Boran languages
Boran is a small language family, consisting of just two languages.
Languages
The two Boran languages are:Loukotka also lists Nonuya, a Witotoan language, spoken at the sources of the Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. As of 1964, only a few words had been documented.
Synonymy
- The name Muinane has been used to refer to the Muinane language of the Boran family and also to the Nipode language of the Witotoan family.
Genetic relations
Language contact
Jolkesky notes that there are lexical similarities with the Choko, Guahibo, Tukano, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Arawak, and Tupi language families due to contact in the Caquetá River basin region.An automated computational analysis by Müller et al. found lexical similarities with Arawakan due to contact.
Vocabulary
lists the following basic vocabulary items.Proto-language
Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri :| no. | gloss | Proto-Bora-Muinane |
| 1 | tongue | *nehe |
| 2 | mouth | *i-hɨ |
| 3 | lip | *hɨni-ba |
| 4 | tooth | *iʔgai |
| 5 | nose | *tɨhɨ-ʔu |
| 6 | eye | *aʤɨ-ɨ |
| 7 | ear | *nɨ-meeʔu |
| 8 | head | *niga-ɨ |
| 9 | forehead | *ɨme-ku |
| 10 | hair | *-hee- |
| 12 | beard | *hɨkk |
| 14 | chest | *ppeeɨ-he |
| 15 | woman's breast | *mɨppaino |
| 16 | abdomen | *iiʔba |
| 18 | shoulder | *hɨhe-ba |
| 19 | arm | *nokkɨ-gai |
| 21 | elbow | *oi |
| 22 | hand | *ʔutʦe |
| 23 | finger | *ʔutʦe-gai |
| 24 | fingernail | *ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu |
| 27 | knee | *memu |
| 29 | foot | *ttɨʔaai |
| 30 | toe | *ttɨ-gaai |
| 31 | skin | *meeʔo |
| 32 | bone | *bakkɨ |
| 33 | blood | *tɨɨ |
| 34 | heart | *heebɨ-ɨ |
| 35 | lungs | *βaβa-ga |
| 38 | man | *ma-mɨnaa-ppi |
| 39 | man | *gai-ppi |
| 40 | woman | *gai-go |
| 41 | people | *ma-mɨnaa |
| 42 | husband | *tahe |
| 43 | wife | *taaba |
| 44 | father | *giʔiru, kaani |
| 45 | mother | *gaʔa-ro, *ʦeehɨ |
| 46 | baby, infant | *ʦeemono |
| 47 | old man | *amia |
| 48 | water | *nɨ-ppaiu |
| 49 | river | *too-ʔi, *muuai |
| 52 | swamp | *kaaha |
| 56 | fire | *kɨɨhɨ-gai |
| 57 | ash | *bai-giihɨ |
| 58 | charcoal | *kɨɨhɨgai- |
| 60 | firewood | *kuu |
| 61 | sky | *nikko-he |
| 62 | rain | *niiha-ba |
| 64 | sun | *nɨʔba |
| 65 | moon | *nɨʔba |
| 66 | star | *meekɨrɨ-gai |
| 67 | day | *kuuhe |
| 68 | night | *pokku |
| 69 | thunder | *ʦitʦi |
| 71 | rainbow | *tɨɨ-ʔi |
| 72 | earth | *hiinɨ-he |
| 74 | sand | *ngai-jɨʔai |
| 75 | house | *ha |
| 77 | doorway | *gooʔu-ga |
| 78 | seat, stool | *ikka-ga |
| 79 | mat | *kɨga- |
| 80 | hammock | *gaaiba |
