Demographics of Canada

conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The Canadian census">Canadian ethnicity">Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024. The main driver of population growth is immigration, with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023, or about 2.5 million people.
Canada has one of the highest [List of countries by net migration rate|per-capita immigration rates] in the world, driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification. In 2024-2025, a total of 435,421 immigrants were admitted to Canada. New immigrants to Canada settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.

History

Population

The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population. A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 41,012,563.

Provinces and territories

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.

Fertility rate

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.
In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement and since then has not rebounded.
Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.25 children born per woman in 2024, maintaining its second year in a row with 'ultra-low fertility'. In 2022, Canada also experienced the country's lowest absolute number of births in 17 years. From 2021 to 2022, Canada's TFR decreased by −7.4%, its largest drop in 50 years. The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.

Total fertility rates by provinces and territories

Province/Territory

TFR

Nunavut

Mother's mean age at first birth

Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.

Historical population

Population projection

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development /World Bank, the population of Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 by 5.6 million, a 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States, 31.2% growth in Mexico, 8% in France and 27% or 1,423 million people globally. From 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10%.
The population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.
School life expectancy
'''Infant mortality rate'''

Age characteristics

Population by Sex and Age Group :

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	17 264 200	17 887 530	35 151 730	100
0–4	973 030	925 760	1 898 790	5.40
5–9	1 034 685	983 445	2 018 130	5.74
10–14	985 200	937 445	1 922 645	5.47
15–19	1 039 215	986 940	2 026 160	5.76
20–24	1 144 495	1 098 200	2 242 695	6.38
25–29	1 144 475	1 141 515	2 285 990	6.50
30–34	1 148 290	1 181 105	2 329 400	6.63
35–39	1 118 635	1 169 730	2 288 365	6.51
40–44	1 104 445	1 150 690	2 255 135	6.42
45–49	1 157 755	1 202 205	2 359 965	6.71
50–54	1 318 755	1 359 320	2 678 070	7.62
55–59	1 285 190	1 335 050	2 620 240	7.45
60–64	1 114 880	1 175 630	2 290 510	6.52
65–69	953 070	1 019 405	1 972 475	5.61
70–74	677 975	742 900	1 420 875	4.04
75–79	469 550	552 305	1 021 850	2.91
80–84	325 760	423 885	749 645	2.13
85–89	185 535	296 985	482 525	1.37
90–94	68 675	154 835	223 505	0.64
95–99	13 245	43 280	56 525	0.16
100+	1 340	6 895	8 230	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	2 992 915	2 846 650	5 839 565	16.61
15–64	11 576 135	11 800 390	23 376 525	66.50
65+	2 695 150	3 240 490	5 935 640	16.89

Age structure
'''Median age'''

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male/female
0–14 years: 1.06 male/female
15–24 years: 1.06 male/female
25–54 years: 1.01 male/female
55–64 years: 0.98 male/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male/female
total population: 0.98 male/female.
Dependency ratios

Vital statistics

Source:
Notable events in Canadian demographics:

1947-1966 – Mid-20th century baby boom

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Birth rate	Death rate	Natural change	Crude Migration change	Total fertility rate
1900	5,500,000	150,000	89,000	61,000	27.2	16.2	11.0
1901	5,600,000	175,000	79,000	96,000	31.2	14.1	17.1	0.8
1902	5,760,000	180,000	77,000	103,000	31.3	13.4	17.9	9.9	4.8
1903	5,930,000	186,000	78,000	108,000	31.3	13.2	18.1	10.6
1904	6,100,000	192,000	82,000	110,000	31.4	13.5	17.9	10.0
1905	6,280,000	195,000	82,000	113,000	31.0	13.0	18.0	10.7
1906	6,460,000	193,000	85,000	108,000	29.9	13.2	16.7	11.2
1907	6,650,000	196,000	85,000	111,000	29.5	12.8	16.7	11.9	4.74
1908	6,850,000	208,000	86,000	122,000	30.3	12.6	17.7	11.5
1909	7,040,000	213,000	90,000	123,000	30.2	12.8	17.4	9.6
1910	7,250,000	220,000	95,000	125,000	30.4	13.1	17.3	11.7
1911	7,460,000	225,000	100,000	125,000	30.1	13.4	16.7	11.5	4.7
1912	7,610,000	238,000	99,000	139,000	31.3	13.0	19.3	0.4	4.62
1913	7,760,000	246,000	102,000	144,000	31.7	13.1	19.6	−0.3
1914	7,910,000	252,000	100,000	152,000	31.9	12.6	19.3	−0.3
1915	8,060,000	257,000	101,000	156,000	31.9	12.5	19.4	−0.8
1916	8,220,000	252,000	107,000	145,000	30.7	13.0	17.7	1.8
1917	8,380,000	244,000	106,000	138,000	29.1	12.7	16.4	2.7	4.26
1918	8,450,000	243,000	134,000	109,000	28.8	15.9	12.9	−4.6
1919	8,710,000	241,000	119,000	122,000	27.7	13.7	14.0	15.9
1920	8,880,000	259,000	118,000	141,000	29.2	13.3	15.9	3.2
1921	9,060,000	265,000	105,000	160,000	29.3	11.6	17.7	2.2	3.98
1922	9,230,000	261,000	107,000	154,000	28.3	11.6	16.7	1.7	3.86
1923	9,400,000	251,000	111,000	140,000	26.7	11.8	14.9	3.2
1924	9,560,000	255,000	104,000	151,000	26.7	10.9	15.8	0.9
1925	9,730,000	254,000	104,000	150,000	26.1	10.7	15.4	2.1
1926	9,890,000	244,000	113,000	131,000	24.7	11.4	13.3	2.9
1927	10,040,000	244,000	110,000	134,000	24.3	11.0	13.3	1.6	3.32
1928	10,190,000	246,000	114,000	132,000	24.1	11.2	12.9	1.8
1929	10,350,000	243,000	118,000	125,000	23.5	11.4	12.1	3.4	3.22
1930	10,498,000	251,000	113,000	138,000	23.9	10.8	13.1	1.0	3.28
1931	10,630,000	247,000	108,000	139,000	23.2	10.2	13.0	−0.6	3.2
1932	10,794,000	243,000	108,000	135,000	22.5	10.0	12.5	2.7	3.08
1933	10,919,000	229,000	106,000	123,000	21.0	9.7	11.3	0.1	2.86
1934	11,029,000	228,296	105,277	123,019	20.7	9.5	11.2	−1.2	2.8
1935	11,135,000	228,396	109,724	118,672	20.5	9.9	10.6	−1.1	2.76
1936	11,242,000	227,980	111,111	116,869	20.3	9.9	10.4	−0.9	2.70
1937	11,339,000	227,878	118,019	109,859	20.1	10.4	9.7	−1.1	2.65
1938	11,448,000	237,091	110,647	126,444	20.7	9.7	11.0	−1.5	2.70
1939	11,565,000	237,991	112,729	125,262	20.6	9.7	10.9	−0.8	2.65
1940	11,682,000	252,577	114,717	137,860	21.6	9.8	11.8	−1.8	2.77
1941	11,810,000	263,993	118,797	145,196	22.4	10.1	12.3	−1.5	2.83
1942	11,962,000	281,569	117,110	164,459	23.5	9.8	13.7	−1.0	2.96
1943	12,125,000	292,943	122,640	170,303	24.2	10.1	14.1	−0.7	3.04
1944	12,291,000	283,967	120,393	163,574	24.0	9.8	14.2	−0.7	3.01
1945	12,441,000	300,570	117,319	183,251	24.3	9.5	14.8	−2.7	3.02
1946	12,316,000	331,471	115,358	216,113	26.9	9.4	17.5	−27.6	3.37
1947	12,576,000	359,943	118,157	241,786	28.6	9.4	19.2	1.5	3.60
1948	12,852,000	348,226	119,866	228,360	27.1	9.3	17.8	3.7	3.44
1949	13,475,000	367,092	124,567	242,525	27.2	9.2	18.0	28.2	3.46
1950	13,737,000	372,009	124,220	247,789	27.1	9.0	18.0	1.1	3.46
1951	14,050,000	381,092	125,823	255,269	27.1	9.0	18.2	4.1	3.50
1952	14,496,000	403,559	126,385	277,174	27.8	8.7	19.1	11.7	3.64
1953	14,886,000	417,884	127,791	290,093	28.1	8.6	19.5	6.7	3.72
1954	15,330,000	436,198	124,855	311,343	28.5	8.1	20.3	8.7	3.83
1955	15,736,000	442,937	128,476	314,461	28.1	8.2	20.0	5.8	3.83
1956	16,123,000	450,739	131,961	318,778	28.0	8.2	19.8	4.2	3.86
1957	16,677,000	469,093	136,579	332,514	28.1	8.2	19.9	13.3	3.93
1958	17,120,000	470,118	135,201	334,917	27.5	7.9	19.6	6.3	3.88
1959	17,522,000	479,275	139,913	339,362	27.4	8.0	19.4	3.5	3.94
1960	17,909,000	478,551	139,693	338,858	26.7	7.8	18.9	2.7	3.895
1961	18,271,000	475,700	140,985	334,715	26.0	7.7	18.3	1.5	3.840
