Arawakan languages

Name

Dispersal

Language contact

Languages

• Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
• Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,
• Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran,
• Piro = Purus,
• Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.

Loukotka (1968)

• Taino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are:
• *Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and the Republic of Haiti.
• *Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguaní, Bayano, and Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish.
• *Borinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico.
• *Yamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica.
• *Lucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands.
• Eyeri / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles.
• - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad.
• Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad.
• Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles.

• Arawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are:
• *Western - spoken in Guyana.
• *Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River.

• Wapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahú River, and Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana.
• Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana.
• Atorai / Attaraye / Daurí - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana.

• Mapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct.
• Mawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela.

• Goajira / Uáira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual.
• Paraujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela.
• Alile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela.
• Onota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela.
• Guanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia.
• Cosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranía Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia.

• Caquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela.
• Ajagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela.
• Quinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela.
• Tororó / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira.
• Aviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Táchira.
• Tecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia.
• Yaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela.
• Cocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela.
• Chacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida.
• Caparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia.
• Támud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia.
• Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia.
• Cuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia.
• Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River.
• Chucuna - once spoken between the Manacacías River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia.
• Guayupe - spoken on the Güejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory.
• Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region.
• Sutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory.
• Chocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorú River and Guayabero River, Meta territory.
• Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Güejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory.
• Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela.
• Achagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia.
• Piapoco / Mitua / Dzáse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia.
• Cabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory.
• Maniba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta.

• Maypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish.
• Avani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.

• Baníva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
• Yavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita.

• Guinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyéme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct.

• Baré / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Uarequena - spoken on the Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Adzáneni / Adyána / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarí River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil.
• Carútana / Corecarú / Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Içana River.
• Katapolítani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil.
• Siusí / Ualíperi-dákeni / Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarí River and Içana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Moriwene / Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Mapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River near Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas.
• Hohodene / Huhúteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas.
• Maulieni / Káua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas.

• Ipéca / Kumada-mínanei / Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia.
• Payualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paraná River.
• Curipaco - spoken on the Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
• Kárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River.
• Kapité-Mínanei / Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.

• Tariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanoré and Yauareté on the Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia.
• Iyäine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken.
• Cauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarí - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct.

• Mandauáca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
• Cunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River.

• Manáo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River, Amazonas state.
• Cariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araçá River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
• Bahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araçá River.
• Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araçá River, Amazonas.
• Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese.
• Dapatarú - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracá, Amazonas.
• Aniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracá lagoon.
• Caboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas.
• Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River.
• Seden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River.

• Uirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco.
• Yabaána / Jabâ-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiá River and Cauaburi River.
• Anauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.

• Chiriána / Barauána - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco.

• Yukúna - spoken on the Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
• Matapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor.
• Guarú / Garú - spoken on the Mamurá River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.

• Resigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana.

• Marawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruá River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruá River, Amazonas.

• Araicú / Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas.

• Uainumá / Ajuano / Wainumá / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Içá River, Amazonas.
• Mariaté / Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Içá River.

• Jumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruê River and Juami River, Amazonas state.
• Passé / Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurá River, and Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese.

• Cauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas.
• Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River.

• Campa / Anti / Atzíri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru.
• Machiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River. Dialects are:
• *Chanchamayo - spoken on the Perené River.
• *Catongo - spoken on the Tambo River.
• *Machiringa - spoken on the Apurimac River and Ene River.
• Piro / Simirinche - spoken in the department of Loreto on the Inuya River.
• Chontaquiro - spoken on the Iaco River, Caeté River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
• Piro language|Mashco] / Sirineiri / Moeno - spoken on the Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.
• Curia - spoken on the Murú River and Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct.
• Quirineri - spoken on the Paucartambo River and Manu River, department of Cuzco.
• Maneteneri - extinct language from the Purus River, Aquirí River, Caspatá River, and Araçá River, Acre territory.
• Inapari / Mashco Piro - spoken between the Tacutimani River and Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct.
• Huachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the Cosñipata River and Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios.
• Kushichineri / Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the Curumaha River by a small tribe.
• Cuniba - extinct language once spoken between the Juruazinho River and Jutaí River and on the Mapuá River, state of Amazonas.
• Puncuri - spoken on the Puncuri River, Acre.
• Kanamare / Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre, Irariapé River and Abuña River, now probably extinct.
• Epetineri - once spoken on the Pijiria River, tributary of the Urubamba River, Peru.
• Pucapucari - once spoken on the Camisia River and Tunquini River, Peru.
• Tucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the Igarapé Cuchicha River, a tributary of the Chandless River, Acre.

• Ipurina / Apurinã / Kangiti - spoken along the Purus River from the mouth of the Sepatiní River to the mouth of the Yaco River, Amazonas.
• Casharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the Abuña River and Ituxí River and on the tributaries, Curequeta River and Iquirí River, in Acre.

• Apolista / Lapachu / Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia.

• Mojo / Ignaciano / Morocosi - spoken on the Mamoré River and on the plains of Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Baure / Chiquimiti - spoken on the Blanco River and around the city of Baures in the same region.
• Muchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia.
• Suberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the Mamoré River and the Guapay River, Bolivia.
• Pauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Paicone - extinct language from the sources of the Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.

• Sarave / Zarabe - spoken on the Verde River and Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct.
• Parecí / Arití / Maimbari / Mahibarez - language with dialects:
• *Caxinití - spoken on the Sumidouro River, Sepotuba River, and Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
• *Waimaré - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Verde River and Timalatía River.
• *Kozariní / Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Juba River, Cabaçal River, Jaurú River, Guaporé River, Verde River, Papagaio River, Burití River, and Juruena River.
• *Uariteré - spoken on the Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondônia.

• Chané / Izoceño - formerly spoken on the Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies.
• Guaná / Layano - once spoken on the Yacaré River and Galván River, Paraguay, now on the Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
• Terena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Miranda River and Jijui River.
• Echoaladí / Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso.
• Quiniquinao / Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul.

• Waurá - spoken on the Batoví River Mato Grosso.
• Kustenáu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the Batoví River and Jatobá River
• Yaulapíti / Yawarapiti / Ualapiti - spoken between the Meinacu River and Curisevú River, Mato Grosso.
• Mehináku / Meinacu / Mináko - spoken between the Batoví River and Curisevú River.
• Agavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the Curisevú River and Culuene River.

• Marawan / Maraon - spoken on the Oiapoque River and Curipi River, Amapá territory.
• Caripurá / Karipuere - spoken in Amapá territory on the Urucauá River.
• Palicur / Parikurú - once spoken on the middle course of the Calçoene River and on the upper course of the Casipore River, now on the Urucauá River in Amapá territory.
• Caranariú - once spoken on the Urucauá River, now extinct.
• Tocoyene - once spoken in Amapá territory on the Uanarí River.
• Macapá - once spoken on the Camopi River and Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the Pará River, state of Pará, Brazil; now perhaps extinct.
• Tucujú - once spoken on the Jarí River, territory of Amapá, now perhaps extinct.
• Mapruan - once spoken on the Oiac River, territory of Amapá.

• Aruan / Aroã - originally spoken on the north coast of Marajó Island, Pará, later on the Uaçá River, Amapá territory. A few descendants now speak a French creole dialect.
• Sacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of Marajó Island.

• Moríque / Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the Javarí River.

• Chamicuro - spoken on the Chamicuro River, department of Loreto, Peru.
• Chicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe.
• Aguano / Awáno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua.
• Maparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago.
• Cutinana - once spoken on the Samiria River, Loreto.
• Tibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region.

• Amoishe / Amlsha / Amuescha / Amage / Lorenzo - once spoken on the Paucartambo River and Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken.
• Chunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the Chinchao River, department of Huánuco, Peru.
• Panatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the Huallaga River between Coyumba and Monzón, now perhaps extinct.
• Chusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near Huánuco.

  Kaufman (1994)

• Shebaye '
• Lapachu '
• Morique '

• Maipurean'
• * Northern Maipurean
• ** Upper Amazon branch
• ** Maritime branch
• *** Aruán
• *** Wapixana : Atorada, Mapidian, Wapishana
• *** Ta-Maipurean
• *** Palikur
• **** Palikur
• **** Marawán
• * Southern Maipurean
• ** Western branch
• *** Amuesha
• *** Chamicuro
• ** Central branch
• ** Southern Outlier branch
• *** Terêna
• *** Moxos group
• **** Baure
• **** Paunaka
• *** Piro group
• ** Campa branch''

Aikhenvald (1999)

• Maipurean
• *North Arawak = Northern Maipurean
• **Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan
• **Palikur = Kaufman's Palikur + Aruán
• **Caribbean = Ta-Maipurean
• **North Amazonian = Upper Amazon
• *South and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean
• **South Arawak = Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group + Salumã + Lapachu
• **Pareci–Xingu = Central Maipurean
• **South-Western Arawak = Piro
• **Campa
• **Amuesha
• **Chamicuro

Ramirez (2001)

• Arawakan
• *unclassified: Yanesha, Chamicuro
• *Western
• ** unclassified: Yumana, Passé
• ** Japurá-Colombia division
• *** Piapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumá-Mariaté
• *** Kauixana
• *** Resígaro
• ** Upper Rio Negro division
• *** Baré, Guinau, Anauyá-Yabahana
• ** Upper Orinoco division
• *** Pareni, Yavitero
• *** Maipure
• ** Negro-Roraima division
• *** Arua
• *** Manao, Wirina, Bahuana, Cariaí
• *** Wapixana, Atorai
• *** Mawayana
• ** Juruá-Jutaí division
• *** Marawa
• *** Waraiku
• ** Purus-Ucayali division
• *** Apurinã; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri
• *** Kampa
• ** Bolivia-Mato Grosso division
• *** Baure, Mojeño
• *** Tereno, Kinikinao
• ** Caribe-Venezuela division
• *** Lokono; Iñeri, Garífuna; Taino; Caquetio
• *** Guajiro, Paraujano
• *Eastern
• ** Amapá division
• *** Palikur, Marawá
• ** Xingu-Tapajós division
• *** Waurá, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti
• *** ''Pareci, Sarave''

  Walker & Ribeiro (2011)

• Arawakan
• *Northeast
• **Marawan, Palikúr
• *South
• **Kinikinau, Terena
• **
• ***Baure
• ***Moxos: Trinitario, Ignaciano
• *Western Amazonia
• **
• ***Apurinã
• ***
• ****Iñapari
• ****Piro, Manxineri
• **
• ***Caquinte
• ***
• ****Asheninka
• ****
• ***** Machiguenga, Nomatsiguenga
• *Amuesha, Chamicuro
• *Circum-Caribbean
• **Waraicu, Marawa
• **
• ***
• ****Taíno
• ****Island Carib, Garífuna
• ***Lokono
• ***Paraujano, Guajiro
• *Central Brazil
• **
• ***Saraveka
• ***Enawene Mawe, Paresí
• **
• ***Yawalapití
• ***Waurá, Mehináku
• *Central Amazonia
• **
• ***Anauyá
• ***Guinau, Baré
• **
• ***Bahuana, Manao
• ***
• ****Arua
• ****
• *****Cabiai
• *****Mawayana, Wapixana
• *Northwest Amazonia
• **
• ***Maipure
• ***
• ****Yavitero
• ****Baniva, Warekena
• **
• ***Pasé, Yumana
• ***
• ****Resígaro
• ****
• ****Cabiyari
• *****
• *****Kauixana
• ******
• ******Yukuna
• ******Mariaté, Wainumá
• ***
• ****Achagua, Piapoco
• ****
• *****Mandawaka, Guarekena
• *****
• ******Tariana
• ******
• *******Kurripako
• *******Baniwa, Karutana

  Jolkesky (2016)

• Arawak
• *Yanesha
• *Western
• **Aguachile
• **Chamikuro
• **Mamoré-Paraguai
• ***Mamoré-Guaporé
• ****Mojo-Paunaka
• *****Mojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario
• *****Paunaka
• ****Baure-Paikoneka
• *****Baure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone
• *****Paikoneka
• ***Terena: Chane ; Guana ; Kinikinau; Terena
• **Negro-Putumayo
• ***Jumana-Pase: Jumana ; Pase
• ***Kaishana
• ***Nawiki
• ****Kabiyari
• ****Karu-Tariana
• *****Karu: Baniwa; Kuripako
• *****Tariana
• ****Mepuri
• ****Piapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko
• ****Wainambu
• ****Warekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka
• ****Yukuna-Wainuma: Mariate ; Wainuma ; Yukuna
• ***Resigaro
• ***Wirina
• **Orinoco
• ***Yavitero-Baniva: Baniva; Yavitero
• ***Maipure
• **Pre-Andine
• ***Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga
• ****Nomatsigenga
• ****Machiguenga-''Nanti
• ****Ashaninka-Kakinte
• *****Kakinte
• *****Ashaninka-Asheninka
• ******Ashaninka: Ashaninka
• ******Asheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka
• **Purus
• ***Apurinã
• ***Iñapari
• ***Piro-Manchineri: Kanamare ; Kuniba ; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; Yine
• *Eastern
• **Lower Amazon
• ***Atlantic: Marawan ; Palikur
• ***Guaporé-Tapajós
• ****Saraveka
• ****Tapajós: Enawene-Nawe; Paresi
• ***Xingu
• ****Kustenau
• ****Waura-Mehinako: Mehinaku; Waura
• ****Yawalapiti
• ***Waraiku: Waraiku
• **Solimões-Caribbean: Marawan ; Palikur
• ***Marawa
• ***Caribbean
• ****Kaketio
• ****Wayuu-Añun
• *****Añun
• *****Wayuu
• ****Lokono-Iñeri
• *****Iñeri: Garifuna; Kalhiphona
• *****Lokono
• ****Shebayo
• ****Taino
• ***Negro-Branco
• ****Arua
• ****Mainatari
• ****Negro |Negro]
• *****Bare-Guinao: Bare; Guinao
• *****Bawana-Kariai-Manao: Bawana ; Kariai ; Manao
• *****Yabaana
• ****Branco
• *****Mawayana
• *****Wapishana-Parawana: Aroaki ; Atorada; Parawana ; Wapishana''

  Nikulin & Carvalho (2019)

• Arawakan
• *Yanesha'
• *Chamicuro
• *Palikur
• *Maritime
• **Island Carib; Garífuna
• **Lokono; Wayuunaiki, Añun
• *Rio Branco
• **Wapixana
• **Mawayana
• *Japurá-Colômbia
• **Piapoco
• **Achagua
• **Yucuna
• **Resígaro
• **Tariana
• **Baniwa-Koripako
• **Warekena Antigo
• *Orinoco
• **Baré
• **Yavitero
• **Baniva of Guainia
• **Maipure
• **Warekena of Xié
• *Central
• **Paresí
• **Enawenê-Nawê
• **Xingu
• ***Yawalapití
• ***Waurá; Mehináku
• *Purus
• **Apurinã
• **Iñapari; Yine/Manxinéru
• *Campa
• **Nomatsiguenga
• **Matsiguenga
• **Nanti
• **Caquinte
• **Asháninka
• **Ashéninka
• *Bolívia-Paraná
• **Baure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano
• **Terena; Paunaka; Mojeño

• Maritime: loss of medial Proto-Arawakan *-n-.
• *Lokono-Wayuu: first person singular prefix *ta- replacing *nu-. Carvalho also reconstructs the suffix *-ja and *kabɨnɨ 'three' as characteristic of this subgroup.
• Campa: lexical innovations such as *iNʧato 'tree', *-taki 'bark', *-toNki 'bone', etc. There are also typological innovations due to contact with Andean languages such as Quechua.

  Ramirez (2020)

• Arawakan
• *Japurá-Colombia
• ** Mepuri
• ** Yumana-Passé
• *** Yumana
• *** Passé
• ** Kauixana
• **Peripheral
• *** Mandawaka, Warekena ; Baniwa-Koripako
• ***Piapoco, Achagua; Kabiyari
• *** Resígaro
• *** Wainumá-Mariaté
• ***Yukuna
• *Upper Orinoco
• **Baniva de Maroa
• ** Pareni-Yavitero
• ** Maipure
• *Central-Amazon-Antilles ?
• **Amazon-Antilles
• ***Guajiro, Paraujano
• *** Taino, Iñeri, Loko, Marawá
• ***? Waraiku
• ***? Wirina
• **Middle Rio Negro
• *** Baré
• *** Guinau
• *** Anauyá; Mainatari, Yabahana
• **Central
• *** Bahuana; Manao, Cariaí
• *** Aruã
• ***Pidjanan
• **** Mawayana
• ****Wapixana, Parawana, Aroaqui
• ***? Shebayo
• *Mato Grosso-Palikur ?
• **Amapá
• ***Palikur
• **Mato Grosso
• ***Xingu
• ****Waurá
• ****Yawalapiti
• ***Xaray
• ****Salumã
• ****Pareci
• **** Sarave
• *Bolivia-Purus-Kampa- ?
• **Bolivia
• ***Baure
• ***Pauna; Mojeño, Tereno
• **Purus
• *** Iñapari
• ***Piro
• ***Apurinã
• *** Cararí
• **Pre-Andine
• ***Kampa
• **Pozuzo
• ***Amuesha
• *Lower Ucayali
• ** Chamicuro
• **? ''Moríque''

  Nomenclature

name is the one normally applied to what is here called Maipurean. Maipurean used to be thought to be a major subgroup of Arawakan, but all the living Arawakan languages, at least, seem to need to be subgrouped with languages already found within Maipurean as commonly defined. The sorting out of the labels Maipurean and Arawakan will have to await a more sophisticated classification of the languages in question than is possible at the present state of comparative studies.

Characteristics

Phonology

Shared morphological traits

General morphological type

Alienable and inalienable possession

Classifiers

Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb

Some examples

Geographic distribution

Vocabulary

Proto-language