| 81 | bed | *kɨga- |
| 82 | cooking pot | *giri-ʔʤu |
| 83 | cultivated clearing | *gaikkuʔai |
| 84 | village | *kuumii |
| 85 | path, trail | *hɨɨ- |
| 86 | fish net | *ʦnɨkuʔu |
| 87 | fish hook | *piikkɨ-gai |
| 88 | steel axe | *hɨgaa-he |
| 89 | knife | *nʦ-ga- |
| 90 | canoe | *meeno |
| 91 | paddle | *buʔdu-ga |
| 92 | club | *gai-ʔuɨ |
| 93 | spear | *aamɨ- |
| 94 | bow | *tɨɨbu-ga |
| 95 | arrow | *tɨɨbu- |
| 96 | blowgun | *gitʦɨ-hɨ |
| 99 | puma | *tɨpai-ʔuu |
| 100 | armadillo | *gooɨ |
| 101 | dog | *ʔuuʔi |
| 102 | red deer | *niiβɨ-gai |
| 103 | bat | *kikiih |
| 104 | otter | *ʦukku |
| 105 | cebus, monkey | *kɨʔʤiba |
| 107 | spider monkey | *kɨɨmɨ |
| 109 | anteater | *heehɨ, *tuuʔhe |
| 110 | paca | *takkɨ |
| 111 | crocodile | *niʔba, *mʔduba |
| 112 | iguana | *maaina-ʔu |
| 115 | collared peccary | *mooni |
| 116 | white-lipped peccary | *paapaiba |
| 117 | agouti | *pattɨ |
| 118 | rat | *giʔpo |
| 119 | cat | *miiʧii |
| 120 | mouse | *giʔpo |
| 121 | tail | *bu |
| 122 | snake | *hiinimo |
| 123 | anaconda, water boa | *buua, *iigai- |
| 124 | rattlesnake | *taakaʔo |
| 125 | coral snake | *ʧiraagai |
| 126 | toad | *hakuga, ɨɨriʔi, nihaga, mɨɨʔmeba, haakkɨba |
| 128 | hummingbird | *paaibe |
| 129 | macaw | *heeβaa, *inʔai |
| 130 | toucan | *nɨgo |
| 133 | buzzard | *ainɨ |
| 134 | curassow | *kɨga- |
| 136 | guan | *peeka-he |
| 137 | hen | *kaaa |
| 139 | piranha | *gaikku-he, *nitta |
| 142 | flea | *hɨɨku-ga |
| 143 | louse | *gaaini-ʔu |
| 144 | mosquito | *gaaihɨ |
| 145 | termite | *maʔarɨ |
| 146 | ant | *piimo |
| 147 | spider | *paaga- |
| 148 | jigger | *niipahe |
| 149 | bush | *bahɨ |
| 150 | open grassland | *namettɨhe, *ʦukkumhe |
| 151 | hill | *gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ |
| 152 | tree | *ɨmo-ʔo |
| 153 | leaf | *aame |
| 154 | tree leaf | *-ʔaame |
| 158 | root | *bako- |
| 159 | seed | *batʦu- |
| 160 | stick | ɨmoo-ʔi |
| 161 | grass | *ʦukkume-he |
| 163 | cassava | *máaʔu |
| 165 | tobacco | *baino |
| 166 | cotton | *haʔdi |
| 167 | gourd | *duutu |
| 168 | yam | *kɨnii- |
| 170 | annatto | *nooba-ba |
| 171 | chili pepper | *dee-ʔuɨ |
| 172 | coca | *hiibii- |
| 173 | banisterium | *bakko |
| 174 | plantain | *ɨhe- |
| 175 | chonta palm | *moomo |
| 179 | salt | *ɨmo |
| 180 | chicha | *moomo-ba |
| 181 | one | *ʦaa-no |
| 182 | two | *mi-no-kɨ |
| 185 | five | *sa-ʔutʦe |
| 191 | first | *ttɨkkonɨ |
| 192 | last | *niiʔnoo- |
| 194 | drum | *kɨɨmɨ-ba |
| 196 | ear ornament | *nɨhɨ-ga |
| 197 | mask | *maaʔnii |
| 198 | medicine man | *taabu-mɨnaa-ppi |
| 199 | chief | *aiβohɨɨ-bo |
| 200 | I | *uu |
| 201 | thou | *ɨɨ |
| 202 | he | *aanɨɨ, *dii-bo |
| 203 | she | *aaimoo, *dii-go |
| 204 | it | *haa-no |
| 205 | we | *mɨɨʔai |
| 206 | ye | *amɨɨai |
| 207 | they | *dii-to |
| 208 | my hand | *tai-ʔutʦe |
| 209 | thy hand | *dii-ʔutʦe |
| 210 | his hand | *dii-bo-ʔutʦe |
| 211 | our hands | *mo-ʔutʦe-no |
| 212 | your hands | *amɨɨʔai ʔutʦe-no |
| 213 | their hands | *diito ʔutʦe-no |
| 214 | my bow | *tai-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 215 | thy bow | *dii-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 216 | his bow | *dii-bo tɨɨbu-ga |
| 217 | our bow | *mo-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 218 | your bow | *amɨɨʔai tɨɨbu-ga |
| 219 | their bow | *dii-to tɨɨbu-ga |
| 220 | big | *mita-no, *giraa |
| 221 | small | *nume- |
| 222 | cold | *ʦɨɨku |
| 223 | hot | *aiguukku |
| 224 | good | *imi |
| 225 | bad | *imi-tɨ-no |
| 226 | white | *ʦeʦee |
| 227 | black | *kɨβo- |
| 228 | go! | *di-po |
| 229 | come! | *di-ʦaa |
| 230 | eat! | *matʧu |
| 231 | drink! | *d-aduu |
| 232 | sleep! | *kɨga |
| 234 | front teeth, incisors | *iiʔgai-noo |
| 235 | tip of tongue | *nehe--nihkk |
| 236 | long hair | *niiga |
| 240 | lower arm | *nokkɨ- |
| 241 | wrist | *ʔutʦe-kkohe |
| 242 | lower leg | *takki- |
| 243 | body hair | *iʔhee-no |
| 244 | stomach | *iiʔba |
| 245 | intestines | *iiʔba |
| 246 | old woman | *koomo-go |
| 249 | corn field | *gaikkuʔai, *-pagi |
| 250 | stream | *too-ʔi |
| 251 | pebbles | *ngai-ɨʔai |
| 253 | path | *hɨɨai |
| 255 | shelter | *nɨɨh-ga |
| 256 | this | *hi- |
| 257 | that | *hoʔ- |
| 258 | who | *mɨ-, *ka- |
| 260 | not | *ʦaʔa, *-tɨ |
| 261 | all | *pa-no |
| 262 | many | *mita- |
| 263 | long | *kaamo- |
| 264 | bark | *-meeʔu |
| 265 | flesh | *ʔookuu, *duu |
| 266 | blood | *tɨɨ- |
| 267 | grease | *dɨɨrɨ-ba |
| 268 | egg | *iiʔɨ |
| 269 | horn | *-ttu |
| 270 | feather | *i-hee-no |
| 271 | claw | *ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu |
| 272 | belly | *iiʔba |
| 273 | liver | *iʔganoo |
| 274 | drink | *adu |
| 275 | eat | *matʧu |
| 276 | bite | *eeʔdu- |
| 277 | see | *aittɨme |
| 278 | hear | *goobu- |
| 279 | know | *gaaha |
| 280 | sleep | *kɨga |
| 281 | die | *gihe-βo |
| 282 | kill | *gɨhe-βo-ʦu |
| 283 | swim | *itʦi |
| 284 | fly | *gaʔpo |
| 285 | walk | *ɨgo, *poo |
| 286 | come | *ʦaa- |
| 290 | give | *akkɨ |
| 291 | say | *hɨɨbgo, *noo |
| 293 | mountain | *gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ |
| 294 | red | *tɨ-ppai-no |
| 295 | green | *aittɨβa |
| 296 | yellow | *gi |
| 297 | full | *gaʔpo |
| 298 | new | *boʔ-no |
| 301 | name | *momo |
| 302 | how | *mɨʔɨ |
| 305 | here | *hi-noo-ri |
| 306 | there | *oo-no |
| 307 | other | *ʦi-ppi |
| 309 | fog | *tʦu- |
| 310 | flow | *niiβa |
| 311 | sea | *muuai |
| 312 | wet | *peepai-no, *maa- |
| 313 | wash | *nittɨ- |
| 314 | worm | *hɨʔba |
| 316 | fur | *iʔhe- |
| 318 | saliva | *hɨɨ- |
| 319 | milk | *mɨppaino-ppaiu |
| 320 | with | *-ma |
| 321 | in | *paino |
| 322 | at | *-βɨ |
| 323 | if | *-ʔatʧiihɨ |
| 327 | child | *ʦee-mo-no |
| 328 | dark | *kɨβo- |
| 330 | wide | *kare- |
| 331 | narrow | *iihe |
| 334 | thick | *peeme |
| 335 | thin | *ɨtʦi-, aini- |
| 336 | short | *baaʔr-no |
| 338 | dull | *ʦɨɨʔhe-βa-tɨ-no |
| 339 | sharp | *ʦɨɨhe-βa |
| 340 | dirty | *hiinɨ-βa-, beeβa- |
| 341 | rotten | *tuukɨ- |
| 342 | smooth | *prɨɨkɨ-, *mooβa- |
| 343 | straight | *ʦa-tɨkko-βo |
| 344 | correct | *maa- |
| 345 | left | *nani- |
| 346 | right | *ma- |
| 347 | old | *ʦɨk-, *koomo- |
| 349 | pull | *giiɨkɨ |
| 351 | throw | *piku |
| 352 | hit | *iʤaaju |
| 353 | split | *gaer- |
| 354 | pierce | *kapaitɨ-ɨɨ-nɨ |
| 355 | dig | *ʦooʔdi |
| 356 | tie | *ʦitʦɨ, *duʔhe-nɨ |
| 358 | fall | *aako- |
| 359 | swell | *huuri- |
| 360 | think | *etʦami- |
| 361 | sing | *matʦi-βa |
| 362 | smell | *hɨgikk, *utʦu |
| 365 | blow | *ebaʦu-, buuʦu- |
| 366 | fear | *igi |
| 367 | squeeze | *aamɨ-ʦu |
| 368 | hold | *ikka |
| 369 | down | *giino, baa-ri |
| 370 | up | *kamo |
| 371 | ripe | *naamo- |
| 372 | dust | *-giihɨ |
| 373 | alive | *buʔee- |
| 374 | rope | *gaaiba-ɨ |
| 375 | year | *pikaba |
| 378 | diminutive | *-gɨ |
| 379 | big river | *muuai |
| 380 | longhouse | *baa-o-ha |
| 382 | stone axe | *hɨgaa-he |
| 383 | machete | *nʦga |
| 384 | deer | *hiibai |
| 385 | macaw | *inʔai |
| 386 | ant | *tɨɨp-megai |
| 387 | bitter manioc | *peeka |
| 388 | push | ?*káʔaaku |
| 389 | find | *áittɨme |
| 390 | get ill | *dɨʔkɨ |
| 391 | squeeze manioc dough | *gáirɨɨʔaiɲɨ |
| 392 | germinate | *ííno |
| 394 | scream | *kóóβádííkku, *gáia |
| 395 | keep | *toomo- |
| 398 | make | *móónɨ |
| 401 | cry | *taa |
| 402 | order, command | *gáʤúu, *táhɨɨʔba |
| 403 | get wet | *máa-, *péépai- |
| 406 | manicuera, manioc | *paikuumɨɨ |
| 407 | be born | *pííβo |
| 408 | urinate | *níppai |
| 410 | fart | *nobú |
| 412 | ask | *díʤu |
| 413 | taste | *nɨtʦu |
| 414 | stay | *pítá |
| 417 | want | *ím-go-, gáihɨ-, káβa- |
| 418 | grate | *kaʦu |
| 426 | alone | *i-ro |
| 427 | dream | *tɨga |
| 429 | sweat | *tugaa |
| 431 | be hungry | áihba |
| 434 | itch | *áhé |
| 435 | roast | *garééku, ʦúʔkúʦu- |