1962	18,614,000	469,693	143,699	325,994	25.2	7.7	17.5	0.9	3.767
1963	18,964,000	465,767	147,367	318,400	24.6	7.8	16.8	1.7	3.694
1964	19,325,000	452,915	145,850	307,065	23.4	7.5	15.9	2.8	3.449
1965	19,678,000	418,595	148,939	269,656	21.3	7.6	13.7	4.2	3.192
1966	20,048,000	387,710	149,863	237,847	19.3	7.5	11.9	6.6	2.749
1967	20,412,000	370,894	150,283	220,611	18.2	7.4	10.8	7.0	2.528
1968	20,729,000	364,310	153,196	211,114	17.6	7.4	10.2	5.1	2.386
1969	21,028,000	369,647	154,477	215,170	17.6	7.3	10.2	4.0	2.334
1970	21,324,000	371,988	155,961	216,027	17.4	7.3	10.1	3.8	2.258
1971	21,962,032	362,187	157,272	204,915	16.5	7.2	9.3	19.8	2.141
1972	22,218,463	347,319	162,413	184,906	15.6	7.3	8.3	3.2	1.98
1973	22,491,777	343,373	164,039	179,334	15.3	7.3	8.0	4.2	1.89
1974	22,807,969	350,650	166,794	183,856	15.4	7.3	8.1	5.8	1.837
1975	23,143,275	359,323	167,176	192,147	15.5	7.2	8.3	6.2	1.824
1976	23,449,808	359,987	167,009	192,978	15.4	7.1	8.2	4.9	1.796
1977	23,725,843	361,400	167,498	193,902	15.2	7.1	8.2	3.4	1.782
1978	23,963,203	358,852	168,179	190,673	15.0	7.0	8.0	1.9	1.768
1979	24,201,544	366,064	168,183	197,881	15.1	6.9	8.2	1.6	1.754
1980	24,515,667	370,709	171,473	199,236	15.1	7.0	8.1	4.7	1.74
1981	24,819,915	371,346	171,029	200,317	15.0	6.9	8.1	4.2	1.7
1982	25,116,942	373,082	174,413	198,669	14.9	6.9	7.9	3.9	1.69
1983	25,366,451	373,689	174,484	199,205	14.7	6.9	7.9	1.9	1.68
1984	25,607,053	377,031	175,727	201,304	14.7	6.9	7.9	1.5	1.65
1985	25,842,116	375,727	181,323	194,404	14.5	7.0	7.5	1.6	1.67
1986	26,100,278	372,913	184,224	188,689	14.3	7.1	7.2	2.7	1.675
1987	26,446,601	369,742	184,953	184,789	14.0	7.0	7.0	6.1	1.68
1988	26,791,747	376,795	190,011	186,784	14.1	7.1	7.0	5.9	1.68
1989	27,276,781	392,661	190,965	201,696	14.4	7.0	7.4	10.4	1.77
1990	27,691,138	405,486	191,973	213,513	14.6	6.9	7.7	7.3	1.83
1991	28,037,420	403,816	195,569	208,247	14.4	7.0	7.4	5.0	1.72
1992	28,371,264	399,109	196,535	202,574	14.1	6.9	7.1	4.7	1.71
1993	28,684,764	389,037	204,912	184,125	13.5	7.1	6.4	4.5	1.68
1994	29,000,663	386,243	207,077	179,166	13.3	7.1	6.1	4.8	1.69
1995	29,302,311	378,685	210,733	167,952	12.9	7.2	5.7	4.6	1.67
1996	29,610,218	366,833	212,880	153,953	12.4	7.2	5.2	5.2	1.63
1997	29,905,948	349,543	215,669	133,874	11.7	7.2	4.4	5.5	1.57
1998	30,155,173	342,966	218,091	124,875	11.4	7.2	4.1	4.2	1.56
1999	30,401,286	337,821	219,530	118,291	11.1	7.2	3.9	4.2	1.54
2000	30,685,730	328,596	218,062	110,534	10.7	7.1	3.6	5.7	1.51
2001	31,020,902	334,615	219,538	115,077	10.8	7.1	3.7	7.1	1.54
2002	31,360,079	329,894	223,603	106,291	10.5	7.1	3.4	7.4	1.51
2003	31,644,028	336,352	226,169	110,183	10.6	7.1	3.4	5.6	1.54
2004	31,940,655	339,012	226,584	112,428	10.6	7.1	3.5	5.8	1.55
2005	32,243,753	345,365	230,132	115,233	10.6	7.1	3.5	5.9	1.57
2006	32,571,174	357,921	228,079	129,842	10.9	7.0	3.9	6.2	1.61
2007	32,888,886	370,369	235,217	135,152	11.2	7.2	4.0	5.7	1.66
2008	33,247,298	381,860	238,617	143,243	11.4	7.2	4.2	6.6	1.69
2009	33,630,069	384,651	238,418	146,233	11.3	7.1	4.2	7.2	1.68
2010	34,005,905	379,191	240,075	139,116	11.1	7.1	4.0	7.1	1.64
2011	34,339,221	379,244	243,511	135,733	11.0	7.1	3.9	5.9	1.62
2012	34,713,395	383,101	246,596	136,505	11.0	7.1	3.9	7.0	1.62
2013	35,080,992	381,054	252,338	128,716	10.8	7.2	3.6	7.0	1.60
2014	35,434,066	384,577	258,821	125,756	10.8	7.3	3.5	6.5	1.61
2015	35,704,498	382,979	264,333	118,646	10.7	7.4	3.3	4.1	1.60
2016	36,110,803	384,023	267,213	116,810	10.6	7.4	3.2	8.1	1.59
2017	36,545,075	377,627	278,298	99,329	10.3	7.6	2.7	9.2	1.54
2018	37,072,620	374,617	285,675	88,942	10.1	7.7	2.4	12.0	1.50
2019	37,618,495	372,978	285,270	87,708	9.9	7.6	2.3	12.4	1.47
2020	38,006,941	361,582	307,205	54,377	9.4	8.1	1.3	9.4	1.41
2021	38,140,918	372,564	311,942	60,622	9.5	8.0	1.5	4.2	1.44
2022	38,693,009	355,134	326,483	28,651	9.1	8.4	0.6	17.6	1.33
2023	39,727,297	352,644	337,708	14,936	8.8	8.4	0.4	29.0	1.27
2024	40,990,297	365,737	345,829	18,757	8.9	8.4	0.5	28.4	1.27
2025	41,604,555

