Ball clay
Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays that commonly consist of 20–80% kaolinite, 10–25% mica and 6–65% quartz, along with small amounts of organic matter and trace amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and siderite.
They are a common raw material for various types of ceramics, where their primary roles are to impart unfired strength, plasticity or to aid rheological stability during the shaping processes. Most ball clays impart colours ranging from buff to cream to off-white when fired in an oxidising atmosphere.
The name "ball clay" is derived from the form of the extracted material when dug by spade as cubes, which then became rounded during subsequent transport, in Dorset and Devon, England during the early days of the industry during the 18th century.
In 2008, UK production of ball clay was reported to be worth £82 million, with sanitaryware manufacturers being the largest single group of end users, representing 40% by volume.
Locations
Deposits are relatively scarce due to the combination of geological factors needed for their formation and preservation. Commercial extraction of ball clays is undertaken across the world, including:- Argentina
- Brazil
- China
- Czech Republic
- Germany
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- United Kingdom
- USA
Production output
Global production of ball clay by country for 2002-2003 was estimated to be:| Country | 1,000 tonnes |
| South Africa | 10 |
| Africa - total | 10 |
| China | 2,000 |
| Malaysia | 600 |
| Indonesia | 500 |
| Thailand | 300 |
| Vietnam | 200 |
| India | 150 |
| Asia - total | 3,750 |
| Ukraine | 3,500 |
| Germany | 3,000 |
| Spain | 1,200 |
| United Kingdom | 1,000 |
| Turkey | 550 |
| Czech Republic | 400 |
| France | 400 |
| Italy | 100 |
| Poland | 50 |
| Europe - total | 10,200 |
| United States | 1,200 |
| North America - total | 1,200 |
| Australia | 80 |
| Oceania - total | 80 |
| Brazil | 250 |
| Argentia | 50 |
| Chile | 5 |
| South America - total | 350 |
| Global - total | 15,385 |
Typical properties
Some selected typical properties of various UK ball clays are:| Product name | Hycast Rapide | Sanblend 75 Slurry | Prestige BLU | Prestige TA | Hyplas 71 | Hymod Excelsior | Hymod Blue |
| Source | Bovey | Bovey | Bovey | Petrockstow | Petrockstow | Wareham | Warehan |
| Producing company | Imerys | WBB | WBB | WBB | Imerys | Imerys | Imerys |
| Residue, wt% <125 μm | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| % <2 μm | 70 | 78 | 82 | 77 | 57 | 92 | 89 |
| % <1 μm | 60 | 65 | - | - | 50 | 87 | 79 |
| % <0.5 μm | 45 | - | - | - | 40 | 80 | 65 |
| SiO2, % | 55.0 | 53.7 | 54.0 | 60.5 | 69.0 | 49.0 | 53.0 |
| Al2O3, % | 29.0 | 28.9 | 31.2 | 25.8 | 20.0 | 35.0 | 31.0 |
| Fe2O3, % | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| TiO2, % | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| CaO, % | 0.2 | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| MgO, % | 0.3 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| K2O, % | 1.6 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 3.2 |
| Na2O, % | 0.2 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Carbon, % | 2.0 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| LOI, % | 12.0 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 12.0 | 9.2 |