1254

Events

Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeat the invading Bulgarians near Edirne. The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.

May 21 - King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello. With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin.
November 2 - German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.
King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the Cortes, in Leiria.
William II, anti-king of Germany, holds a diet at Worms, in which the German cities are represented for the first time. He gives orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem.
Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.

King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.
Summer - The Lord Edward travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. Henry III has demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with Alfonso. In August, the party arrives in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.
November 1 - Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos.

February 21 - King Louis IX of France signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.
April 24 - Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.

January 4 - William of Rubruck, Flemish missionary and explorer, is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum. He is given an audience with Möngke Khan, who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX.

June 12 - The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II, anti-king of Germany.
The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen.

The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league comprises 59 cities.

As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.

March - The existence and name of purgatory is acknowledged by the Catholic Church.
December 7 - Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11 years. He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church.
The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.

March 27 - Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban
May 4 - Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic
May 13 - Marie of Brabant, queen consort of France
June 24 - Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland
September 15 - Marco Polo, Venetian explorer
5 November or 6 December - Castile, Marchioness of Montferrat|Beatrice of Castile], marchioness of Montferrat
Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop
Bonacossa Borri, Italian noblewoman
Charles II of Naples, son of Charles I of Anjou
Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet
Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön, German nobleman and knight
Nijō Morotada, Japanese nobleman and official
Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire
Ren Renfa, Chinese artist and politician
Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman and knight
Tetsugyū Enshin, Japanese monk and scholar
Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher