig" | sow ; swine | ON sýr "sow" | sūs "pig" | hũs, sũs "pig" | sū-kara- "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig" | Av hū "pig", NPers xuk "pig" | Bulg svinjà "swine, sow" | Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet" | OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "sow, swine" | khos "pig" | thi "pig" | B suwo "pig" | še-hu-u "pig" |
| wl̥kʷos "wolf" | wolf | wulfs "wolf" | lupus "wolf" | lúkos "wolf" | vŕ̥ka- "wolf" | Av vǝhrka- "wolf"; NPers gorg "wolf"; Kurd gur "wolf" | Bulg vɤ̞lk "wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf" | OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf" | OIr olc "evil" | aghves "fox" | ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf" | B walkwe "wolf" | ulippana "wolf" |
| wlp- "fox" | vulpes "fox" | alṓpēx "fox" | lopāśá "fox, jackal" | Av urupis "dog", raopi- "fox, jackal"; Kurd rovî, rûvî "fox" | OCS lisa "fox" | Lith lãpė "fox"; Latv lapsa "fox" | Bre louarn "fox" | ałuēs "fox" | Tosk dhelpër, Gheg dhelpen "fox" | ulipzas "wolf"; Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš, wa-li-ip-ni "fox" | |||
| ǵʰh₂éns "goose" | goose, gander | OHG gans "goose" | ānser "goose" | kʰḗn, Doric khā́n "goose"; Myc ka-no, ka-si "goose" | haṁsá- "goose" | Av zāō "goose" ; Sogdian z'γ "kind of bird", NPers ɣaz "goose", NPers ɣu "swan" | Bulg gɤ̞ska "goose", OCS gǫsǐ "goose" | OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "goose" | OIr gēiss "swan" W gwydd "goose" | gatë "heron" | B kents- "bird " | ||
| h₂énh₂ts "duck" | Scot ennet "duck" | OHG enita "duck" | ānas "duck" | nessa, netta "duck" | ātí- "waterfowl" | Ossetic acc "wild duck" NPers ordak "duck" | Russ. utka "duck" | OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck" | rosë "duck" | ||||
| h₁élh₁ēn "deer" | élaphos "deer"; Hom ellós "young of the deer" | Past osə́i "deer" | OSl jeleni "deer"; Russ oleni "red deer" | Lith élnias "red deer"; Lith élnė "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" | NWel elain "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx'' "hind, cow-elk" OIr elit "doe" | ełn "hind" | B yal, ylem "gazelle" B ylaṃśke "young gazelle" | aliya- "red deer" | |||||
| h₁eǵʰis "hedgehog" | OE igil "hedgehog" | ON ígull "sea-urchin" | MycGr e-ki-no; ekhînos "hedgehog" | Oss wyzyn "hedgehog" | OSl jezĭ "hedgehog"; Rus ež "hedgehog" | Lith ežȳs "hedgehog" | ozni "hedgehog" | esh, eshk "porcupine, hedgehog" | |||||
bʰébʰrus "beaver" | beaver | OHG bibar "beaver"; OIc biorr "beaver" | fīber "beaver" | babʰrú "mongoose" | Av baβra- "beaver" | Pol bóbr "beaver" | Lith bebrùs "beaver"; Pruss bebrus "beaver" | Gaul bebru-; OIr Bibar | |||||
| h₃érō "eagle" | erne "a sea eagle" < OE earn "eagle" | ara "eagle"; OHG arn "eagle" | órnis "bird"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorated with birds" | OSl orǐlŭ "eagle"; Rus orël "eagle" | Lith ăras, ĕras, erẽlis "eagle"; Latv ērglis, OPrus arelie "eagle" | MBret erer, MW eryr, MIr irar "eagle" | OArm oror "gull", MArm urur "kite" | orr "eagle, falcon" | Hitt ḫaran- "eagle"; CLuw ḫarrani "a type of bird"; Pala a-ra-na-aš "eagle" | ||||
| h₂éngʷʰis; *h₁ógʷʰis "snake", "serpent", "eel" | OHG unc "snake"; engiring "maggot" | anguis "snake, serpent, dragon"; Anguilla "eel" | ópʰis "serpent, snake"; énkhelus "eel" | áhi "snake, serpent; name of Vrtra" | Av aži "snake", Persian yağnij "grass snake" ; Azhi Dahāka | OEstSl užĭ "snake", Rus už "grass snake"; Pol węgorz "eel" | OPrus angis "snake", angurgis "eel"; Lith angis "viper, adder", ungurys "eel"; Latv odze, odzs "viper, adder"; | OArm awj "snake", iž, iwž "viper" | B auk "snake" | Illuyanka "mythical snake foe" | |||
| *h₂eyǵ- "goat" | aíx "goat" | eḍa "a kind of sheep" | Lith ožỹs "goat" | ayts "goat" | dhi, "goat" | ||||||||
| h₂ōwyóm "egg" | ey "egg" ; egg | ōvum "egg" | ōión "egg, seed" | Past hagə́i "egg" | W wy "egg" | ||||||||
| *h₂egʷnós "lamb" | yean "to give birth to" | agnus "lamb" | amnós "lamb" | OCS agnę "lamb" | W oen "lamb" | enjë | |||||||
laḱ-, laḱs- "to be spotted; salmon, trout" | lax | OHG lahs "salmon" | Russ losos "salmon" | Lith lašiša "salmon"; Latv lasis "salmon" | B laks "fish, salmon" |
Food and farming
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ǵr̥h₂-nó- "grain" | corn | kaúrn "corn" | grānum "grain" ⇒ | jīrṇá-, jūrṇá- "old, worn out, decayed" | OCS zrŭno "grain" | OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea" | OIr grān, W grawn "grain" | cʿorean "wheat, grain, corn" | grurëTosk grun, gruni Gheg "grain" | ||||
| gʰreh₁- "to grow" | grow ; green ; grey, gray ; grass ; groom | grōdjan "to green, grow; plant" | grāmen "grass, turf; herb"; rāvus "gray, tawny"; herba "grass; weed; herb" | Kurd gewre, gir "big", gewre bûn "to grow, to get big", giran "heavy", girîng "important, major, essential" Past grān "expensive, hard" | OCS grěnŭ "green" | ||||||||
| h₂éǵros "field" | acre | akrs "field" | ager "field" ⇒ | agrós "field" | ájra-"meadow" | art "soil" | arë "field" | ||||||
| h₂erh₃- "to plow" | OE erian "to plow" | arjan "to plow" | arō "to plow", arātrum "plow" | aróō "I plow" < H₂erH₃-oH₂, árotron "plow", aroura "arable land" | OCS orjǫ "to plow", ralo < *ardhlom "plow" | OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow"; arklys "horse" | MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < H₂erH₃-trom | ara-wr "plow" | arë "arable land" H₂r̥H₃-uer- | AB āre "plow" | |||
| h₂melǵ- "to milk" | milk | miluks "milk" | mulgeō "to milk" ⇒ | amélgō "I milk" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi " wipes, cleans" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti " grazes " | OCS mlěko "milk", Russ. CS mŭlzu "to milk" | OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk" | W blith "milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk" | miel, mil "I milk" | A malke B malk-wer "milk" | ||
| melh₂- "to grind" | meal ; malm | malan "to grind" | molō "I grind"; mola "millstone; mill; ground meal, flour" ⇒ ; immolō "I immolate, sacrifice " ⇒ ; malleus "hammer, mallet" ⇒ ; milium "millet" | múllō "I grind"; malthakós, malakós "soft, tender; gentle; mild"; melínē "millet" | mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati " grinds" | Av mrāta- "tanned soft" | OCS meljǫ "to grind"; mlatŭ "hammer"; molĭ "moth"; mělŭ "chalk; fine ground substance" | OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind", malnos "millet" | OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind" | mał "sieve" mał-em "I grind, crush" | mjell "flour" | A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample" | mallai "grinds" |
| kwh₂et- "to ferment, become sour" | OE hwaþerian "to roar, foam, surge" | "froth, foam, scum" | cāseus "cheese" | kváthate "it boils" | OCS kvasŭ "leaven; sour drink" > Kvass | ||||||||
yew- "to blend, mix, knead" | ON ostr "cheese"; ysta "to curdle" | iūs "gravy, broth, soup; sauce; juice" > juice | ?zōmós "soup, sauce; grease" ⇒ | yūṣa- "soup, broth; water in which pulses are boiled" | Russ uxá "Ukha" | W uwd "porridge" | |||||||
| bʰrewh₁- "to boil; to brew" | brew ; burn ; bread ; broth | ferveō "I burn, I'm hot" ⇒ ; fermentum "fermentation, leavening; ferment; anger" | OCS burja "storm" | Borvo "Gaulish deity of healing springs", W berwi "to boil" | |||||||||
| *gʷréh₂wō "quern, millstone" | quern | *qairnus | grā́van "stone, rock, stone for pressing out the Soma juice" | OCS žrĭny "millstone" | Bret breo, breou, W breuan "quern" | ||||||||
| mélit, *melnés "honey" | mildew | miliþ "honey" | mel "honey" | méli "honey"; Att mélitta "bee"; Myc me-ri, me-ri-to "honey" | milinda "honey-bee" | OIr mil, W mêl "honey" | mełr "honey" | mjal, mjaltë "honey" | milit "honey"; CLuw ma-al-li "honey"; Pala malit- "honey" | ||||
| médʰu "honey", "mead" | mead | midus "mead" | mēdus "a type of mead" | métʰu "wine" | mádʰu "sweet drink, honey" | Proto-Iranian mádu "honey, wine" | OCS medŭ "honey"; Bulg med "honey" | OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", midus "mead" '; Ltg mads "honey" | OIr mid "mead"; W medd "mead" | B mit "honey" | CLuw maddu- "wine" | ||
| *tuh₂rós "cheese" | butter | tūrós "cheese" | |||||||||||
| séh₂ls "salt" | salt | salt "salt" | sāl "salt" ⇒ | háls "salt" | sal-ilá- "salty" | OCS solǐ "salt"; OCS sladŭkŭ "sweet"; Russ sólod "malt" | OPrus sals "salt", Lith saldus "sweet | OIr salann, W halen "salt" | ał "salt" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty" | A sāle, B salyiye "salt" | ||
| seh₁- "to sow ", séh₁mn̥ "seed" | sow, seed | saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed" | serō "to sow" < si-sH₁-oH₂, sēmen "seed" ⇒ | sasá- "corn, herb, grass", sasyá- "corn, grain, fruit, crop of corn", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" | OCS sějǫ "to sow", sěmę "seeds" | OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sėkla "seed", sėmuo "linseed" | OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn "seed" | isḫūwāi " sows" | ||||
| yugóm "yoke" | yoke | juk "yoke" | iugum "yoke" | zugón "yoke" | yugá·m "yoke" | Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness" Past yə́wa "plough" | OCS igo "yoke" | OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke" | W iau "yoke" | luc "yoke" | A yokäm "door" | yugan "yoke" | |
| yéwos "cereal, grain; spelt, barley" | Epic zeiā́ "einkorn wheat"; Cretan deaí "barley" | yáva "grain, cereal; barley" | Av yauua- "cereal"; Pers jow "barley, grain"; Oss jäv "corn, grain" | Rus ovín "barn, granary"; Pol jewnia, jownia "granary" | Lith jãvas "a type of cereal"; javaĩ "cereals"; Latv javs, java "infused " | Ir eorna "barley" | B yap "dressed barley" | ewa "cereal " | |||||
| *mḗms "meat" | mimz "flesh" | membrum "limb, member" < mēms-rom "flesh" ⇒ | mā́ṃs, māmsá- "meat" | OCS męso "meat" | mis "meat" | mish"meat" | |||||||
| *h₂ébōl "apple" | apple | apel | OCS ablŭko "apple" | Lith obuolys "apple", OPr wobalne "apple"; Latv ābols "apple ", ābele "apple tree" | Gaul Aballo "place name"; OIr aball, W afall, OBr aball''' "apple tree" |
Bodily functions and states
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| h₂enh₁- "to breathe" | OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan "to expire"; ON anda "to breathe"; DE atmen "to breathe" | anima "breath" | ánemos "wind"; Anemoi " winds" | ániti " breathes"; ātmán "breath, soul, life" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya "breathing in and out"; Kurd henase "breath"; henas dan "to breath" | OCS vonja "smell" < *h₂en-yeh₂ | OIr anāl "breath" < *h₂enh₁-tlo- ; W anadl "breath" | hołm "wind", anjn "person" | Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell" | AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in" | ||
| swep- "to sleep", swépnos "dream " | archaic sweven "dream, vision" ; NoEng sweb "to swoon" | ON sofa "sleep "; Svafnir "Sleep-Bringer " | somnus "sleep "; sōpiō "make asleep" | húpnos "sleep "; Hypnos "god of sleep" | svápna- "sleep, dream " | Av xᵛafna- "sleep " NPers xwãb- "sleep"; Kurd xew "sleep" Past xob "dream, sleeping" | OCS sŭpati "sleep ", sŭnŭ "sleep, dream " | OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream" | OIr sūan, W hun "sleep " | kʿnem "I sleep", kʿun "sleep " | gjumë "sleep " | TA ṣpäṃ, TB ṣpane "sleep, dream " | sup-, suppariya- "to sleep" |
der-, *drem- "to sleep" | dormiō "I sleep"; ⇒ | darthánō "I sleep" | drā́yati " sleeps"; nidrā́ "sleep, slumber, sleepiness, sloth" | OCS drěmati "to doze, drowse, slumber" | |||||||||
| *bʰewdʰ- "to be awake, be aware" | bid ; bede ; bead ; bode | anabiudan; DE bitte "please" | punthánomai "I learn" | bódhati " is awake"; bodháyati " awakens, arouses"; buddhá- "awake" | Av baoδaiti "to be aware", Past póha "understand" NPers bikdar "awake" | OCS bljusti "to watch"; buditi "to wake up"; bŭždrĭ "alert, cheerful"; | Lith budėti "to stay awake, to guard"; busti "to wake up" | ||||||
| sweyd- "sweat" | sweat | ON sveiti | sūdor "sweat " | ĩdos "sweat " | svḗda- "sweat " | Av xᵛaēda- "sweat "; Kurd xwê, xoy "sweat" Past xoẓ̌ "sweet" | Latvian sviêdri "sweat " | W chwys "sweat " < *swidso- | kʿirtn "sweat " | dirsë, djersë "sweat " < *swí-drōxty- | B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé- | ||
| h₁ed- "to eat" | eat | itan "to eat" | edō "to eat", ēst " eats" | édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat" | ádmi "I eat", átti " eats" | Av subj. aδāiti " should eat" | OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ " eats" | OPrus istun "to eat", Lith ėsti "to eat | OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti | utem "I eat" < *ōd- | ha "to eat" | ēdmi "I eat" | |
| peh₃- "to drink" | potable imbibe potion, poison | bibō "to drink", pōtus "drink "; pō·culo- < pō·clo- < *pō·tlo- "beaker" | pī́nō, pépomai "I drink" | pā́ti, píbati " drinks"; pā·tra- "cup, vessel" | Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all | OCS pijǫ "to drink", pivo "drink, beer, beverage" | OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party" | OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn "we drink" | əmpem "I drink" | pī "I drink" | pāsi "he swallows" | ||
| ǵews- "to test, to taste" | choose | Goth kiusan "to prove, to test", kausjan "taste"; OHG kiosan "choose" | gustus "taste" | geúomai "taste" | juşate, joşati "enjoys" | Av zaoś- "be pleased" | OCS kušati "to offer a meal, to give for tasting" | OIr do-goa "choose" | zgjedh "choose" desha "I loved"; dashje "liking, taste, preference" | kukuš "taste" | |||
| ǵenh₁- "to beget, give birth, produce" | kin ; kind ; king ; OE cennan "produce" | -kunds "born"; knoþs "race, people"; OHG kind "child"; Ger könig, Dut koning "king" | nāscor "I am born, begotten; grow, spring forth"; gignō "I beget, bear, bring forth, engender" ⇒ ; natus "born, arisen, made" ⇒ ; nāscēns "being born, arising; emerging" ⇒ ; nātīvus "created; imparted by birth" ⇒ ; nātīvitās "birth" ⇒ ; nātūra "nature, quality, essence" ⇒ ; nātiō "birth; race, class; nation, folk" ⇒ ; nātālis "relating to birth, natal" ⇒ ; genus "birth, origin; kind; species; gender" ⇒ ; gēns "tribe; folk, family; Roman clan" ⇒ ; ingēns "huge, vast; extraordinary"; genitus "begotten, engendered" ⇒ ; genius "inborn trait, innate character; talent, wits" ; ingenuus "natural, indigenous; freeborn" ⇒ ; ingenium "innate quality, nature, disposition; natural capacity; talent" ⇒ ; indigenus = indu + genus "native, indigenous" ; genimen "product, fruit; progeny"; germen "shoot, sprout; germ, origin, seed; fetus" ⇒ ; genitor "begetter, father, sire"; genetrīx "begetter, mother"; naevus "birthmark, mole" ; genitālis "relation to birth, generation; productive" ⇒ | geínomai "I am born; I beget"; gígnomai "I come into being; become"; gonḗ "offspring; seed" ; geneā́ "birth; race, descent; generation; offspring" ; gnōtós "kinsman"; génos "offspring, descendant, family; nation, gender"; génna, génnā "descent, lineage; origin, offspring"; génesis "origin, source, manner of birth" ⇒ ; gónos "fruit, product; race, descent; begetting; seed"; genétēs, genétōr "begetter, ancestor; father" | jánati " gives birth"; jáyate "is born; becomes"; já-, -ja- "born; born of, begotten from", e.g., dvi·já- "twice-born"; jantú "child, offspring; creature"; jñāt́í "kinsman, relative"; jananī "mother, birth-giver"; jána- "people, person, race"; jánana- "begetting, birth"; jánas "race, class, genus"; jánman, janmá- "birth, life"; jániman "generation, birth, origin"; janitṛ́ "begetter, father, parent"; jánitrī "begetter, mother"; janátā "people, folk, generation"; jātí "birth, form of existence fixed at birth, position assigned by birth, rank, lineage, caste" | Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth"; Kurd zayîn "to give birth" Past zeẓ̌edə́l "to be born" | OCS zętĭ "son-in-law" | OIr -gainethar "who is born" < ĝn̥-ye-tro; W geni "to be born" | cnanim "I am born, bear" | dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < ĝenH̥₁-tr- | AB kän- "to come to pass, be realized" | ||
| sewh₁- or *sewh₃- "to bear, beget, give birth" | sū́te " begets"; sūtá- "born, brought forth"; sūtí "birth, production" | Av hunāhi "give birth, beget" | OIr suth "produce, offspring; milk" | šunnai "fills" | |||||||||
| h₂ewg-, h₂weg- "to grow, increase" | eke ; wax | aukan, auknan "to increase ", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. h₂wog-s-éy-onom | augeō "to increase " ⇒ ; auctor "grower - promoter, producer, author etc" ⇒ ; augmentum "growth, increase" ⇒ ; augur < augos "aggrandizement" ⇒ ; augustus "majestic, venerable" ⇒ ; auxilium "help, aid; remedy" ⇒ | aéksō "I increase ", aúksō, auksánō "I increase " | úkṣati " becomes stronger", vakṣáyati " causes to grow"; ójas, ōjmán "strength, vitality, power"; ugrá- "immense, strong, hard"; | Av uxšyeiti " grows", vaxšaiti " causes to grow" | OCS jugъ "south" | OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow" | OIr fēr, W gwêr "fat" < *weg- | ačem "I grow, become big" | A oksiṣ " grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown" | ||
| *weǵ- "fresh, strong; lively, awake" | wake ; watch | gawaknan "wake up, arouse" | vegeō "be alert, awake, smart"; vigor "id"; vigil "awake, watching" | vā́ja- "strength, energy, vigour, spirit"; vájra- "hard; mace; thunderbolt; diamond"; vājáyati " impels" | |||||||||
| gʷih₃wo- "alive", gʷih₃woteh₂ "life" | quick | qius "alive" | vīvus "alive"; vīta "life" | bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal" | jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "life" | Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life"; Gayōmart "living mortal"; -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive", NPers ǰavān- "alive"; Kurd jiyan, jîn "life" Past žwənd "life" | OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life"; Živa "alive, living " | OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake" | Gaul biuo-, bio-, OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu , W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts | keam "I live" < gʷi-yā-ye-mi | B śai- "to live" < gweiH₃-ō | ḫuišu̯ant- "living; alive" | |
| ǵerh₂- "to grow old, mature" | churl | Karl | gérōn, gérontos "old; elder" ; graûs "old woman"; geraiós "old"; géras "gift of honor"; gerarós "honorable, majestic, respectable"; Graîa Graia > Graikós > Graeco-, Greek | járati, jī́ryati "grows old; wears out; is consumed, digested"; jīrṇá- "old, worn out; digested"; járan- "old, infirm; decayed"; jarā́, jarás, jariman "old age" | OCS zĭrěti "to ripen" | grua "woman, wife" < PAlb *grāwā | |||||||
| mer- "to die" | murder | maúrþr "murder" | morior "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal" | brotós, mortós "mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē " dies", mṛtá- "dead", márta-, mortal | Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man ", NPers mordan- "to die"; Kurd mirin "to die" Past mrəl "to die" | OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die" | Lith miŕštu "to die", merdėti "to die slowly" | OIr marb, W marw "dead" < *mr̥-wós'' | meṙanim "I die", mard "human" | mert "died" | ||
| kl̥H- "bald, naked" | calvus "bald, hairless" > calva "skull, scalp" | kulvá- "bald" | NPers kal, kačal "bald" kalle "head" | ||||||||||
| kʷeh₂s- "to cough" | whoost "cough" | German Hust "cough" | Kurd kuxin "to cough", kuxik "cough" | OCS kašĭljati "to cough" | Lith kosėti "to cough" | W pas "cough" | koll "cough" | kollë "cough" | - | ||||
| *perd- "fart" | fart | pérdomai | párdate " farts" | Russian perdétь "to fart" | Lith persti "to fart" | W rhech "fart" | bert "fart" | pordhë "fart" |
Mental functions and states
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| ḱlew- "to hear" | listen, loud | hliuma "hearing, ears " | clueō "to be named"; inclitus/inclutus "famous" | ékluon "I heard" | śṛṇóti " hears" < ḱl̥-ne-w-; śrúti "that which is heard" | Av surunaoiti " hears" < k̂lu-n- | OCS slyšati "to hear"; slušati "to listen" | OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen" | OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear"; Gaul cluiou "I hear" | lsem "I hear" | Old Tosk kluaj "to call, to name" < *ḱlu-eh₁- | A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear" | |
h₂ew- or h₃ew- "to see, perceive, be aware of" | OE ēawis "obvious" | audiō "I hear, listen to; pay attention to" ⇒ | aḯō "I perceive, hear, see, obey"; aisthánomai "I perceive, feel, apprehend, notice" ⇒ | āvís "evidently, manifestly, before the eyes, openly" | OCS aviti "to show, appear" | Lith ovytis "to appear"; ovyje "in reality" | |||||||
| weyd- "to see, find; to know" | wit | witan "to know" | videō "to see" | éide "he saw"; perf. oĩda "I know " | vindáti " finds", ávidat "found"; vetti, vēdate, vidáti " knows"; perf. véda "I know" | Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti " finds" | OCS viždǫ "to see" | OPrus widatun "to see"; Lith veidas "face", išvysti "to see" | W gweld "to see", gwybod "to know" | gtanem "I find" | |||
| woyd- "to know" | Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know" | OCS věmĭ "to know" | OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vaidila "pagan priest" | OIr find, W gwn " know" | gitem "I know" | B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < wid-wo- | |||||||
| ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-h₃- "to recognize, know" | can, know, Scot ken "to know" | kunnan "to know" < ǵn̥-n-h₃-onom, kann "I know" | nōscō "to learn about", nōvī "I know" | gignṓskō "I learn about, perceive" | jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < ǵn̥-nh₃-mi | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < ǵn̥-ne-h₃-ti; OPers a-dānā "he knew" < ǵn̥-ne-h₃-mi, xšnāsātiy "he should know"; Kurd zanîn "to know" | OCS znajǫ "to know" < ǵneh₃-yoh₂ | OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know" | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise"; W adnabod " know" | čanačʿem, aorist caneay "I recognize" | njoh "I know" < ǵnēh₃-sḱoh₂ | A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < ǵneH₃-, kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < ǵnēH₃-s- | |
| n̥- + *ǵneh₃-tos "not" + "to know" | uncouth | unkunþs "unknown" | ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant" | agnṓs "unknown" < n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts | ajñāta- "unknown" | OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know" | OIr ingnad "foreign" | an-can-awtʿ "ignorant, unknown" | A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant" | ||||
