Big Dipper

The Big Dipper or the Plough is an asterism consisting of seven bright stars of the constellation Ursa Major; six of them are of second magnitude and one, Megrez, of third magnitude. Four define a "bowl" or "body" and three define a "handle" or "head". It is recognized as a distinct grouping in many cultures. The North Star, the current northern pole star and the tip of the handle of the Little Dipper, can be located by extending an imaginary line through the front two stars of the asterism, Merak and Dubhe. This makes it useful in celestial navigation.

Names and places

The constellation of Ursa Major has been seen as a bear, a plough, a wagon, or a ladle. The "bear" tradition is Indo-European, but apparently the name "bear" has parallels in Siberian or North American traditions.

European astronomy

The name "Bear" is Homeric, and apparently native to Greece, while the "Wain" tradition is Mesopotamian.
Book XVIII of Homer's Iliad mentions it as "the Bear, which men also call the Wain". In Latin, these seven stars were known as the "Seven Oxen". Classical Greek mythography identified the "Bear" as the nymph Callisto, changed into a she-bear by Hera, the jealous wife of Zeus.
In Ireland and the United Kingdom, this pattern is known as the Plough. The symbol of the Starry Plough has been used as a political symbol by Irish Republican and Irish left wing movements. Former names include the Great Wain, Arthur's Wain or Butcher's Cleaver. The terms Charles's Wain and Charles his Wain are derived from the still older Carlswæn. A folk etymology holds that this derived from Charlemagne, but the name is common to all the Germanic languages and the original reference was to the churls' wagon, in contrast to the women's wagon,. An older "Odin's Wain" may have preceded these Nordic designations.
In German, it is known as the "Great Wagon" and, less often, the "Great Bear". Likewise, in the North Germanic languages, it is known by variations of "Charles's Wagon" which simply means the men's wagon where the constellation The Little Bear is the women's wagon, but also the "Great Bear", and to the Norse pagans, it was known as Óðins vagn; "Woden's wagon". In Dutch, its official name is the "Great Bear", but it is popularly known as the "Saucepan". In Italian, it is called either the "Great Wagon" or "Orsa Maggiore". Romanian and most Slavic languages also call it the "Great Wagon". The famous double star Mizar/Alcor is also called the Horse and Rider which would make sense when the stars representing horses in a span.
In Hungarian, it is commonly known as "Göncöl's Wagon" or, less often, "Big Göncöl" after a táltos in Hungarian mythology who carried medicine that could cure any disease. In Finnish, the figure is known as Otava with established etymology in the archaic meaning 'salmon net', although other uses of the word refer to 'bear' and 'wheel'. The bear relation is claimed to stem from the animal's resemblance to—and mythical origin from—the asterism rather than vice versa.
In Lithuanian, the stars of Ursa Major are known as Didieji Grįžulo Ratai. Other names for the constellation include Perkūno Ratai, Kaušas, Vežimas, and Samtis. In Latvian, it is known as Lielie Greizie Rati or Lielais Kauss.
In the Sámi languages of Northern Europe, the constellation is identified as the bow of the great hunter Fávdna. In the main Sámi language, North Sámi it is called Fávdnadávgi or simply dávggát. The constellation features prominently in the Sámi anthem, which begins with the words Guhkkin davvin dávggáid vuolde sabmá suolggai Sámieanan, which translates to "Far to the north, under the Bow, the Land of the Sámi slowly comes into view." The Bow is an important part of the Sámi traditional narrative about the night sky, in which various hunters try to chase down Sarva, the Great Reindeer, a large constellation that takes up almost half the sky. According to the legend, Fávdna stands ready to fire his Bow every night but hesitates because he might hit Stella Polaris, known as Boahji, which would cause the sky to collapse and end the world.

Arab astronomy

The Arabic names بَنَاتُ نَعْشٍ الكُبْرَى, بَنُو نَعْشٍ, and آلُ نَعْشٍ refer to the constellation known in Western astronomy as the Big Dipper, which is part of Ursa Major. The term “Banāt Naʿsh” translates to “the daughters of the bier,” reflecting an ancient Arab mythological interpretation of the star pattern. In this context, the four bright stars forming the “bowl” of the Big Dipper represent a funeral bier, while the three stars forming the “handle” symbolize mourners or daughters following behind in a funeral procession. This naming convention is deeply rooted in Arabic oral traditions and ancient Bedouin star lore, where celestial objects were often associated with narratives that mirrored life, death, and human experiences. Such names highlight the rich etymological and mythological traditions of pre-Islamic and early Islamic culture, where stars were used for navigation, storytelling, and timekeeping.

Asian traditions

In Chinese astronomy and Chinese constellation records, The Big Dipper is called "Beidou", which literally means Northern Dipper. It refers to an asterism equivalent to the Big Dipper. The Chinese name for Alpha Ursae Majoris is Beidou Yi and Tianshu. The asterism name was mentioned in Warring States period stellar records, in which the asterism is described to have seven stars in the shape of a dipper or a chariot.
The Chinese astronomy records were translated to other East Asian cultures in the Sinosphere. The most prominent name is the "Northern Dipper" and the "Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper". In astrology, these stars are generally considered to compose the Right Wall of the Purple Forbidden Enclosure which surrounds the Northern Celestial Pole, although numerous other groupings and names have been made over the centuries. Similarly, each star has a distinct name, which likewise has varied over time and depending upon the asterism being constructed. The personification of the Big Dipper itself is also known as "Doumu" in Chinese folk religion and Taoism, and Marici in Buddhism.
In Vietnam, the colloquial name for the asterism is Sao Bánh lái lớn, contrasted with Ursa Minor, which is known as Sao Bánh lái nhỏ. Although this name has now been replaced by the Sino-Vietnamese "Bắc Đẩu" in everyday speech, many coastal communities in central and southern Vietnam still refer to the asterism as such and use it to navigate when their fishing vessels return from the sea at night.
In Shinto religion, the seven largest stars of Ursa Major belong to Amenominakanushi, the oldest and most powerful of all kami.
In Malay, it is known as the "Boat Constellation" ; in Indonesian, as the "Canoe Stars".
In Burmese, these stars are known as Pucwan Tārā. Pucwan is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.
In Thai, they are known as the "Crocodile Stars". 47 Ursae Majoris is also named Chalawan, the mythological crocodile from Thai folklore.
While its Western name comes from the star pattern's resemblance to a kitchen ladle, in Filipino, the Big Dipper and its sister constellation the Little Dipper are more often associated with the tabo, a one-handled water pot used ubiquitously in Filipino households and bathrooms for purposes of personal hygiene.
In the earliest Indian astronomy, the Big Dipper was called "the Bear" in the Rigveda, but was later more commonly known by the name of Saptarishi, "Seven Sages."

Inuit traditions

In Inuit astronomy, the same grouping of stars is referred to as "the Caribou". Many of the stars within the constellation "were used as hour hands on the night sky to indicate hours of the night, or as calendar stars to help determine the date in fall, winter, or spring."

In North America

The asterism name "Big Dipper" is mostly used in the United States and Canada. However, the origin of the term is disputed. A popular myth claimed the name originated from African-American folk songs; however, a more recent source challenges the authenticity of the claim.
In an 1824 book on the history of the constellations' mythology, contrasted the "Dipper or Ladle" descriptors used in the United States with "Charles's Wagon or Wain" which were common in England. Descriptions of "the dipper" appear in American astronomy textbooks throughout the 19th century.

Stars

Within Ursa Major the stars of the Big Dipper have Bayer designations in consecutive Greek alphabetical order from the bowl to the handle.
File:BigdipISS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|The Big Dipper's bowl and part of the handle photographed from the International Space Station. Mizar and Alcor are at the upper right.

Bayer designation	Proper Name	Apparent magnitude	Distance
α UMa	Dubhe	1.8	124
β UMa	Merak	2.4	79
γ UMa	Phecda	2.4	84
δ UMa	Megrez	3.3	81
ε UMa	Alioth	1.8	81
ζ UMa	Mizar	2.1	78
η UMa	Alkaid	1.9	104

In the same line of sight as Mizar, but about one light-year beyond it, is the star Alcor. Together they are known as the "Horse and Rider". At fourth magnitude, Alcor would normally be relatively easy to see with the unaided eye, but its proximity to Mizar renders it more difficult to resolve, and it has served as a traditional test of sight. Mizar itself has four components and thus enjoys the distinction of being part of an optical binary as well as being the first-discovered telescopic binary and the first-discovered spectroscopic binary.
Five of the stars of the Big Dipper are at the core of the Ursa Major Moving Group. The two at the ends, Dubhe and Alkaid, are not part of the swarm, and are moving in the opposite direction. Relative to the central five, they are moving down and to the right in the map. This will slowly change the Dipper's shape, with the bowl opening up and the handle becoming more bent. In 50,000 years the Dipper will no longer exist as we know it, but be re-formed into a new Dipper facing the opposite way. The stars Alkaid to Phecda will then constitute the bowl, while Phecda, Merak, and Dubhe will be the handle.