Enoplognatha

Enoplognatha is a genus of comb-footed spiders first described by P. Pavesi in 1880. They were characterized by both a large colulus and a subspherical abdomen, with males usually have enlarged chelicerae. It is considered a senior synonym of Symopagia.

Life style

These spiders have a diverse lifestyle and make cob-webs under stones or ground debris while some specimens are sampled from vegetation where they build webs on, between and around leaves. The white egg sacs are deposited in the web.
In South Africa, Theridion purcelli and Enoplognatha molesta were the most abundant theridiids found in citrus orchards in South Africa. In cotton fields, E. molesta was the most common species, followed by T. purcelli. In the laboratory, both species fed on red spider mites, the first three larval stages and adult stages of Helicoverpa armigera, leafhoppers and aphids.

Description

Among the theridiids, they are medium to large sized. E. maricopa, a red-brown spider with a mottled purplish abdomen, has males that can reach a length of, while females typically reach. E. peruviana females can grow to long, and female E. zapfeae can reach up to.

Species

, this genus includes 75 species with a cosmopolitan distribution, including Greenland and Western Australia:Enoplognatha abrupta – Russia, China, Korea, JapanEnoplognatha afrodite Hippa & Oksala, 1983 – Southern EuropeEnoplognatha almeriensis Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Portugal, SpainEnoplognatha apaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha bidens Simon, 1908 – Australia Enoplognatha biskrensis Denis, 1945 – Morocco, Algeria, TunisiaEnoplognatha bobaiensis Zhu, 1998 – ChinaEnoplognatha bryjai Řezáč, 2016 – Czech Republic, Bulgaria, UkraineEnoplognatha cariasoi Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha caricis – Europe, Turkey, Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Alaska, Canada, United StatesEnoplognatha carinata Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, AlgeriaEnoplognatha daweiensis Yin & Yan, 2012 – ChinaEnoplognatha deserta Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Morocco to Israel, Turkey, Russia Enoplognatha diodonta Zhu & Zhang, 1992 – Pakistan, India, China, KoreaEnoplognatha diversa – Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Madeira, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, France, Malta, GreeceEnoplognatha franzi Wunderlich, 1995 – Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, IraqEnoplognatha fuyangensis Barrion & He, 2017 – ChinaEnoplognatha gemina Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Mediterranean, Azerbaijan, IraqEnoplognatha gershomi Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Israel, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanEnoplognatha giladensis – Greece, Turkey, Israel, AzerbaijanEnoplognatha goulouensis Yin & Yan, 2012 – ChinaEnoplognatha gramineusa Zhu, 1998 – China, KoreaEnoplognatha hermani Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – AlgeriaEnoplognatha inornata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South AfricaEnoplognatha intrepida – Alaska, Canada, United States, GreenlandEnoplognatha iraqi Najim, Al-Hadlak & Seyyar, 2015 – Iraq, IranEnoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – Canada, United StatesEnoplognatha juninensis – PeruEnoplognatha kalaykayina Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia,, Iran. Introduced to CanadaEnoplognatha lordosa Zhu & Song, 1992 – China, JapanEnoplognatha macrochelis Levy & Amitai, 1981 – North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Azerbaijan, IranEnoplognatha malapahabanda Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha mandibularis – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, Russia,, China. Introduced to St. Helena Enoplognatha mangshan Yin, 2012 – ChinaEnoplognatha margarita Yaginuma, 1964 – Russia, Mongolia, China, Korea, JapanEnoplognatha mariae Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Greece, Russia Enoplognatha maricopa Levi, 1962 – United StatesEnoplognatha marmorata – North AmericaEnoplognatha maysanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha mediterranea Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, KazakhstanEnoplognatha melanicruciata Saito, 1939 – JapanEnoplognatha minuscula Wunderlich, 2023 – PortugalEnoplognatha molesta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South AfricaEnoplognatha monstrabilis Marusik & Logunov, 2002 – Russia Enoplognatha mordax – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia,, Iran, ChinaEnoplognatha nigromarginata – Spain to Greece, Morocco, AlgeriaEnoplognatha oelandica – Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, ChinaEnoplognatha oreophila – Sri LankaEnoplognatha orientalis Schenkel, 1963 – ChinaEnoplognatha ovata – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Korea, Japan. Introduced to North AmericaEnoplognatha parathoracica Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Caucasus, IsraelEnoplognatha penelope Hippa & Oksala, 1982 – Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, CyprusEnoplognatha peruviana Chamberlin, 1916 – PeruEnoplognatha philippinensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha procerula Simon, 1909 – South AfricaEnoplognatha pulatuberculata Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha puno Levi, 1962 – PeruEnoplognatha qiuae Zhu, 1998 – ChinaEnoplognatha quadripunctata Simon, 1885 – Mediterranean, Caucasus, Iran, KazakhstanEnoplognatha robusta Thorell, 1898 – MyanmarEnoplognatha sattleri Bösenberg, 1895 – Madeira, Salvages, Canary IslandsEnoplognatha selma Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 – United StatesEnoplognatha serratosignata – Europe, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, ChinaEnoplognatha submargarita Yaginuma & Zhu, 1992 – Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Mongolia, ChinaEnoplognatha tadzhica Sytshevskaja, 1975 – TajikistanEnoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884 – Southern, Central Europe to Central AsiaEnoplognatha thoracica – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan. Introduced to North AmericaEnoplognatha turkestanica Charitonov, 1946 – Iran, Central AsiaEnoplognatha tuybaana Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha verae Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Italy, GreeceEnoplognatha wyuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – Canada, United StatesEnoplognatha yelpantrapensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesEnoplognatha yizhangensis Yin, 2012 – ChinaEnoplognatha zapfeae Levi, 1962 – Chile

E. aituarca Esyunin & Efimik, 1998 = Enoplognatha serratosignata
E. albimaculosa = Enoplognatha caricis
E. ambigua Kulczyński, 1894 = Enoplognatha serratosignata
E. arganoi = Enoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884
E. camtschadalica Kulczyński, 1885 = Enoplognatha caricis
E. corollata = Enoplognatha oelandica
E. cottarellii = Enoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884
E. crucifera = Enoplognatha mordax
E. dorsinotata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Enoplognatha caricis
E. elimata = Enoplognatha diversa
E. hangzhouensis Zhu, 1998 = Enoplognatha abrupta
E. hungarica Kolosváry, 1934 = Enoplognatha serratosignata
E. jacksoni Schenkel, 1927 = Enoplognatha serratosignata
E. japonica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Enoplognatha caricis
E. joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
E. krasnojarskensis = Enoplognatha serratosignata
E. mansueta = Enoplognatha mandibularis
E. maritima Simon, 1884 = Enoplognatha mordax
E. marmorata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha marmorata
E. militaris Wunderlich, 1995 = Enoplognatha latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982
E. mimoides = Enoplognatha marmorata
E. nigrocincta Simon, 1884 = Enoplognatha mandibularis
E. pikes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha intrepida
E. piuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
E. puritana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha caricis
E. redimita = Enoplognatha ovata
E. robustula Roewer, 1942 = Enoplognatha diversa
E. rugosa Emerton, 1908 = Enoplognatha intrepida
E. schaufussi = Enoplognatha mordax
E. submargarita Yaginuma & Zhu, 1992 = Enoplognatha margarita Yaginuma, 1964
E. tecta Keyserling, 1884 = Enoplognatha caricis
E. thoracicoides Nosek, 1905 = Enoplognatha quadripunctata Simon, 1884
E. transversifoveata = ''Enoplognatha abrupta''