| lewbʰ- "to love; desire, covet, want; admire, praise" | love ; arch. lief "dear, beloved" ; lofe "praise, exalt; offer" | lubō "love" | libet "it is pleasing, agreeable" | lúbhyati " desires greatly; longs for, covets; is perplexed"; lobháyati " causes to desire, attract, allure; confound, bewilder"; lobhá "perplexity, confusion; impatience, eager desire, longing; covetousness"; lobhin "greedy, desirous of, longing after; covetous" | OCS ljubiti "to love"; ljubŭ "sweet, pleasant"; ljuby "love"; Russ ljubímyj "favorite" | lyp "beg" | |||||||
| men- "to think" | mind ; OE munan "to think"; minion | munan "to think"; muns "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds "remembrance" < *ko-mn̥t-ís | meminī "I remember" ⇒ ; reminīscor "I recollect, remember" ⇒ mēns "mind" < *mn̥t-is; memor "mindful, remembering" ⇒ commentus "devised, contrived; invented"; moneō "I remind, warn"; mōnstrum "a divine omen; portent" ⇒ ; Minerva | mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad"; mimnḗskō "I remind, recall"; mnáomai "I am mindful, remember; woo, court"; autómatos "self-willed, unbidden; self-moving, automatic"; ménos "mind; desire; anger"; Méntōr "mentor"; manthánō "I learn; know, understand; notices"; máthēma "something that is learned, lesson; learning, knowledge" ⇒ ; Promētheús] | mányate " thinks"; mántra- "thought, the instrument of thought"; mánas "mind"; máti "thought intention; opinion, notion; perception, judgement"; mantṛ́ "thinker, adviser"; medhā́ "wisdom, intelligence" ; mantrín "minister, councilor, counselor" > mandarin | Av mainyeite " thinks"; mazdā "wisdom, intelligence"; OPers mainyāhay "I think", NPers Došman- "Someone who has a bad mind"; Kurd mejî "brain, mind" | OCS mĭněti "to mean"; pamętĭ "memory"; myslĭ "thought" | OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention", manyti "to have an opinion" | OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean" | mendoj "I think" | A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand " | memmāi "says" | |
mer- "to remember, care for, be concerned, fall into thinking" | mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" ; mimmer "to dote, dream" ; mourn ; OE mimor "mindful" | maurnan "be anxious" | memor "mindful, remembering" ⇒ ; mora "delay, any duration of time" ⇒ | mérmeros "baneful, mischievous; captious, fastidious"; mérimna "care, thought; anxious mind"; mártus, márturos "witness" ⇒ | smárati " remembers, recollects" | Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian mar "care" | |||||||
teng- "to think" | think ; thank | þagkjan "think" | tongeō "I know" | A tuṅk, B taṅkw "love" | |||||||||
mers- "to bother, annoy, neglect, disturb, forget, ignore" | mar | mṛ́ṣyate " forgets, neglects, disregards" | Lith miršti "to forget, lose, become oblivious" | mërzi "boredom" mërzit "bother, annoy" | |||||||||
| sekʷ- "to see, to say" | see ; say | "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē- | īnseque "declare!" | énnepe "tell!" | śacate " says" | OCS sočiti "to announce" | Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow" | OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp " said" | sheh " sees" | A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign" | sakuwāi- "to see" | ||
derḱ- "to see" | ME torhte "bright, shining, radiant" | dérkomai "to see, see clearly; watch"; dérgma "look, glance; sight" | dṛś- "see"; darśayati "to cause to see, to show"; dṛṣṭá- "seen, visible, apparent, noticed" | Oir : dearc '~tha).Look, behold; regard, consider; W edrych "look" | ndrri, ndrritje "bright, enlightened" | ||||||||
péḱ- "to watch, be looking at, keep looking at" | spy | -spex "watcher" > avispex, auspex "bird-watcher" ⇒ ; speciō "I observe, watch, look at" ⇒ ; speciēs "seeing, view, look; sight; appearance; point of view; kind, sort, type" ⇒ ; specimen "mark, token; example, pattern, model"; spectus "look, appearance, aspect"; spectrum "appearance, image; apparition, spectre" ⇒ ; speculum "looking-glass, mirror" ⇒ | skopéō "I look, behold; inspect" ⇒ ; skopós "watcher; proterctor, guardian" ⇒ ; sképtomai "I look at; examine; consider, think"; sképsis "viewing; observation; doubt" ⇒ | spáś "spy, watcher; messenger"; páśyati " sees, looks, beholds"; spaṣṭá- "clear, visible; obvious, evident; intelligible" | Lith spoksoti "to stare" | shpik "invent" shpikje "invention, creation" | |||||||
kʷeḱ- "to see; to show; to seem" | tékmar "goal, end; token" | kā́śate " is visible, appears; shines"; √caks-, caṣṭe "to see, look; appear; inform"; cákṣu "eye"; cákṣman "seer" | Av cašman "eye" | OCS kazati "to show; say, testify" | Lith kušlas "having poor eyesight" | ||||||||
| wekʷ- "to say" | OE wōma "noise" < wōkʷ-mō | OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan | vocō "to call", vōx "voice" | eĩpon "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, épos "word" | vákti, vívakti " says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word" | Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word", NPers vāk- "voice"; Kurd vaj "voice", bivaj- "to say" | OPrus enwackēmai "we call" | OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "argument, verbal fight" < wokʷ-tlo-m | gočem "I call" | A wak, B wek "voice" | ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to" | ||
| *bʰeh₂- "to speak, say" | ban | fāma "fame"; fās "divine law; will of god, destiny"; for "I speak, talk, say"; fātus "word, saying; oracle, prophecy; fate"; fateor "I confess, admit, acknowledge"; fābula "discourse, narrative; tale, fable"; Sp hablar, Pt falar "to speak" | phōnḗ "voice"; phḗmē "prophetic voice; rumor; reputation"; phēmí "I speak, say"; prophḗtēs "one who speaks for a god: proclaimer, prophet"; phásis "utterance, statement, expression" | bhā́ṣā "speech, language"; bhā́ṣati " speaks" | bajka "fable"; OCS balii "physician, " | ||||||||
| preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ- "to ask" | pray "to ask, request" Scot frain "to ask" | fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research" | precor "to pray", poscō "to demand, ask" | pṛccháti " asks" | Av pǝrǝsaiti " asks, desires" < pr̥-sḱ-; OPers aor.? aparsam " asked"; Kurd pirs "question" Past pox̌tə́l "to ask" | OCS prositi "to ask, to demand" | OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask" | OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask" | harcʿanem "I ask" | pyet "ask" porosit "recommend, order" | A prak-, B prek- "to ask" | ||
| kelh₁-, kel-dʰ- "to call, cry, summon" | haul ; scold | calō "I call, announce solemnly; call out"; concilium "a council, meeting" ⇒ ; classis "the armed forces; fleet; group or class" > class; kalendae "the Calends" > calendar; clāmō "I cry out, clamor, shout, yell" ⇒ ; clārus "clear, bright; renouwned, famous; loud, distinct" ⇒ | kaléō "I call, hail; summon, invite" | klándati, krándati " laments weeps; cries; sounds"; uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala- "rooster, lit, dawn-call" | Kurd kalîn "to moan, to whine, to mourn", dikale "he/she mourns" | OCS klakolŭ "bell"; Russ skulítʹ "to whine, whisper" | Lith kalbėti "to speak" | Gheg kaj "weep, cry" | |||||
| *bʰeyh₂- "to fear, be afraid" | bive, bever "to shake, tremble" | foedus "foul, filthy, unseemly; vile" | bháyate " is afraid"; bhī, bhīti, bhayá- "fear" | OCS bojati "to fear, be afraid" | Lith baimė "fear", bijoti "to fear" | ||||||||
| h₁néh₃mn̥ or *h₁nómn̥ "name" | name | namō "name" | nōmen "name" | ónoma "name" | nā́ma "name" | Av nāma "name"; NPers nām- "name"; Kurd nav "name" Past num "name" | OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < n̥men | OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name"; Gaul anuan < anman "name" | anun "name" | Gheg emën, Tosk emër "name" < *enmen- | A ñem, B ñom "name" | lāman-' "name" |
General conditions and states
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| teyg- "to be sharp; to sting" | stick ; stitch ; thistle | stiks "point" | īnstīgō "I stimulate, incite, rouse" > instigate; stilus "pointed instrument, spike" ⇒ | stizō "I tattoo; mark"; stíxis "marking; spot, mark"; stígma "mark, tattoo; spot, stain" | téjate "become sharp; energize"; téjas "sharp ede of a knife; light, brilliance, glow; splendor; fiery power"; tīkṣṇá "sharp; hot, fiery, pungent; acute, keen"; tigmá "sharp, pointed; pungent, scorching, acrid" | Per tez "sharp" | |||||||
teh₂- "to melt, thaw; flow" | thaw ; thone "damp, moist, wet" | tābēs "decay, foulness; fluid from a wound"; tābeō "I melt; rot"; tābum "gore; viscous fluid" | tîphos "pond, swamp"; tḗkō "melt" | tāmara "water"; toyam "water"; toś-, tośate "drip, distill, trickle"; tuṣāra "rain, mist, tickle, drizzle, wet" | OCS tajati "melt" | W toddi to melt |
Natural features
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| h₂ster- "star" | star | staírnō "star" | stēlla "star" | astḗr "star" | root stṛ, contracted root tṛ | Av acc. stā̆rǝm "star"; Kurd stêr "star" | MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn "star"; Celtic Sirona "astral", "stellar" | astł "star"; Astłik "deity of love, fertility and skylight" | pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ "stars" | ḫasterza "star" | |||
| *Dyēus "day, daily sky → the sky god"; déywos "heavenly → god" | Tues-day | tiws "god", ON Týr "Tīw" | Iuppiter , Old Latin Diū-piter "Jupiter"; diēs "day", deus, dīvus "god" | Zdeús "Zeus" | dyāús "heaven", dēvás "god", devī́ "goddess" | Av daēva- "demon"; Kurd dêw "giant" | , Ukr. dyvo and Russ. divo "miracle" | OPrus deina "day", deiws "god", Lith diena "day", dievas "god" | OIr dīe, W dydd "day"; OIr dia , OW duiu- "God" | tiw "day" | din "dawn" zot "god" <PIE *dyew + *átta | Šiuš "Hittite sky- or sun-god" | |
| seh₂wol-, *sóh₂wl̥, *sh₂un- "sun" | sun | sauil, sunnō "sun" | sōl "sun" | Homeric hēélios "sun" < *sāwélios; Helios "deity of the sun" | súvar "sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya "sun" | Av hvarǝ "sun, light, heavens", Hvare-khshaeta "deity of the radiant sun" | OCS slĭnŭce "sun" < *sulnika-, Russ. po-solon' "sunwise" | OPrus sauli "sun", sawaiti "week", Lith saulė "sun" | OIr sūil "eye"; W haul "sun" | ylli "star" < *sūlo- or *sūli- | A swañceṃ; B swañco, swañciye "sunbeam" | DUTU-li-ya "Sun goddess" | |
| meh₁ns- "moon, month" | moon, month | mēna "moon", mēnoþs "month" | mēnsis "month" | Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs "month", mḗnē "moon" | mā́s "moon"; mā́sa "month" | Av mā̊ "moon"; NPers māh "moon, month"; Kurd meh "month", mang "moon" | OCS měsęcĭ "moon, month" < mēs-n̥-ko- | OPrus miniks "moon", mins "month", Lith mėnulis "moon", mėnesis "month" | OIr mī "month" < mēns;; W mis "month" | amis "month" | muai "month" | A mañ B meñe "month"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "moon" | |