In 2024, more than two in five newborns in Canada had a foreign-born mother.

Current vital statistics

Note: all numbers in this table are provisional. While data for at least two years ago may be final, newer data for recent days are subject to change in the future. For example, as of September 25, 2024, the numbers are final up to December 2021, updated from January 2022 to March 2024 and preliminary from April 2024.

Employment

Age Group	Percent Unemployed
Youth	14.2%
Core-age	5.8%
55+	5.4%
Total	6.9%

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

Ethnicity and visible minorities

Canadians as ethnic group by province

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European and no longer self-identify directly with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage, intermarriage with variety of ethnic groups, and loss of ancestral language.

Province / Territory	Percent Canadians	Total Canadians
Alberta	22.7%	902,310
British Columbia	19.0%	866,530
Manitoba	18.2%	232,660
New Brunswick	57.8%	415,810
Newfoundland and Labrador	43.4%	271,345
Nova Scotia	42.6%	387,360
Ontario	23.5%	3,109,770
Prince Edward Island	45.0%	60,000
Quebec	60.1%	4,474,115
Saskatchewan	25.0%	274,580
Canada total	32.3%	11,136,134

Ethnic origin

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. The major panethnic groups chosen were; European, North American, Asian, North American Indigenous, African, Latin, Central and South American, Caribbean, Oceanian, and Other. Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.
The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian, followed by English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Indian,
Chinese, Italian, and Ukrainian.
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population. The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021. One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority, the largest of which in 2021 were Asian Canadians|South Asian], Chinese and Black.
As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin", these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.
Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.

Ethnic origin	%	Population
Canadian	15.6%	5,677,205
English	14.7%	5,322,830
Irish	12.1%	4,413,120
Scottish	12.1%	4,392,200
French	11.0%	3,985,945
German ethnicity\|German]	8.1%	2,955,695
Indian	5.1%	1,855,415
Chinese	4.7%	1,713,870
Italian	4.3%	1,546,390
Ukrainian	3.5%	1,258,635
Dutch descent\|Dutch]	2.7%	988,585
Polish	2.7%	982,820
Québécois	2.7%	981,635
British Isles, n.o.s.	2.6%	981,635
Filipino	2.5%	925,490
French Canadian	2.5%	906,315
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.	1.9%	691,260
First Nations, n.o.s.	1.7%	632,340
Métis	1.5%	560,335
European, n.o.s.	1.5%	551,910

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006 :

Quebec : Canadian, French
New Brunswick : Canadian, French, English, Irish, Scottish
Newfoundland and Labrador : Canadian, English, Irish
Nova Scotia : Canadian, Scottish, English, Irish, French, German
Prince Edward Island : Scottish, Canadian, English, Irish, French
Ontario : Canadian, English, Scottish, Irish, French
Alberta : English, Canadian, German, Scottish, Irish, French
Manitoba : English, German, Canadian, Scottish, Ukrainian, Irish, French, North American Indian
Saskatchewan : German, English, Scottish, Canadian, Irish, Ukrainian, French, North American Indian
British Columbia : English, Scottish, Canadian, German, Chinese
Yukon : English, Scottish, Irish, North American Indian, Canadian, German, French
Northwest Territories : North American Indian, Scottish, English, Canadian, Irish, Inuit
Nunavut : Inuit

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio of this response among provinces.

Visible minority population

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".

Indigenous population

''Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous''

Future projections

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041, compared with 26.5% in 2021. Among the working-age population, meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.

Languages

Knowledge of language

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census. The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

Mother tongue

Work

Home

Immigration

According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population. This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.
Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Punjabis and Muhajirs from Pakistan, both Turks and Kurds from Turkey and both Sinhalese and Tamil from Sri Lanka. Immigrants from Iran are divided into Mazandaranians, Armenians, Azeris, Persians, Kurds, Gilaks and Lurs.
Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population, while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.
Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021, while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.

Year	Immigrant percentage	Immigrant population	Total responses	Total population	Source
1851		535,153	2,036,065	2,312,919
1861		677,967	3,090,561	3,090,561
1871		593,403	3,485,761	3,485,761
1881		602,984	4,324,810	4,324,810
1891		643,871	4,833,239	4,833,239
1901		699,500	5,371,315	5,371,315
1911		1,586,961	7,206,643	7,206,643
1921		1,955,736	8,787,949	8,787,949
1931		2,307,525	10,374,196	10,374,196
1941		2,018,847	11,506,655	11,506,655
1951		2,059,911	14,009,429	14,009,429
1961		2,844,263	18,238,247	18,238,247
1971		3,295,535	21,568,310	21,568,311
1981		3,843,335	24,083,495	24,343,181
1986		3,908,150	25,022,005	25,309,331
1991		4,342,890	26,994,045	27,296,859
1996		4,971,070	28,528,125	28,846,761
2001		5,448,480	29,639,030	30,007,094
2006		6,186,950	31,241,030	31,612,897
2011		6,775,765	32,852,325	33,476,688
2016		7,540,830	34,460,060	35,151,728
2021		8,361,505	36,328,475	36,991,981