| 437 | bring | *ʦβa |
| 440 | pay a visit | *ba |
| 441 | grassland | *namettɨhe |
| 442 | yesterday | *ííhɨ |
| 444 | inside | *paino |
| 445 | soft, tender | *paiβoo |
| 446 | happy | *im |
| 447 | bitter | *paapai |
| 448 | fast | *góóβá |
| 450 | blind | *áiɨme-tɨ |
| 451 | dock, port | *mɨkku |
| 454 | face | *ɨme |
| 456 | basket | *hɨβiiba |
| 458 | foam | ?*hɨaʔʦ |
| 461 | middle | *pééno |
| 462 | thorn | *hanoo-tto |
| 463 | tall | *káamo |
| 464 | palm, Oenocarpus bataua | *kúume |
| 465 | medicine | *táábú |
| 467 | later on | *buun |
| 468 | a lot | *giraa- |
| 469 | behind | *dóhɨku |
| 471 | full | *gaʔpo |
| 474 | peanuts | *máʦakka |
| 475 | yard, court | *g-ʔátʦ |
| 476 | crested oropendola | *héékkɨ |
| 477 | manioc starch drink | *kaʔgɨnɨku |
| 478 | arrive | *gátʦe- |
| 479 | oil | *dɨɨrɨ-ba- |
| 482 | sifter | *níttɨ-ba |
| 484 | spicy | *áiβo |
| 489 | dancing festival | *hɨɨbaimo |
| 491 | manioc squeezer | *gádameeʔu |
| 492 | mirror | *méékɨme |
| 494 | son | *ʔatʧi |
| 495 | we two | *mɨʦi, *mɨpe |
| 496 | you two | *amɨʦi, *amɨpe |
| 497 | they two | *dii-t-ʦi |
| 498 | they two | *dii-t-pe |
| 499 | her | *i- |
| 500 | eat meat | *duu |
| 501 | weave | *nɨɨ |
| 502 | lick | *neheʔku |
| 503 | healing blow | *hɨbu |
| 504 | downriver | *aamhɨ |
| 506 | wake up | *aikko |
| 507 | fireplace | *kɨɨhɨgai |
| 508 | sieve | *níttɨba |
| 509 | dancing beam | *ʤari-ga |
| 510 | caimito fruit | *mɨʦééʦe |
| 511 | palm, Socratea exorrhiza | *háaʤa |
| 512 | leaves that produce black color | *kaatɨ |
| 513 | peach palm | *moomo |
| 514 | Cecropia sp. | *taaβi-ʔo |
| 515 | macambo fruit | *haaʔo |
| 518 | Inga edulis | *tɨɨʦi-ʔo |
| 519 | ceramic saucepan | *hɨgo-ba |
| 520 | uvilla fruit | *báaku |
| 521 | rifle | *áinɨ-hɨ |
| 522 | palm, Astrocaryum chambira | *nehe |
| 523 | umarí fruit | *niimɨ |
| 525 | edible ant | *mníiko |
| 526 | avocado | *kúúhɨ |
| 527 | edible larvae | *áppai-ku |
| 529 | grater | *kaʦu |
| 530 | miriti palm | *íno-ʔo |
| 532 | pillars | *-ʔakkɨ |
| 533 | Lepidocaryum tenue palm | *háhe |
| 534 | eat fruit | *geen |
| 535 | chew coca | *dooikkɨ |
| 536 | feces | *namo |
| 539 | drown | *mákká-nɨ |
| 541 | pull out | *gáihúkku |
| 542 | get scared | *ígi |
| 543 | shame | *nkúppé-go- |
| 544 | dance | *gaʔʦe |
| 547 | hunt | *taaβa |
| 549 | cook | *tɨ |
| 550 | catch | *ɨkkɨ |
| 551 | tell, narrate | *hɨɨbgo |
| 553 | cut | *βɨrɨ |
| 554 | shoot | *ainɨ |
| 556 | get drunk | *gírííká-βo- |
| 557 | woolly monkey | *kɨmɨ |
| 558 | sweet | *naamo |
| 560 | masculine | *-bo |
| 562 | conjure | *apiiʧu, *ʤɨɨa-nɨ |