| dʰeǵʰom- "earth" | humus "earth" ⇒ | kʰtʰṓn "earth", kʰamaí "on the earth" | kṣā́s "earth" | Av zā̊ "earth"; Kurd zevî "farmland"; NPers zamin "ground, soil", zamindar "land owner" | OCS zemĭ, zemlja "earth"; Russ Chernozem "black soil" | OPrus zemê "earth", semmai "on the earth" ; Lith žemė " earth" | OIr dū "place"; Welsh dyn "man" | dhe "earth" | A tkaṃ , B keṃ "earth" | tēkan "earth" | |||
h₂éḱmō "stone" | hammer | ákmōn "anvil" | áśman "stone"; aśmará "stony" | Asman "sky" | OCS kamy, gen. kamene "stone" | Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "stone" | |||||||
lep- "stone" | lapis "stone" | lépas "crag, bare rock" | |||||||||||
| wódr̥ pl. wédōr "water" | water | watō "water" | Umbrian utur "water", Latin unda "wave" | húdōr "water"; Hydra "water-animal" | udaká-, udra "water"; samudra "ocean" | Av aoδa- "spring", vaiδi- "stream" | OCS voda "water", Russ. vedro "bucket"; Russ vódka "vodka" | OPrus undan "water", Lith vanduo gen. vandens "water" | OIr usce "water" < *udeskyo-; Eng. Whisky < uisce beatha "water of life" | get "river" | ujë "water" | A wär, B war "water" | wātar "water" |
| dóru, *drew- "wood, tree" | tree | triu "tree, wood" | dóru, drûs "tree, wood" | dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "tree, wood" | Av dāru- "tree, wood"; Kurd dar "tree, wood" | OCS drěvo "tree" | OPrus drawê "hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė "hole in a tree", derva "tar" | OIr daur "oak", W derwen "oak" | tram "firm" | dru "tree, wood" | AB or "wood" | taru "tree" | |
| h₂weh₁n̥to- "wind", h₂weh₁- "to blow" | wind ; OE wāwan "to blow" | winds "wind"; waian "to blow" | ventus "wind" | áenta "wind", áēsi " blows" | vā́ta- "wind", vāti " blows", Vāyu "lord of winds"; nir·vāṇa- "blow-out, extinction" | Av vātō "wind", vāiti " blows", Vayu-Vata "a pair of deities: Vayu/Wind and Vata/Air"; Kurd ba, wa, va "wind", hewa "air, weather" | OCS vějǫ "to blow", větrŭ "wind" | OPrus witra "wind"; Lith vėjas "wind", vėtra "heavy wind", Vėjopatis "god of winds" | W gwynt "wind" | vetëtin"it thunders" | A want, B yente "wind" | ḫūwanz "wind" | |
| sneygʷʰ- "to snow" | snow | snáiws "snow" | nix "snow", ninguō "to snow" | nípʰa "snow", neípʰei "it snows" | sneha- "snow" | Av snaēža- "to snow"; Shughni žǝnij "snow" < *snaiga- | OCS sněgŭ "snow" | OPrus snaigs "snow", Lith sniegas "snow", snigti "to snow" | OIr snechte, W nyf "snow" ; OIr snigid "it rains" | B śin̄catstse "snowy" | |||
| *h₁n̥gʷnís "fire" < *h₁engʷ- "to burn"; *h₁óngʷl̥ "charcoal" | ignis "fire" | agní "fire"; áṅgāra "charcoal" | OCS ognĭ "fire"; ǫglĭ "coal" | Lith ugnis "fire", anglis "coal" Lv uguns "fire" | e enjte "Thursday" <PAlb *agni "fire" | ||||||||
| péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés "bonfire" | fire | fōn "fire"; OHG fuïr < puwéri | Umbrian pir "fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e "into the fire" < *pur- | pũr "fire" | pāru "sun, fire" | NPers fer "oven, furnace" | Czech pýř "glowing ash", Pol perzyna "embers", Slovak pyr, UpSb pyr "ashes" Ukr para "steam " | OPrus pannu "fire" | hur "fire" | A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār "fire" | paḫḫur "fire" | ||
| *dʰuh₂mós "smoke" < *dʰewh₂- "to smoke" | dew | fūmus "smoke" | thūmós "soul, life, breath; desire, temper" | dhūmá- "smoke; mist, fog" | Kurd du, dukêl | OCS dymŭ "smoke" | Lith dūmai "smoke" | tym "smoke" <PAlb ātuma | - | ||||
| h₂eHs- "to become dry; burn, glow; hearth; ashes" | ash ; | azgō "ash; cinder" | āreō "I am dry; dried up, withered"; āridus "dry, parched, withered, arid" > arid; āra "altar; sanctuary, refuge"; assus "roasted, baked; dried"; Osc aasa "altar" | ázō "I dry"; ásbolos "soot" | ā́sa- "ashes, dust" | A/B ās- "to dry out; to dry up" | ḫašš- "ash; dust"; ḫašša- "hearth"; Lyc χaha- "altar" | ||||||
ken- "to rub, scrape off; ashes, dust" | cinis, cineris "ashes" ⇒ | κόνις "ash, dust" | kaṇa- "particle; small grain of dust, rice, corn; atom" | ||||||||||
| gʷʰerm- "warm" | ?warm ; OE ġierwan "to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan | ?warmjan "to warm" | formus "warm" | tʰermós "warm" | gʰarmá- "heat" | Av garǝma- "hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. "entrance of the heat"; Kurd germ "hot, warm" | Russ. žar "heat", goret' "to burn" < gʷʰer | OPrus garmê "heat, glowing" | OIr gorn "fire" < gʷʰor-nos, W gwres heat, warmth | ǰerm "warm" | Gheg zjarm "fire, heat" ngroh " I warm" ziej "I boil, cook" <PAlb *džernja | A śärme "heat " | |
dʰegʷʰ- "to burn; warm, hot" | foveō "I warm, keep warm; nurture, foster"; fōmentum "a warm application; lotion"; ⇒ fōmes "kindling, tinder" febris "fever"; ⇒ februum, februarius "expiatory offerings, means of purification"; ⇒ | téphrā "ashes" | dáhati "it burns"; dagdhá- "burned, burnt" | OCS žešti "to burn"; žigŭ "burn mark, brand" | Lith dė̃gis "burn scar", degti "to burn" | ndez "to light" djeg "burn" | |||||||
| h₁ews- "to burn"; | ember | ūrō "I burn, consume, inflame"; ustus "burnt, inflamed"; bustum < amb-bustum "a burial mound, tomb"; combūrō "I burn up, cremate, scald" > combust; ūrna "urn, water jar" | heúō "I singe" | óṣati " burns, burns down; punishes"; uṣṭá "burnt"; uṣṇá "warm, hot" | |||||||||
| gel- "to be cold, to freeze" | cold | kalds "cold " | gelus "ice", gelidus "icy" | śarada "autumn" | MBulg goloti "ice" | Lith gelmenis, gelumà "great cold" | |||||||
| temH- " dark" témHos "darkness" | OHG demar "twilight" | tenebrae "darkness" | támas "darkness, gloom", támisrā "dark night" | Av taΘra "darkness", təmah- "darkness" | OCS tĭmĭnŭ "darkness", tĭma', Rus temnotá "darkness" | Lith tamsa "dark, darkness", tiḿsras "a darker shade of red"; Latv tumšs, timšs "dark", tùmsa "darkness" | OIr temel "darkness" ; OW timuil "dark, darkness" | B tamãsse "dark" | |||||
| nébʰos "cloud; mist" | OE nifol "dark " | ON Niflheimr "home of mists" | nebula "fog, cloud" | népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph" | nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky" | nabah- "heavens" | OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven" | Lith debesis "cloud", Ltv debesis skies, heavens | OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky" | avull "steam" <PAlb *abula | nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven" | ||
lew- "dirt, mud" | lutum "dirt, clay, mud"; polluō "I soil, defile, foul" ⇒ | lûma "dirt, filth, smut; disgrace" | Lith liutýnas "loam pit" | OIr loth "mud" | lym "mud" | ||||||||
sámh₂dʰos "sand" | sand | sabulō, sabulum "sand, gravel" | psámathos "sand, grains of sand" | ||||||||||
| srew-, srew-mo, sru-to "to flow, stream" | stream | ON straumr "a stream" | rheûma "flow" | srutá- "flow", srava "a flow of, a waterfall" | YAv θraotah- "stream" ; OPer rautaʰ- "river" | OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island"; Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river" | Lith srovė "current", sraumuõ "brook, stream", sraujà "current", sraũtas "flow, torrent"; Latv strāva "current", strauja "stream" | OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream" | OArm aṙu "brook; canal" | rrymë "stream, current; flow " | |||
| dʰenh₂- "to set in motion, to flow"; déh₂nu "river goddess" | fōns < PItal *ðonts "spring, fountain; fresh water; source" | dhánvati "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow"; dhána- "competition, contest; prize"; dā́nu "fluid, drop, dew" | Dnieper < OOss dānu apara "the far river" | Danube < PCelt *Dānowyos | |||||||||
dʰol- "valley, vault; curve, hollow" | dale | acc. dal "pit, valley" | thólos "vault" | OCS dolŭ "valley; depression" | |||||||||
| móri "lake?, sea?" | OE mere "lake" | marei "sea" | mare "sea" | maryā́dā "shore; bank of a water body" | OCS morje "sea" | Lith mãrės "sea" | OIr muir "sea"; W môr "sea"; Gaul Morini "those from the sea " | OAr mor < mawr "mud, marsh, swamp" |
Directions
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite | - |
| per- "through, across, beyond" | far | faírra "far"; faír- "around; " | per "through" | perí, pér "around" | pári "forward" | Av pairi; OPers pariy "forward"; Kurd ber "in front of, before" | OCS prě- "forward" | OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through" | OIr ir-, W er "forward" | heṙu "far" | për, pej, pe "forward" | parā, Lycian pri "forth" | - | |
| upér "over, above" | over | ufar "over, above, beyond" | super "over" | hypér "over" | upári "over, above, beyond" | Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" | OCS po "upon, at" | OPrus uppin "cloud" | OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on" | ver "up" | epër "over, above" | - | ||
| h₂ents "forehead", h₂entí, *h₂entá "in front of" | and | and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz | ante "in front of" | antí "instead of" | anti "opposite to it" | Kurd enî "front, forehead" | Lith añt "on" antai "there" | OIr étan "forehead" < *antono- | ənd "instead of" | ende "yet, still" edhe "and" | A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead" | ḫānz, ḫanti "in front" | - | |
| h₁én "in" | in | in "in, into, towards" | in "in" | en "in" | án-īka- "face" < ?h₁eni-Hkʷ | Av ainika "face" < ?h₁eni-Hkʷ | OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in" | OPrus en "in", Lith į "in" | OIr in- "in"; W yn "in" | i "in" | në "in" | AB y-, yn-, B in- "in" | an-dan "inside" | - |
| h₂epó "away" | of, off | af "from, of, by" | ab "away" | apó "from" | ápa "away" | Av apa, OPers apa "away" | OCS ot, "from, apart of" | Lith apačià "bottom" < apotyā | prapë "back" < *per-apë pa "without" | āpa "behind, back" | - | |||
| deḱs- "the right " | Gothic taihswa "right side" | dexter | dexiós; Myc de-ki-si-wo | dákṣina "right, south" | Av dašina "right, south"; MPer dašn "right hand, right side" | OCS desnŭ "right " | Lith dẽšinas | Gaul Dexsiva, W de right, south | djathtë "right" <PAlb *detsa | - | ||||
| marǵ-, *merǵ- "edge; boundary, border" | mark ; march | marka "border, bound, region" | margō "border, edge" > margin | maryā "limit, mark, boundary"; mārga- "way, road, path" | W bro region, vale | |||||||||
| bʰudʰmḗn "bottom" | butt ; bottom, botham | fundus "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate" | puthmḗn "bottom " | budhná "bottom, ground, base, depth" | Gaul bona "base, bottom, village" | buzë "lip, edge" <PAlb *budza bythë "bottom" | - |
Basic adjectives
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
bʰerǵʰ- "great, tall; hill, elevation"; bʰérǵʰonts "high, mighty" | borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury ; barrow | baurgs "castle, city", OHG burg "fortress, citadel"; OHG Burgunt | fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ ; LL Burgundia "Burgundy"; Fr Bourgogne | bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated"; bráhman "lit. growth, expansion, development outpouring of the heart prayer, sacred word, mantra"; brahmán "worshiper"; barháyati "to invigorate" | Av barəzah‑ "height", Harā Bərəzaitī "a mythical mountain" | OCS brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore" | MIr brí, MW bre, MBre bre, Gaul -briga "elevation, hill"; Gaul Brigantes ; Celt Brigantia, Ir Brigid < PCelt *Brigantī "The High One" | barjr "high" | A pärk- "to elevate"; B pärkare "long" | parkuš "tall" | |||