Migration data

Year	Immigration	Emigration	Net Migration
1952	164,498	60,559	106,939
1953	168,868	57,975	110,893
1954	154,227	57,150	97,077
1955	109,946	61,893	48,053
1956	164,857	68,753	96,104
1957	282,164	74,383	207,781
1958	124,851	61,681	63,170
1959	106,928	69,189	37,739
1960	104,111	75,596	28,515
1961	71,689	72,305	−616
1962	74,586	76,740	−2,154
1963	93,151	83,563	9,588
1964	112,606	92,430	20,176
1965	146,758	105,307	41,451
1966	194,743	91,489	103,254
1967	222,876	108,462	114,414
1968	183,974	100,036	83,938
1969	161,531	90,089	71,495
1970	147,713	80,961	66,752
1971	121,162	70,097	51,065

Year	Immigration	Emigration	Net migration	Net non-permanent migration	Total net migration
1972	122,006	26,175	95,831	2,975	98,806
1973	184,200	40,714	143,486	7,928	151,414
1974	218,465	42,020	176,445	1,977	178,422
1975	187,881	34,280	153,601	7,931	161,532
1976	146,429	28,292	118,137	−2,969	115,168
1977	117,914	29,106	88,808	−1,982	86,826
1978	86,313	31,692	54,621	−2,970	51,651
1979	112,036	24,492	87,544	7,930	95,474
1980	143,498	17,623	125,875	14,869	140,744
1981	128,794	24,604	104,190	30,281	134,471
1982	121,331	31,054	90,277	−3,727	86,550
1983	89,377	31,803	57,574	4,369	61,943
1984	88,599	29,064	59,535	−349	59,186
1985	84,339	26,864	57,474	10,981	68,455
1986	97,343	30,232	67,111	46,537	113,648
1987	152,031	28,865	123,166	40,899	164,065
1988	161,534	24,534	137,000	108,917	245,917
1989	191,516	26,706	164,810	67,356	232,166
1990	216,424	25,011	191,413	−10,951	180,462
1991	232,776	43,396	189,380	−54,661	134,719
1992	254,856	48,721	206,135	−31,933	174,202
1993	256,754	50,657	206,097	−63,292	142,805
1994	224,395	55,682	168,713	−16,500	152,213
1995	212,875	51,252	151,623	169	151,792
1996	226,061	49,841	176,220	−9,667	166,553
1997	216,034	62,803	153,231	791	154,022
1998	174,184	57,842	116,342	921	117,263
1999	189,971	54,387	135,584	22,431	158,015
2000	227,429	57,109	170,330	28,433	198,763
2001	250,638	59,391	191,247	47,286	238,533
2002	229,049	45,682	183,367	29,133	212,500
2003	221,349	49,876	171,473	22,943	194,416
2004	235,859	55,085	180,774	14,225	194,999
2005	262,246	52,436	209,810	3,159	212,969
2006	251,649	47,890	203,759	12,741	216,500
2007	236,763	51,455	185,308	43,958	229,266
2008	247,262	52,678	194,584	71,669	266,253
2009	252,218	41,131	211,087	55,977	267,064
2010	280,739	42,187	238,552	31,927	270,479
2011	248,735	50,932	197,803	42,802	240,605
2012	257,825	50,426	207,399	46,207	253,606
2013	259,046	26,608	232,438	52,984	285,422
2014	260,308	54,956	205,352	16,970	222,322
2015	271,867	56,566	215,301	−9,330	205,971
2016	296,385	56,772	239,613	88,722	328,335
2017	286,537	43,832	242,705	138,034	380,739
2018	321,054	37,915	283,139	154,917	438,056
2019	341,174	35,791	305,383	189,781	495,164

Year	Immigration	Emigration	Net Migration	Non-permanent Resident Inflow	Non-permanent Resident Outflow	Net Non-permanent Resident	Total Net Migration
2020	184,594	19,235	165,359	–	–	−96,066	69,293
2021	406,046	39,161	366,885	–	–	77,052	443,937
2022	437,612	47,991	389,621	960,266	408,722	551,544	941,165
2023	471,871	48,709	423,162	1,289,173	468,407	820,766	1,243,928
2024	483,591	50,170	433,421	1,036,471	745,306	291,165	724,586

Religion

In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians, down from 67.3% in 2011. 29.9% were Catholic while 11.4% were Protestant. 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.
34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim, 2.3% were Hindu, 2.1% were Sikh, 1.0% were Buddhist, 0.9% were Jewish, 0.2% were believers of traditional spirituality, and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions.