Arctosa

Arctosa is a genus of wolf spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1847, with more than 150 described species.

Life style

Arctosa species are swift runners with relatively keen eyesight. Most species inhabit sandy places such as seashores or the banks of rivers and lakes, though some occupy heath or lichen habitats in high mountains. The principal body colors are gray, off-white, and tawny brown, matching their habitat.

Description

Arctosa species are medium-sized wolf spiders with a total length ranging from 4.5 to 16.0 mm.
The carapace is broad and rather low, with relatively uniform height between the dorsal groove and posterior row of eyes. The carapace is usually glabrous or nearly so, colored yellow, off-white, or mottled with gray, yellow, or brown.
The anterior row of eyes may be straight, somewhat procurved, or recurved, and varies in length relative to the middle row. The promargin of the fang furrow bears two or three teeth, while the retromargin has three teeth. The abdomen is usually pale and mottled similar to the carapace.
The legs are usually pale and robust with dark bands, lightly scopulate. Tibia III bears two dorsal macrosetae or one plus a basal bristle, along with one to three retrolateral macrosetae. The trochanters are usually deeply notched at the tip on the ventral surface.
The terminal apophysis of the male pedipalp is conspicuous and occurs in two parts or in one part of two different shapes and degrees of sclerotization. The embolus is straight or curved and largely hidden by the median apophysis in ventral view. The epigyne of females usually has a conspicuous atrium divided by a median septum and lacks a hood.
Females usually attend their eggs in silk-lined burrows rather than carrying them about, and most species appear to be nocturnal.

Taxonomy

The numerous African Arctosa species require revision.

Species

, this genus includes 165 species and two subspecies.
These species have articles on Wikipedia:Arctosa albida – South AfricaArctosa alpigena – North America, Greenland, Europe, Russia

* A. a. lamperti Dahl, 1908 – France, central and northern Europe, Baltic states, Romania, Russia Arctosa brevispina – Tanzania, South AfricaArctosa capensis Roewer, 1960 – South AfricaArctosa chungjooensis Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa cinerea – Europe, North Africa, Congo, Caucasus, Russia, Middle East, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan Arctosa coreana Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa emertoni Gertsch, 1934 – Canada, United StatesArctosa excellens – Portugal, SpainArctosa figurata – Europe, CaucasusArctosa fulvolineata – Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, North Africa, TurkeyArctosa lawrencei – South AfricaArctosa leopardus – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, Iran, Central AsiaArctosa lightfooti – South AfricaArctosa littoralis – Canada to PanamaArctosa nivosa – South AfricaArctosa oneili – South AfricaArctosa perita – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran. Introduced to CanadaArctosa promontorii – South AfricaArctosa raptor – Nepal, Russia, Alaska, Canada, United StatesArctosa rubicunda – Canada, United StatesArctosa sanctaerosae Gertsch & Wallace, 1935 – United StatesArctosa similis Schenkel, 1938 – Canary Is. to Cyprus, Iraq, IranArctosa stigmosa – France and Norway to Russia, Turkey, IranArctosa tbilisiensis Mcheidze, 1946 – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, AfghanistanArctosa tenuissima – South AfricaArctosa transvaalana Roewer, 1960 – South AfricaArctosa virgo – United StatesArctosa albida – South AfricaArctosa albopellita – EthiopiaArctosa algerina Roewer, 1960 – AlgeriaArctosa aliusmodi – PolynesiaArctosa alluaudi Guy, 1966 – MoroccoArctosa alpigena – North America, Greenland, Europe, Russia
* A. a. lamperti Dahl, 1908 – France, central and northern Europe, Baltic states, Romania, Russia Arctosa amylaceoides – ChinaArctosa annulipes – Libya, Egypt, EthiopiaArctosa astuta – Central AfricaArctosa atriannulipes – EthiopiaArctosa ayaymama Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – Colombia, PeruArctosa bacchabunda – São Tomé and PríncipeArctosa bakva – AfghanistanArctosa bamiana – Iran, AfghanistanArctosa berlandi – KenyaArctosa bicoloripes – RwandaArctosa biseriata Roewer, 1960 – DR CongoArctosa brauni – East AfricaArctosa brevispina – Tanzania, South AfricaArctosa camerunensis Roewer, 1960 – CameroonArctosa capensis Roewer, 1960 – South AfricaArctosa cervina Schenkel, 1936 – Kazakhstan, China, JapanArctosa chungjooensis Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa cinerea – Europe, North Africa, Congo, Caucasus, Russia, Middle East, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan Arctosa conflicta Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – Colombia, Ecuador, PeruArctosa coreana Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa costenola Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – ColombiaArctosa daisetsuzana – JapanArctosa darountaha Roewer, 1960 – AfghanistanArctosa delaportei Omelko & Marusik, 2022 – LaosArctosa denticulata Jiménez & Dondale, 1984 – MexicoArctosa depectinata – Japan, China, LaosArctosa depuncta – Libya, EgyptArctosa deserta – SyriaArctosa dhikala Sankaran & Caleb, 2023 – IndiaArctosa dissonans – Syria, Lebanon, IsraelArctosa ebicha Yaginuma, 1960 – Russia, China, Korea, JapanArctosa edeana Roewer, 1960 – CameroonArctosa emertoni Gertsch, 1934 – Canada, United StatesArctosa ephippiata Roewer, 1960 – CameroonArctosa epiana – VanuatuArctosa erythraeana Roewer, 1960 – EthiopiaArctosa excellens – Portugal, SpainArctosa fessana Roewer, 1960 – LibyaArctosa figurata – Europe, CaucasusArctosa frequentissima Caporiacco, 1947 – Central, East AfricaArctosa fulvolineata – Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, North Africa, TurkeyArctosa gougu Chen & Song, 1999 – ChinaArctosa hainan Wang, Li & Zhang, 2021 – China Arctosa hallasanensis Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa harraria Roewer, 1960 – EthiopiaArctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 – IndiaArctosa hottentotta Roewer, 1960 – NamibiaArctosa hunanensis Yin, Peng & Bao, 1997 – ChinaArctosa indica Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 – India, China?Arctosa insignita – Russia, Alaska, Canada, United States, GreenlandArctosa intricaria – MediterraneanArctosa ipsa – Russia, Korea, JapanArctosa janetscheki Buchar, 1976 – NepalArctosa jibarosa Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – Colombia, Ecuador, PeruArctosa kadjahkaia Roewer, 1960 – AfghanistanArctosa kalpiensis – IndiaArctosa kansuensis – ChinaArctosa kassenjea – DR CongoArctosa kawabe Tanaka, 1985 – Japan, Russia, Korea?Arctosa kazibana Roewer, 1960 – CongoArctosa keniana – DR CongoArctosa keumjeungsana Paik, 1994 – Russia, KoreaArctosa khudiensis – India, ChinaArctosa kiangsiensis – China, LaosArctosa kirkiana – Ethiopia, DR Congo, UgandaArctosa kiwuana – DR CongoArctosa kolosvaryi – EthiopiaArctosa labiata Tso & Chen, 2004 – Korea, TaiwanArctosa laccophila – Guinea-BissauArctosa lacupemba – CongoArctosa lacustris – Canary Islands, Morocco to Libya, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, MaltaArctosa lagodechiensis Mcheidze, 1997 – GeorgiaArctosa lama Dondale & Redner, 1983 – Canada, United StatesArctosa laminata Yu & Song, 1988 – China, JapanArctosa lawrencei – South AfricaArctosa leaeniformis – BotswanaArctosa leopardus – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, Iran, Central AsiaArctosa lesserti Reimoser, 1934 – IndiaArctosa letourneuxi – Morocco to TunisiaArctosa lightfooti – South AfricaArctosa litigiosa Roewer, 1960 – Congo, TanzaniaArctosa littoralis – Canada to PanamaArctosa liujiapingensis Yin, Peng, Xie, Bao & Wang, 1997 – ChinaArctosa lutetiana – Europe, Russia Arctosa maculata – Europe, Turkey, IranArctosa marfieldi Roewer, 1960 – CameroonArctosa marocensis Roewer, 1960 – MoroccoArctosa meinerti – AlgeriaArctosa meitanensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993 – Russia, ChinaArctosa mineira Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – BrazilArctosa mittensa Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993 – ChinaArctosa mossambica Roewer, 1960 – MozambiqueArctosa mulani – PakistanArctosa niccensis – JapanArctosa nivosa – South AfricaArctosa nonsignata Roewer, 1960 – DR CongoArctosa nyembeensis – Kenya, TanzaniaArctosa obscura Denis, 1953 – YemenArctosa oneili – South AfricaArctosa otaviensis Roewer, 1960 – NamibiaArctosa pacaya Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – PeruArctosa pardosina – UzbekistanArctosa pargongensis Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa pelengea Roewer, 1960 – DR CongoArctosa perita – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran. Introduced to Canada
* A. p. arenicola – FranceArctosa personata – Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, SloveniaArctosa pichoni Schenkel, 1963 – ChinaArctosa poecila Caporiacco, 1939 – EthiopiaArctosa politana Roewer, 1960 – EthiopiaArctosa promontorii – South AfricaArctosa pseudoleopardus Ponomarev, 2007 – Russia, KazakhstanArctosa pungcheunensis Paik, 1994 – KoreaArctosa quadripunctata – North AfricaArctosa raptor – Nepal, Russia, Alaska, Canada, United StatesArctosa ravida Ponomarev, 2007 – Russia, KazakhstanArctosa recurva Yu & Song, 1988 – ChinaArctosa renidescens Buchar & Thaler, 1995 – Alps Arctosa ripaecola – TanzaniaArctosa rubicunda – Canada, United StatesArctosa rufescens Roewer, 1960 – CameroonArctosa sanctaerosae Gertsch & Wallace, 1935 – United StatesArctosa sapiranga Silva & Lise, 2009 – Brazil, ArgentinaArctosa schensiensis Schenkel, 1963 – ChinaArctosa scopulitibiis – EthiopiaArctosa serii Roth & Brown, 1976 – MexicoArctosa serrulata Mao & Song, 1985 – ChinaArctosa similis Schenkel, 1938 – Canary Is. to Cyprus, Iraq, IranArctosa simoni Guy, 1966 – TurkeyArctosa sjostedti Roewer, 1960 – TanzaniaArctosa sordulenta – CameroonArctosa springiosa Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993 – China, LaosArctosa stigmosa – France and Norway to Russia, Turkey, IranArctosa subamylacea – China, Korea, JapanArctosa swatowensis – ChinaArctosa tanakai Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesArctosa tangerana – MoroccoArctosa tangguoi Wang, Li & Zhang, 2021 – China, VietnamArctosa tantilla Bryant, 1948 – Dominican Rep.Arctosa tbilisiensis Mcheidze, 1946 – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, AfghanistanArctosa tenebrosa – ColombiaArctosa tenella – United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, GuyanaArctosa tenuissima – South AfricaArctosa testacea Roewer, 1960 – TanzaniaArctosa togona Roewer, 1960 – TogoArctosa transvaalana Roewer, 1960 – South AfricaArctosa tridens – AlgeriaArctosa tridentata Chen & Song, 1999 – China Arctosa truncata Tso & Chen, 2004 – TaiwanArctosa upembana Roewer, 1960 – DR CongoArctosa vaginalis Yu & Song, 1988 – ChinaArctosa variana C. L. Koch, 1847 – Mediterranean to Central AsiaArctosa villa Paredes-Munguía, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024 – PeruArctosa villica – Western MediterraneanArctosa virgo – United StatesArctosa wittei Roewer, 1960 – DR Congo, TanzaniaArctosa xunyangensis Wang & Qiu, 1992 – ChinaArctosa yasudai – Japan, KoreaArctosa zhaojingzhaoi Li, 2016 – ChinaArctosa ziyunensis Yin, Peng & Bao, 1997 – China