| weh₁-, *weh₁ros "true" | OE wǣr "true" | *wers as in allawerei "simplicity" Ger wahr Dut waar "true" | vērus "true" | OCS věra "faith, belief" | OIr. fír "true", W gwir "true" | urtë "quiet" <PAlb *wara | |||||||
| medʰyo- "mid, middle" | mid, middle | midjis "middle" | medius "middle" | mésos "middle" | mádʰya- "middle" | Av maiδya- "middle" | OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary" | OPrus meddin "forest", Lith medis, Latv mežs "tree" | OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ "middle" | mes, mjet "in between, middle" | ||
| meǵ- "big" | much | mikils "big" | magnus "big" | mégas "big" | máha-, mahā́nt- "big" | Av mazant- "big" | OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big", MW mael "prince", W maes "field" | mec "big" | madh "big" | A mak, B makā "much" | mekkis "big" | |
| dlongʰos, dl̥h₁gʰós "long"; | long ; | langs "long" | longus "long" | dolikhós "long, protracted"; | dīrghá- "long" | Av darəga "long" | OCS dlĭgŭ "long"; | Lith ilgas "long" | gjatë "long" | talugai- "long" | |||
| gʷerH₂- "heavy" | kaúrus "heavy" | grāvis "heavy" | barús "heavy" | gurú- "heavy" | Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- | OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin "tree" | MIr bair "heavy ", W bryw "strong" | zor "brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts "heavy ", B krā-mär "burden" < gʷroH₂-mVr- | |||
| h₁legʷʰ-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-u- "light " | light | leihts "light" < h₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | levis "light" < h₁legʷʰ-us | elakʷʰús "small" < h₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós "light, quick" < h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" | OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" | lanǰ "breast" | lehtë "light-weight" | B lankutse "light" | |
| h₂élyos, *h₂ényos "other"; h₂énteros "second" | else ; other | aljis, anþar "other" | alius "other" | állos "other" | anyá-, ántara- "other"; aryas, Aryan, "else" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Av airiia, Aryan, "friend", "faithful", airiio "elsehow"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" | Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" | OIr aile, W ail "other"; Gaul allos "other, second" | ayl "other" | lloj "sort, type" | A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" | Lydian aλa- "other" |
| néwo- "new" | new | niujis "new" | novus "new" | néos "new" | náva- "new" | Av nava- "new" | OCS novŭ "new" | OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" | OIr nūë, W newydd "new" | nor "new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune "new" | newa- "new" | |
| h₂yuHn̥- "young" | young | juggs "young" | juvenis "young", iuvencus "young"/"bullock" | yúvan- "young" | Av yvan-, yavan- "youth, young man" | OCS junŭ "young" | Lith jaunas "young" | OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < H₂yuHn̥k̂ós | |||||
| sen- "old" | sineigs "old " | senex "old" | hénos "former, from a former period" | sánas "old" | Av hana- "old" | OCS sedyi "grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" | OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" | hin "old" | ||||
| nogʷ- "naked" | naked | naqaþs "naked" | nudus "naked" | gumnós "naked" | nagnás "naked" | NPers loxt "naked" | OCS nagŭ "naked" | OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" | OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare" | nekumant- "naked, bare" | |||
| *bʰosós "bare, barefoot" | bare | OCS bosŭ "barefooted, unshod" | Lith basas "barefooted" | ||||||||||
| *n̥mr̥tós "immortal" | ámbrotos "immortal, divine" | amṛ́ta- "immortal" | |||||||||||
| *h₂eḱ- "sharp" | edge | aceō "I am sour"; acidus "sour"; acētum "vinegar"; acus "needle, pin"; astus "craft, guile", astūtus "shrewd, astute" | akmé "point, edge"; oxús "sharp, pointed; quick; clever" | aśman "stone, rock; sharp one" | Persian āčār "pickle, marinade" | OCS ostĭnŭ "sharp point" | Lith aštrus "sharp, spicy", ašmuo "blade", akstinas "pointy and sharp item" | W eithin gorse | teh "blade" from eh "sharpen" | ||||
| *bel- "strong" | dēbilis "feeble, weak" | βελτίων "better" | bála- "force, strength, power" | Russ bolʹšój "big, large, great" |
Light and color
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| lewk- "light, brightness" | light | liuhaþ "light" | lūceō "to shine", lūx "light" | leukós "bright, shining, white"; Leuce "white (poplar); name of a nymph"; Leucothea "bright goddess" | rócate " shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place" | Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah NPers rowshan "light"; Kurd roj "sun, light, day", ron "light" | OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā | OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field" | OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer" | loys "light" | AB lyuk/luk- "to shine" | luk- "to shine" | |
| *bʰel- "to shine" | balefire | ON bál "fire" | fulgeō "I flash, glitter"; flagrō "I burn, blaze"; flamma "flame, fire" | phlégō "I scorch, kindle"; Phlegyas "fiery"; Phlegethon "flaming"; phlégma "flame, inflammation"; phalós "white" | bhrája- "fire, shining"; bhāla- "splendor" | OCS bělŭ "white" | Lith baltas, Latv balts "fair, white" | balë "white spot" | |||||
| h₂erǵ- "shining, bright" h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal " | argentum "silver "; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin" | Myc a-ku-ro, árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright"; Argiope "silver face" | Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"; árjuna- "white, clear, silvery" | Av ərəzatəm "silver" | Ru yarkiy "the bright one"; yarkostj "brightness" | Celtib arkato "silver "; Ir Airget "silver "; OIr argat, OW argant "silver" | arcat' "silver" | A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white" | ḫarkiš "white, bright" | ||||
ḱweyt- "to shine, white" | white | "white" | śvetá- "white; bright"; śvindate "to shine"; áśvitan "to become bright" | Av spaēta "white; bright"; NPers sefid "white" | OCS světŭ "light, world"; světiti "to shine, illuminate"; svĭtěti "to get bright"; svěšta "candle"; cvětŭ "bright color; bloom, flower" | Lith šviesà "light"; šviẽsti "to shine" | |||||||
kr̥snós "black; dark, dusky" | kṛṣṇa- "black, dark, dark-blue" > Kṛṣṇa- | NPers kersne "dirt, dirty" | OCS črŭnŭ "black" ⇒ | Lith kir̃snas "black "; OPrus kirsnan "black" | sorrë "crow" <PAlb *tšārnā | ||||||||
| h₁rewdʰ-, h₁rowdʰ-os, h₁rudʰ-rós "red" | red | rauþs "red" < h₁rowdʰ-os | ruber "red" < h₁rudʰ-rós; Umb rufru "red" | Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro; erutʰrós "red" < h₁rudʰ-rós; Erytheia "name of a nymph" ; | rudʰirá- "red" < H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < H₁roudʰ-os | Av raoiδita- "red" | OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red"; Pol rudy "red-haired" | Lith raũdonas "red", raũdas "reddish-brown", rudas "brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust"; Gaul Roud- | pruth "redhead" | A rtär, B ratre "red" < h₁rudʰ-rós | ||
| gʰel-, ǵʰelh₃- "green, yellow" | gold; yellow ; yolk | gulþ "gold" | helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow " | kʰlōrós "pale green"; Chloe "blooming; epithet of Demeter" | híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow" | Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"; Zarinaia < Saka *Zarinayā "the golden one " | OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold"; Pol złoty "gold"; żółty "yellow" | Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltonas "yellow", geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green" | MWel gell "yellow" | ? diell "sun" <PAlb *delwa | |||
ḱey- "grey, dark shade" | hue | hiwi "form, show, appearance" | śyāvá- "dark; deep brown"; śyāmá- "dark, black, blue, brown, grey" ⇒ | Av siiāuua "dark" | Pol siwy "grey" | Lith šývas "light grey" | |||||||
bʰer-, bʰerH- "brown" | bear ; brown | ON bjǫrn "bear "; | phrū́nē "toad" | babhrú "deep brown, reddish brown; tawny" | Lith bė́ras "reddish brown" |
Positive qualities
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| h₁wésus "good, excellent" | iusiza "better"; | vásu "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property" | Av vohū "good" | OCS veselŭ "merry, joyful, happy" | Gaul Vesu- | Luw wāsu- "good"; Pal wašu "well" | |||||||
| h₁su- "good" | eu- "good, well", e.g., eúphoros "well-bearing" ; eukháristos "good grace"; euángelos "bringing good news" | su- "good", e.g., suprabhātam "good morning" ; supraśna- "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question" | Av hu "good" | OCS sŭ- "good", e.g., sŭ-čęstĭnŭ "happy, lit. good part"; sŭdravĭje "health", Russ zdoróv'je; sŭrěsti "to meet, encounter" | W hy- "good, well" | ||||||||
| h₁sónts "being, existing, real, true" | sooth ; soothe ; soothsayer ; sin ; OE sōþlīċe "truly, really", later "amen" | sunjis "true, truthful, correct" | sōns "guilty, criminal" ; insōns "innocent"; sonticus "dangerous, serious, critical" | sát "being, essence, reality" ; sattvá- "essence, existence, spirit; creature"; satyá- "true, real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid"; satī́ "good, virtuous, faithful wife" | senë/send"thing" gjë "thing" < all from PAlb *sana | ||||||||
sweh₂d-, swéh₂dus "sweet" | sweet | suāvis "sweet, pleasant, delicious" | hēdús "sweet" | svādú "delicious, tasty, sweet" |
Construction, fabrication
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| *h₂éyos "copper, bronze" | ore | aiz "copper" | aes "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee" | áyas "metal, iron" | |||||||||
| dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate" | door | daúr, daúrō "door" | forēs "door" | tʰurā "door" | dvā́r, dvā́ras "door" | Av dvarǝm "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door" | OCS dvĭri "door" | OPrus dwarris "gate, goal", dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "manor";Latg durovys "door" | OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < dʰureH₂ | duṙn "door" | derë "door" | B twere "doors" | an-durza "within" |
| h₂nh₂t- "doorpost" | antae "anteroom" | ā́tā "doorpost" | |||||||||||
| dem- "to build, put together" | timber ; teem ; toft | timrjan "build, construct, strengthen" | démō "to build, construct, make" | ||||||||||
| domo-, *domu- "house", "home" | domus "house" | dómos "house" | dámas "house" | Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ "house" | OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway", namas "house" | MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun "house" | dhomë "room" | ?A tem-, B tam- "be born" | |||
| gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os- "enclosure, fence" | yard ; garden | gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space" | hortus "garden" | kʰórtos "feeding place for animals" | gṛhá "house" | Av gərəδa "daeva cave" | OCS gradŭ "fortification; city" | Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen" | OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure" | OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" | gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade" | ||
| kʷekʷlo- "wheel" | wheel | ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hwehulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos "circle", "wheels" | cakrá- "wheel" | Av čaxra- "wheel" | OCS kolo "wheel" | OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" | A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" | kugullas "donut" | ||||
| Hreth₂- "wheel", "wagon" | OHG Rad "wheel" | rota "wheel", "wagon" | rátha "chariot, car" | Av raθa "wagon", "chariot" | Lith rãtai "wagon", rãtas "wheel" | OIr roth "wheel", "circle", W rhod wheel | rreth "ring, hoop, tyre " | ||||||
| néh₂us "vessel, boat" | OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor" | ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship" | nāvis "ship" | naûs "ship"; Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders" | naú, nāva "ship" | Pers nâv "boat, ship" | OIr nó, nau "boat" | OArm naw "ship, boat" | |||||
| h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ "wool" | wool | wulla "wool" | lāna "wool" | lênos "wool, fleece ", Dor lânos | ū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread" | Av varənā "wool" | OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool" | Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt " | OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool" | OArm gełmn "fleece, wool" | ḫulanaš "wool" | ||
| suH- "to sew" | sew | siujan "to sew" | suō "to sew"; sūtūra "thread, suture" | humḗn "sinew" | sī́vyati " sews", syūtá- "sewn"; sū́tra- "thread, string" | OCS šijǫ "to sew" | OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" | sumanza, šuel, šuil "thread" | |||||
| teks- "to fashion, construct" | OE þeox "spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" | texō "to weave" | téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi " fashions" | Av tašaiti " cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ "to hew", | OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" | OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- | teshë "cloth, robe" | takkeszi "puts together" | ||
| webʰ- "to weave" | weave, web | OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefa | hupʰaínō "I weave" | ubhnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" | Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad " weaves" | viti "weave" | Lith vyti "to twist" | W gweu "knit, weave" | venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō | A wpantär, B wāp- "to weave" | wēpta- "wove" | ||
| werǵ- "to work" | work | waúrkjan "to work" | urgeō "to push, drive" | érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂ | varcas "activity" | Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti " works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti "to act, to do" | OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "misery", vargti "to suffer" | MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc "work " | rregj "to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" | |
| wes- "to clothe, wear clothes" | wear | wasjan "to clothe" | vestis "clothing" | héstai "gets dressed" | váste " gets dressed"; vástra- "clothing" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti " gets dressed" | OPrus westi "corset" | W gwisg "clothing" | z-genum "I put on " < *wes-nu- | vesh "dress" veshje "clothing" | B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" | wassezzi " clothes" |
Self-motion, rest
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| h₁es- "to be", h₁es-ti "is", h₁és-mi "am" Cf. Indo-European copula | is, am | ist "is" | sum "I am "; est "it is" | estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí " are" <- h₁s-enti | ásti "is"; ásmi "am" | Av asti "is"; Persian ast "is" | OCS jestŭ "is" | OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" | OIr is "is"; OW hint " are" <- h₁s-enti; W sydd " is" | em "I am" | është "is" | B ste "is" | ēszi "is" |
| bʰuh₂- "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula | be ; OE būan "to dwell" | bauan "to dwell" | fuī "I was" | pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became" | bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy " becomes" | OCS byti "to become, be" | OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" | Gaul biiete "be! "; OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" | busanim "sprout up" | buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| sed-, *si-sd- "to sit" | sit | sitan "to sit" | sedeō "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < si-sd-oH₂ | hézdomai "I sit" < sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < si-sd-oH₂ | sátsi " sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati " sits" < si-sd-eti; Upaniṣad lit. "sit-down-beside" < upa: 'by, beside', ni: 'down', sad: 'sit' | Av ni-šaŋhasti " sits down", opt. hazdyā-t " should sit", hiδaiti " sits" < si-sd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" | OCS sěždǫ "to sit" | OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėsti "to sit" | OIr sadid "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop"; W eistedd "to sit" | nstim "I sit", hecanim "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis "to walk" | ||
| legʰ- "to lie down" | lie | ligan "to lie down" | lectus "bed" | lékʰomai "I lie down" | laṅghate " leans, lies down" | NPers ley "lie down" | OCS ležǫ "to lie down" | OPrus laztwei "to lie down" | OIr laigid "lies down" | lagje "city quarter" | A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe " lying down" | lagari " lies down" | |
| ḱey- "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar" | home ; hewe "domestic, servant" | háims "village, town" < k̂oi-mis; heiwafrauja "marriage" | cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < k̂ei-wis ⇒ ; cūnae "cradle; nest"; Cūnīna cieō; "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒ | keîmai "I lie "; kíō "I go" ; kīnéō "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect ; meddle; stir on" ; koítē "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging"; koitā́zō "I put to bed, cause to rest" | śētē " lies", śērē "they lie"; śayú "orphan"; śéva- "dear, precious"; śivá- "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" | Av saēte " lies", sōire "they lie" | OCS sěmija "family"; sěmĭ "household member" | OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village" ; Latv sieva "wife" | OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear" | sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro- | komb "nation, people" | kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" | |
| tḱey- "to settle, live; cultivate" | sinō "I let, permit, allow; set down"; situs "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒ ; dēsinō "I leave off, cease, desist" ; pōnō < po + sinō "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒ | ktízō "I found, build, establish; populate; produce"; eüktímenos "well-built, nice place"; ktísis "a founding, settling; creature"; ktílos "tame, docile, obidient"; ktísma "colony, foundation" | kṣéti " abides, stays, dwells; remains"; kṣití "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth" | ||||||||||
| steh₂- "to stand " | stand | standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" | stō "to stand", sistō "to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi "I stand" | sthā- / tíṣṭhati " stands" | Av hištaiti " stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata " stood" | OCS stajǫ "to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stoti "to stand, to stop" | OIr tair-issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand" | stanam "I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet "I support" | B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" " are" | istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| h₁ey- "to go" | yede | iddja "went" | eō "to go" | eĩmi "I go" | éti " goes", yánti " go" | Av aēiti " goes", yeinti " go"; OPers aitiy "goes" | OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming" | OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to go by walking" | W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < it-āt- | iǰanem "I climb down" < i-gh- | iki "to leave; flee" H₁i-K- | A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < yā- | īt "go!" |
| gʷem- "to come" | come | qiman "to come"; OSax cuman "to come " | veniō "to come" | baínō "I go" | gámati " goes", aor. ágan, gan " went" | Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n " goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" | OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born", Latv dzimt "to bear " | ekn " came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" | Luw zammantis "newborn child" | |||
| Hyewdʰ- "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise " | iubeō "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order"; iussus "order, command, decree, ordinance" | euthús "straight, direct"; eîthar "at once, immediately, forthwith"; husmī́nē "battle, conflict, combat" | yúdhyate "to fight, battle; wage war"; yodháyati "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight"; yuddhá- "battle, fight, war"; yoddhṛ "fighter, warrior, soldier"; yudhmá- "hero, warrior" | OCS oiminŭ "warrior"; Pol judzić "to incite, instigate" | Lith judėti "to move" | ||||||||
| peth₂- "to spread out; fly " | fathom | petō "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at"; pateō "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" ; pandō "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" ; passus < *pat-s-tus "spread out; step, pace" ; impetus "attack, assault; rapid motion"; petulāns "impudent, wanton; petulant" > petulant; patera "broad flat dish, saucer"; propitius "favorable, well-disposed" | pétomai "I fly; rush, dart; make haste"; pī́ptō "I fall, throw self down"; petánnūmi "I spread out, open"; ptôma "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" ; ptôsis "falling; case, inflection"; ptōtikós "capable of inflexion"; pétalon "leaf " > petal | pátati " flies; descends, falls"; pātáyati " causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills" | |||||||||
| ped- "to walk, step; stumble, fall" | fetter ; OE fæt "step; stride; pace, gait | impediō "I hinder, impede, obstruct" ; expediō "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" ; pecco < *ped-co "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒ ; pedica "fetter, shackle; snare"; pessum < *ped·tum "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin"; pessimus "worst, lowest" ; peior "worse" ; oppidum "town" | pédon "ground, earth"; pedíon "open country, plain, field; female genitals"; pēdón "oar blade, oar"; pēdálion "steering paddle"; pezós < *peďďós "on foot, walking; on land, infantry"; pódion "base" ⇒ | pádyate " moves, goes; falls"; pādáyati " causes to fall, drops"; pada- "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth" | padati, pasti "to fall"; pěšĭ "on foot, pedestrian"; padežĭ "fall; downfall, disaster"; pod "ground, floor" | Lith pėda "foot" | |||||||
| sekʷ- "to follow" | OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" | ON seggr "hero" | sequor "to follow" ⇒ | hépomai "I follow" | sácate " follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti " follows" | šagati "to walk, stride, step"; Russ šag "step" | OPrus sektwei "to shallow ", Lith sekti "to follow" | OIr sechithir "follows" | shoh " I see" | |||
| steygʰ- "to go, climb, march" | stair ; sty ; stile | steigan "climb" Ger steigen "to ascend, climb, rise" | vestīgō "I follow a track, search" ; vestīgium "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" | stíkhos "a row ; a line of poetry" > Russ stix "verse, a line of poetry; poem "; stoîkhos "row, course, file"; stoikheîon "one of a row, one of a series; element" > stoichio- ; stókhos "pillar of brick; target" | stighnóti " steps, steps up, mounts" | OCS stignǫti "to attain; reach"; stĭza "path" | ? Shteg "path" | ||||||
| wert- "to turn, rotate" | -ward ; worth ; weird ; OE weorþung'' "an evaluation, appreciation" | wairþan "become, happen" Ger werden "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen"; Wurst "sausage, wurst" | vertō "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒ ; vertex, vortex "whirlpool"; vertīgō "giddiness"; prōsus, prorsus < proversus "forwards, towards" > prose; re- < PIE *wret-, metathesis of *wert- "re-" | vartate " turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs"; vartana- "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse"; vartayáti " turns" ; vártman "track; way, course, path" | OCS vrĭtěti "to turn"; vrotiti "to return"; vrěteno "spindle"; vrota "gate, door"; vratŭ "turn, rotor, wheel"; vrěmę < *vertmen "hour; time" | Lith versti "to turn", vartai "gate" | rris "to grow, to increase" | ||||||
| *bʰegʷ- "to run, flee" | phobéō "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; phóbos "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat" | bhājáyati " causes to flee" | Kurd bazdan "to run, to escape" | OCS běgati, běžati "to flee, run, escape"; | Lith bėgti "to run" | ||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to flee" | fugiō "I flee"; fuga "flight, escape" | pheúgō "I flee"; phugḗ "flight, escape" | Lith baugus "scary", baugštus "scared easily" |
Object motion
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| bʰer- "to carry" | bear ; burden, burthen | baíran "to carry" | ferō "to carry"; lucifer "light-bearing, light-bringing" | pʰerō "I carry"; khristóphoros "Christ-bearing" | bʰarati " carries" | Av baraiti " carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry"; NPers bordan "to carry"; Kurd birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ "to carry" | Lith berti "to pour non liquid" | OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow" | berem "I carry" | bie "I carry"; barrë "load, burden" | ||
| weǵʰ- "to convey" | weigh ; way ; wain "wagon" | ga-wigan "to move, shake" | vehō "to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" | váhati " drives"; vahana- "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" | Av vazaiti " leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ "to drive" | OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain < *weǵʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead" | vjedh "I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" | ||
| yew-, *yewg- "to join, yoke, tie together" | juk "yoke" ON eykr draft animal; ON eyki vehicle, cart | iungō "I yoke, join" ⇒ ; iūxtā "nearly; near, close to"; coniunx, coniux "spouse, partner " | zeúgnūmi "I yoke, saddle; join, link together"; zeûgma "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats"; zeûgos "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair" | yunákti " yokes, harnesses, joins"; yóga- "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga"; yóktra- "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter"; yugmá- "pair, couple; Gemini ; junction, confluence"; yújya- "union, alliance"; yugya- "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal"; yuj "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the Aśvins" | Lith jungiu "I join" | ||||||||
| h₂eǵ- "to lead, drive" | ON aka "to drive" | agō "to drive, do" | ágō "I lead" | ájati " drives" | Av azaiti " drives"; Kurd ajotin "to drive" | ehati "to drive" | OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" | acem "I lead" | A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" | ||||
| *h₂eḱs- "axis, axle" < *h₂eǵ- | OE eax | axis "axle" | ákṣa- "axle" | Russian osь "axis, axle" | Lith ašis "axle, axis" | W echel "axle, axis" | ashkë "wood splinter <PAlb aškā "axis" | ||||||
| dʰeh₁-, dʰh₁- "to place, put" | do | deds "deed" | faciō "to do" < dʰh₁-k-yoh₂; con-ditus "built", ab-ditus "removed" < Proto-Italic *-θatos < dʰh₁-tos | títʰēmi "I put" < dʰí-dʰeh₁-mi | dádʰāti " puts" < dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti | Av daδāiti " puts"; OPers impf. adadā " established" | OCS děti "to lay" | OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" | Gaulish dede "he put "; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < -dʰeh₁-t | dnel "to put"; ed "he put " | dhatë "place, location" < dʰh₁-teh₂ | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < dʰeh₁-s- | dāi "puts" |
| stel- "to put, place, locate; be set, firm" | stall ; stell "to place, set up" | Ger stellen "to put, place, position" | locus < *stlocus "place, spot, location" ⇒ ; stultus, stolidus "foolish, stupid"; stolō "shoot, branch" > stolon ; stolus < AG stólos "navigation; fleet equipment" | stéllō "I send; make ready, prepare; summon"; stólos "expedition; army, fleet"; apóstolos "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > apostle; epistolḗ < epistéllō "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒ ; stḗlē "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > stele, stela | sthala- "place, ground, location" | OCS stĭlati "to spread" | shtjell "loosen, I wind up" | ||||||
| deH₃-, dʰH̥₃- "to give" | dō "to give"; dator "giver, donor"; dōnum "gift" | dídōmi "I give" | dádāti " gives"; dātṛ "giver, donor"; dānam "gift, giving" | Av dadāiti " gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give"; NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ "I will give" | OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" | OIr dān, W dawn "gift" | tam "I give" | dhashë "I gave" < dH̥₃-sm̥ | dāi "takes" | |||
| kap- "to grab" | have, heave ; haven "hæfen" | haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" | capiō "to take" | káptō "I snatch, swallow"; kaûkos "cup" > Lat caucus | kapaṭī "two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian khapaty "to grab" | OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" | |||
| gʰabʰ- "to seize, take" | give | giban "to give" | habeō "to have" | gábʰastis "forearm, hand" | OPers grab "to seize"; Kurd girtin "to take, to seize" | Russ. xvatát "to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gebėti "to be able to" | OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| gʷʰen- "to strike, kill" | bane | banja "blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō "to ward off, defend", of-fendō "to bump, offend" | tʰeínō "I kill" < gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + gʷʰn-om | hánti " strikes, kills" < gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"; vṛtra·han "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra" | Av ǰainti " strikes, kills", ni-γne "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" | OCS ženǫ "drive ", žĭnjǫ "reap" | OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab" | ǰnem "I strike" < gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < gʷʰen-yoH₂ | gjanj "I hunt" < gʷʰen-yoH₂ | B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < gʷʰn̥-sk- | kuēnzi "kills" < gʷʰen-ti |
| *bʰeyd- "to split, cleave" | bit ;bite ; bait | beitan "bite" | findō "I split"; fissus < fid·tus "split"; fissiō "splitting, fission" | bhid-, bhinátti " splits, breaks"; bhedati " splits"; bhinná < bhid·ná "split, cloven" | |||||||||
| der- "to tear, crack; split, separate" | tear ; turd | *taurþs "destruction, a teardown" | dérō "to skin, flay"; dérma "skin, hide" | dṛṇā́ti " tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts" | OCS dĭrati "to tear, flay" | Lith dirti "to skin" | djerr "I destroy | ||||||
| bʰreg- "to break" | break ; breech, breeches | brikan "break, wreck, compete" | frango "I break, shatter"; frāctus "broken"; fragilis "breakable" | ||||||||||
| sek- "to cut off, sever" | saw ; sax "slate hammer" ; seax ; zax ; Saxon | secō, sectum "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒ ; segmen, segmentum "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment"; signum "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc"; sexus "division; sex; gender"; saxum "stone, rock" | OCS sěšti "to cut, to mow" Pol siekać "to cut" | shat/shatë "mattock, hoe" <PIE *sēk-teh₂- | |||||||||
| ker- "to cut" | shear ; share ; shard, sherd ; shred ; scrap ; scrape ; short ; screen < PGmc *skirmiz "fur, hide" Yid shirem "umbrella"; Italian schermo "screen"; Russ šírma "screen, shield"; shirt ; skirt ; scar ; score | curtus "short; broken"; corium "skin, hide, leather"; carō, carnis "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒ ; cēna "dinner, supper "; cortex "bark of a tree, cork" cork; scortum "a skin, hide; harlot"; scrotum; scrautum "a quiver made of hide"; scrūta "rubbish, broken trash" > Lat scrūtor "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒ ; scrūpus "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness"; scrūpulus "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒ | keírō "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen"; kormós "trunk of a tree; log of timber"; kérma "fragment; coin; cash" | kartati, kṛṇátti, kṛntáte " cuts"; cárman "skin; hide, pelt"; kṛtí "knife, dagger" | OCS skora "bast, skin"; kora "bark"; OCS xrabrŭ "brave" | Lith skersti "to slaughter, to cut ", kirsti "to chop", kirpti "to cut", skirti "to separate", skirtingas "different", kirvis "axe" | W ysgaru "to separate, to divorce" | shqerr "to tear, scratch" <PAlb *skera | |||||
| skey- skeyd- "to split, dissect, divide" | shed ; sheath, sheathe ; shide "a piece of wood, firewood" ; shite, shit | sciō "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > science; scindō, scissus "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy" | skhízō "I split, cleave" > schizophrenia; skhísma "split, divided; division" > schism; skhísis "cleaving, parting, division; vulva" | chítti "split, division"; √chid-, chinatti " splits, cuts off, divides" | OCS cěditi "to strain, filter"; čistiti "to clean, purify"; štedrŭ "generous"; štitŭ "shield" | Lith skiesti "to dilute", skaidyti "to divide into pieces" | shqisë "sense" | ||||||
| h₃er- "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight" | orior "I rise, get up"; oriēns "rising" > orient; origo "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > origin | órnūmi "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up"; oûros "fair wind"; éris "strife, quarrel; rivalry" | ṛṇoti "to attack, rise"; ṛtí "quarrel, strife; attack" | OCS ratĭ "war, battle" | |||||||||
