1951 in science

The year 1951 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space science

July 22 – Soviet space dogs Dezik and Tsygan become the first to enter space, in a 15-minute sub-orbital spaceflight from Kapustin Yar in an R-1 rocket, being safely parachuted back to earth.

Nesting pairs of the Bermuda petrel, thought to have been extinct for more than 300 years, are found.
Niko Tinbergen publishes The Study of Instinct.

February – Ferranti deliver their first Mark 1 computer to the University of Manchester. It is the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.
March 30 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau. It is inaugurated on June 14.
May 5 – The Ferranti NIMROD computer is presented at the Science Museum (London) during the Festival of Britain. It is designed exclusively to play Nim, using panels of lights, the first instance of a digital computer designed specifically to play a game.
July – Maurice Wilkes introduces the concept of microprogramming.
November 29 – LEO becomes the first computer to run a full commercial business application, for the British bakers J. Lyons and Co.
EDVAC binary electronic stored program computer incorporating high speed delay-line memory begins operation at the United States Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
Publication of Sancti Thomae Aquinatis hymnorum ritualium varia specimina concordantiarum... A first example of word index automatically compiled and printed by IBM punched card machines, a concordance to work by Thomas Aquinas produced by IBM under the direction of Roberto Busa, an early instance of the use of data processing machinery in humanities research.

August 15 – 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, a fatal outbreak, probably of ergotism, in southern France.
Richard Asher describes Münchausen syndrome.
The continental United States becomes malaria-free.

Solomon Asch begins publication of his conformity experiments showing how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion.
The World Health Organization's report on maternal deprivation, Maternal Care and Mental Health, written by English psychologist John Bowlby, is published.

May – Carl A. Wiley publishes the concept of the solar sail.
June – Carl A. Wiley invents synthetic aperture radar.
July 4 – William Shockley of Bell Labs in the United States announces the invention jointly with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of the grown-junction transistor. Also this year, General Electric and RCA develop the alloy-junction transistor.
George Downing builds "The Rocket", the first surfboard with a removable fin.

January 19 – Shimon Sakaguchi, Japanese immunologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025.
March 21 – Martin Sweeting, English microsatellite pioneer.
March 26 – Carl Wieman, American physicist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics 2001.
April 14 – Greg Winter, English biochemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018.
May – Chen Saijuan, Chinese molecular biologist.
May 15 – Frank Wilczek, American physicist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics 2004.
May 18 – Ben Feringa, Dutch organic chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016.
May 26 – Sally Ride, American physicist and astronaut.
July 1 – Niels Krabbe, Danish ornithologist.
July 4 – Susumu Kitagawa, Japanese chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025.
August 24 – Robin McLeod, Canadian surgeon.
September 14 – Duncan Haldane, English-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics 2016.
September 18 – John Clark, English molecular biologist.
September 30 – Barry Marshall, Australian physician, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005.
October 27 – Carlos Frenk, Mexican cosmologist.
December 18 – Radia Perlman, American computer software designer and network engineer.

January 7 – Lucien Cuénot, French biologist.
January 13 – Dorothea Bate, British paleozoologist.
January 30 – Ferdinand Porsche, German automobile engineer.
March 19 – Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger, Dutch biologist and politician.
April 6 – Robert Broom, Scottish-born South African paleontologist.
April 9 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist.
April 22 – Horace Donisthorpe, English entomologist.
April 26 – Arnold Sommerfeld, German physicist.
May 5 – John Flynn, Australian medical services pioneer.
May 16 – François Hussenot, French aviation engineer, in aviation accident.
October 4 – Henrietta Lacks, African American source of the HeLa cell line.
October 6 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German-born physician and biochemist.
December 11 – Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison, English anatomist and politician.