Dutch dialects and varieties


Dutch dialects and varieties are primarily the dialects and varieties that are both cognate with the Dutch language and spoken in the same language area as the Standard Dutch. They are remarkably diverse and are found within Europe mainly in the Netherlands and northern Belgium.
The Dutch province of Friesland is bilingual. The West Frisian language, distinct from Dutch, is spoken here along with Standard Dutch and the Stadsfries Dutch. A West Frisian standard language has also been developed.

First dichotomy

Dutch dialects can be divided into two main language groups:
In Driemaandelijkse bladen the following phonetically based division of dialects in the Netherlands is given:
  1. Nedersaksisch
  2. #
  3. # Zuid-Drents en Noord-Overijssels, Terrassen naar de Twentse kern
  4. Frisian
  5. # Frisian
  6. ## West Frisian dialects
  7. ## Stadsfries, Kollumerlands, Bildts, Stellingwerfs
  8. # Veluws transitional dialects
  9. Hollandic, North Brabantian
  10. # Hollandic
  11. ## North Hollandic
  12. ## South Hollandic and Utrechts
  13. # North Brabantian
  14. ##
  15. ## dialects in the Gelders Rivierengebied, West Brabantian,
  16. North Belgian
  17. #
  18. # Peripheral Brabantian
  19. ## Zeelandic
  20. ## Brabantian
  21. # Peripheral Flemish
  22. #
  23. Limburgish
Heeringa distinguished :
Germanic languages that have the status of official regional or minority language and are protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in the Netherlands are Limburgish, Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian.

Limburgish

receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In Belgium, where Limburgish is spoken as well, it does not receive such recognition or protection because Belgium did not sign the charter. Limburgish has been influenced by the Ripuarian dialects like the Cologne dialect Kölsch and has had a somewhat different development since the late Middle Ages.

Dutch Low Saxon

also receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In some states of Germany, depending on the state, Low German receives protection by chapter 2 or 3.

West Frisian

receives protection by chapter 3 of the charter. It evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon and is less akin to Dutch.

Holland and the Randstad

In Holland, Hollandic is spoken, but the original forms of the dialect, which were heavily influenced by a West Frisian substratum and, from the 16th century, by Brabantian dialects, are now relatively rare. The urban dialects of the Randstad, which are Hollandic dialects, do not diverge from standard Dutch very much, but there is a clear difference between the city dialects of Rotterdam, The Hague, Amsterdam and Utrecht.
In some rural Hollandic areas, more authentic Hollandic dialects are still being used, especially north of Amsterdam.
Another group of dialects based on Hollandic is that spoken in the cities and the larger towns of Friesland, where it partially displaced West Frisian in the 16th century and is known as Stadsfries.

Extension across the borders

Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most and Dutch Low Saxon least ; West Frisian occupies a middle position. In Belgium, however, dialects are very much alive; many senior citizens there are unable to speak standard Dutch.

Flanders

In Flanders, there are four main dialect groups:
Some of these dialects, especially West and East Flemish, have incorporated some French loanwords in everyday language. An example is fourchette in various forms, instead of vork. Brussels is especially heavily influenced by French because roughly 85% of the inhabitants of Brussels speak French.
The Limburgish in Belgium is closely related to Dutch Limburgish. An oddity of West Flemings is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound is almost identical to that of the "h" sound, thus, the words held and geld sound nearly the same, except that the latter word has a 'y' /j/ sound embedded into the "soft g". When they speak their local dialect, however, their "g" is almost the "h" of the Algemeen Nederlands, and they do not pronounce the "h". Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions.
The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders, and by older people in French Flanders.

Non-European dialects, and daughter languages

Outside of Europe, there are multiple dialects and daughter languages of Dutch spoken by the population in the non-European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the former Dutch colonies.

Dutch Caribbean

The Dutch Caribbean are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The region consists of the Caribbean Netherlands, three overseas special municipalities inside the country of the Netherlands, plus three constituent countries inside the Kingdom, namely Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. Dutch is one of the official languages in all four of the constituent countries of the Kingdom, however English and a Portuguese-based creole-language, called Papiamento, are the most spoken languages on the Dutch Caribbean. The Dutch dialects in the Dutch Caribbean differ from island to island.
File:Map of the Dutch World.svg|thumb|World map of Dutch-speaking countries:
As of 2021 data the percentage of Dutch speakers in the populations of the Dutch Caribbean are:
  • Caribbean Netherlands: 56,8%
  • Bonaire: 76,6%
  • Saba: 33.0%
  • Sint Eustatius: 38.3%

    Suriname

is a Dutch dialect spoken as a native language by about 80% of the bilingual population in Suriname. Dutch is the sole official language of Suriname.

Indonesia

is still spoken by some older residents in the former Dutch colonies of Indonesia, Dutch East Indies, where they speak a 19th to 20th century Dutch dialect.

North America

Until the early 20th century, variants of Dutch were still spoken by some descendants of Dutch colonies in the United States. Nowadays, there are only a few semi-speakers of these dialects left, or the dialect went extinct already.