| h₃reyH- "to move, set in motion; flow, stream ; pour, rain; churn" | ride ; raid ; run ; -rith "small stream " | rīvus "stream" > rival, derive; irrīto "to irritate" | riṇā́ti "to make flow, release"; rītí "motion, course; current; custom, rite"; rétas "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm" | OCS rinǫti "to push, shove" | Gau rēda "chariot"; Gau rēnos "river, waterway" > Lat Rhēnus > Rhine | re "clouds" <PAlb *rina | |||||||
| selǵ- "to let go, send, release" | sulk | sṛjáti " lets go, discharges, emits"; sarjáyati "causes to let loose, creates"; sṛṣṭá- "let go, discharged, abandoned"; sṛ́ṣṭi "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world"; sárga- "pouring, rush"; sṛká- "arrow, spear" | |||||||||||
| kʷel-, kʷelh₁- "to turn" | halse "neck, throat" | hals "neck" | colō "I till, cultivate ; inhabit"; cultus "tilled, cultivated" ⇒ ; colōnus "farmer; colonist, inhabitant"; -cola "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper"; colōnia "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒ ; collum "neck, throat " ⇒ ; inquilīnus "sojourner, tenant, lodger" | pélō "in motion, go; become"; pólos "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > pole; pálin "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒ ; télos "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > teleology, etc.; Aristotélēs "excellent perfection"; teléō "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish"; têle "far off, far away" ⇒ ; pálai "long ago"; palaiós "old, aged; ancient" > paleolithic, etc. | cárati "it moves, walks, stirs; travels"; caraṇa-, calana- "motion; action; behavior, conduct" | OCS kologŭ "Yule "; kolovrotŭ "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle"; Bul kolovóz "rut, wheel track"; koláč "a type of bread" | sjell "to turn, to bring" <PAlb *tšela | ||||||
| welH-, *wel- "to turn, to wind, roll" | wallow ; well ; well ; wall ; walk ; wale | walwjan "to roll"; Ger Walz "the waltz"; Welle "wave" | volvō "I roll, tumble" ⇒ volūmen "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > volume; vallis "valley; hollow" ⇒ ; vallum "wall, rampart"; intervallum "space between walls" > interval; volūcra "a worm, caterpillar"; valgus "knock-kneed, unstraight"; valva "folding door" > valve; vulva "womb" | eilúō "I wrap, enfold; crawl"; hélix "anything twisted" ⇒ ; hólmos "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial" | valati, valate " turns, turns to; moves to; covers"; úlba- "cover, envelope; womb, vulva"; valayá- "coil"; ūrmí "wave" | OCS vlĭna "wave"; vlŭnenije "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation"; Russ valítʹ "to knock down, kill; cut, fell"; val "roller, billow; rampart; shaft" | Lith vilnìs "wave" | OldArm geł "snake, dragon" | |||||
| weyp- or *weyb- "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind" | wipe ; whip ; weave ; OE wifer "arrow, missile; sword"; swivel ; waive < waif ; gimp ; gimlet > | biwaibjan "to wind around, wrap"; faurwaipjan "to bind, muzzle" | vibrō "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > veer, vibrate, etc. | vip-, vépate "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers"; viprá- "excited, stirred; inspired" | Lith viẽpti "to make a face, gape"; vaipýtis "to grimace, bend"; výburti "to swing, turn around" | ||||||||
| leykʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind" | OE lēon "to lend" | ' "to lend" | linquō "to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" | riṇákti " leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti " frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < leikʷ-s-, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind" | Lith likti "to stay" | OIr lēicid " leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem "I leave behind" | Alb Lej leave | ||
| Hrewk- "to dig, till "; HrewH- "to dig, to root" | rock ; rag | runcō "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out"; ruō "I dig out"; rutrum "shovel" | luñcati " plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels" | OCS ryti "to dig"; OCS rylo "spade, snouts" | |||||||||
| Hrewp- "to break, tear up" | reave, reeve, reve, bereave | rumpō "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > rout, ruption, abrupt, etc. | rópa- "disturbing, confusing; fissure"; lopa- "breaking, injury, destruction" | ||||||||||
| *h₁reh₁- "to row" | rudder | rēmus "oar" | erétēs " oars" | áritra- "propelling, driving" | W rhwyf "spade, shovel" |
Time
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
nu- "now" | now, Scot noo | nu "now" | num, nunc "now"; nūper "lately, recently" | nûn, nun, nu "now" | nú "now, so now, now then; at once"; nū́ "now"; nūtane "current, present" | Avestan nū "now" | OCS nyně "now"; nŭ "but" | Lith nū, nù "now"; nū̃n "now, today"; nūnaĩ "now, today, nowadays" | nu "when"; ni "now"; | nu "now, and" | |||
| dʰǵʰyés "yesterday" | yesterday | gistra- "tomorrow " | heri "yesterday" | kʰtʰés "yesterday" | hyás "yesterday" < *ǵʰyés | Av zyō, OPers diya "yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday" | dje "yesterday" | |||||
| nokʷts "night" | night | nahts "night" < nokʷts | nox "night" | núks "night" | nák "night" | Av naxtu "night", Kurd nixte "rainy, cloudy " | OCS noštĭ "night" | OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" | OIr i-nnocht, W heno "tonight" | natë "night" | A nktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" | nekuz "of evening", nekuzzi "it becomes dark" | |
| kʷséps "night" | kṣap "night, darkness" | Av xṣ̌ap "night" | |||||||||||
| weksperos "evening" | west | vesper "evening" | hésperos "of the evening; western" | OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star" | Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star" | OIr ucher "evening" | OArm gišer "night; darkness" | ||||||
| h₂éwsōs "dawn", h₂ews-tero- "east", h₂ewso- "gold" | eastern | ON austr "east" | aurōra "dawn", aurum "gold" | Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn" | uṣās , acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" | Av ušā̊ , acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" | OCS utro "morning" | OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn" | OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki "gold" | ?A wäs "gold" | ||
| ken- "to arise, begin" | begin | duginnan "to begin" | recēns "new, fresh, young" > recent | kainós "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > Cenozoic | kanyā̀, kaníyā "maiden, virgin; daughter"; kanī́na- "young, youthful" | OCS načęti "to begin"; konŭ "beginning, end"; konĭcĭ "end"; zakonŭ "law"; štenę "young animal" | |||||||
| ǵʰyem-, ǵʰeym- "winter" | ON gói "winter month" | hiems "winter" | kʰeĩma "winter" | híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter" | Av zyā̊ "winter" | OCS zima "winter" | OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" | Gaul Giamonios "winter month"; OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" | jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër "winter" | ? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter". | gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter" | |
| semh₂- "summer" | summer | OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer" | sámā "season; year" | Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season" | Gaul Samon "summer month"; OIr sam "summer"; OW ham, OBret ham "summer" | OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer" | A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer", ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer" | ||||||
| wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring" | ON vár "spring" | vēr "spring" | éar "spring" | vasan-tá- "spring" | Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers θūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna "spring" | OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" | OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun "spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| wet- "year", per-ut- "last year" | wether "castrated male sheep", | OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- per-ut- | vetus "old" | étos "year", pérusi "last year" | vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ "old" | OLith vẽtušas "old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- | heru "last year" < *peruti | vit "year" | witt- "year" | |
| *h₂et- "to go, year" | aþnam "years" | annus < atnus "year" | átati " goes, walks, wanders"; hā́yana- "yearly" | ||||||||||
| yeh₁r- "year" | year | jēr "year" | hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra "time, year" < yoH₁r- | Av yārə "year" | Russ. CH jara "spring" | OLith Jórė "spring festival" | ||||||
| *h₂óyu "long time, lifetime" | OE ā "always" | aiws "eternity" | aevum 'aeternum, aeternitas "lifetime" | āyus "life, age" | Gaul aiu-' "eternity, longevity" |
Ideas and rituals
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
| *ǵʰew- "to pour, libate, invoke" | god | giutan "pour" ?guta "Goth" | fundō "I pour" | hotrá "libation"; hotṛ "priest, offerer of libations"; juhóti "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; hóma "oblation, a Vedic ritual" | gumoj "I pour" | ||||||||
| *h₁yaǵ- "to sacrifice, worship" | ieientō "to eat breakfast" | hágios "devoted to the gods, holy, pious" | yájati " worships"; yajña "worship, devotion, prayer"; yájus "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice"; | ||||||||||
| *ḱréddʰh₁eti "to believe" < *ḱred- "heart" + *dʰh₁eti "place" | crēdō "I believe, I trust in, I confide in" | śraddhā́ "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", śrad-dadʰāti " trusts, believes" | Av zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā | Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" | |||||||||
| gʷerH- "to praise, express approval; to elevate" | grātus "pleasing"; grātia "grace, thankfulness"; grātuītus "freely given, free" | járate " praises, invokes"; gṛṇā́ti " calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols"; gūrtá- "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome"; gūrtí "approval, praise; benediction" | OCS žrĭti "to sacrifice"; žrĭtva "sacrifice, offering"; žrĭcĭ "priest" | Lith girti "to praise", geras "good" | OIr bard, W bardd "bard" | grah " to incite, to roar" | |||||||
| h₁wegʷʰ- "to promise, vow; praise" | voveō, vōtum "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for" | eúkhomai "I pray, vow, wish for; profess"; eûkhos "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow" | óhate " says"; ukthá "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy" | Av uxδa "word" | |||||||||
| *ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos "holy" | hunsl "sacrifice" | Av spəṇta "holy" | OCS svętŭ "holy" | Lith šveñtas "holy", šventė "holiday, celebration", švęsti "to celebrate" | |||||||||
| seh₂k- "holy" | sanciō "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate"; sānctus "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly"; sacer "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted" |