1657

January–March

• January 8 - Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and are arrested.
• January 29 - Rule of the Major-Generals in England is abolished.
• February 4 - Resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.
• February 23 - In England, the Humble Petition and Advice offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown.
• March 2 - The Great Fire of Meireki in Edo, Japan, destroys most of the city and damages Edo Castle, killing an estimated 100,000 people.
• March 23 - Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60): By the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spain; England will receive Dunkirk.

April–June

• April 20
• * Anglo-Spanish War - Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife: English Admiral Robert Blake attempts to seize a Spanish treasure fleet.
• * The Jews of New Amsterdam are granted freedom of religion, as full citizens.
• May 8 - Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title "Lord Protector".
• June 1
• * King Frederick III of Denmark signs a manifesto, de facto declaring war on Sweden.
• * The first eleven Quaker settlers arrive in New Amsterdam, and are allowed to practice their faith.

July–September

• July 13 - Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.
• August 20 - The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at Quebec, New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang, colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
• September 19 - Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Wehlau.
• September 24 - The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict in the Colony of Maryland are recorded.
• September - Shah Jahan becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the Mughal Empire.

October–December

• October 1 - Treaty of Raalte: William III, Prince of Orange is no longer stadtholder of Overijssel.
• October 3 - French troops occupy Mardyck.
• November 6 - Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Bromberg.
• November 10 - Christina, former Queen regnant of Sweden, has Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi killed in her presence, at the Palace of Fontainebleau.
• December 27 - The Flushing Remonstrance is signed in New Amsterdam, at the site of the future Flushing Town Hall in New York City.

Date unknown

• The Accademia del Cimento is founded in Florence, Italy.
• England's first chocolate house is opened in London and introduction of tea in England while coffee is introduced to France.
• Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae.
• Andreas Gryphius' drama Katharina von Georgien is published in Breslau.
• Thomas Middleton's tragedy Women Beware Women is published posthumously in London.

Births

• January 1 - Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England
• January 4 - Sébastien Rale, French missionary
• January 6 - William Bowes, English politician
• January 11 - Elizabeth van der Woude, Dutch writer
• January 17 - Pieter van Bloemen, Flemish painter
• January 18 - Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen
• January 21 - Francesco Cupani, Italian naturalist
• January 26 - William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury
• January 29 - Francis Moore, English physician and astrologer
• February 10 - George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter, English Army general
• February 11 - Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters
• February 21 - Blaise Gisbert, French Jesuit rhetorician and critic
• February 24 - Clopton Havers, English physician
• February 25 - Agathe de Saint-Père, French-Canadian business entrepreneur and inventor
• March 1 - Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian
• March 6 - Auguste Magdalene of Hessen-Darmstadt, German noblewoman and poet
• March 18 - Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian composer
• March 19 - Jean Leclerc, Swiss theologian and biblical scholar
• March 20 - Luigi Omodei (1607–1685), Italian Catholic cardinal
• March 24 - Arai Hakuseki, Japanese politician and writer
• April 16
• * Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English politician
• * Otto Friedrich von der Groeben, Prussian traveller, soldier and author
• May 8 - Martino Altomonte, Italian painter
• May 14 - Sambhaji, Maratha ruler
• May 25 - Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, French Catholic priest, bishop and cardinal
• June 10 - James Craggs the Elder, English politician
• June 14 - Sir William Blackett, 1st Baronet, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, English politician
• June 17 - Louis Ellies Dupin, French ecclesiastical historian
• July 8 - Abraham de Peyster, New Amsterdam/New York politician
• July 11 - King Frederick I of Prussia
• July 12 - Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
• July 14 - William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven, English politician
• July 18 - Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby, English politician
• July 24
• * Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen, Dutch classical scholar
• * Jean Mathieu de Chazelles, French hydrographer
• July 25 - Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer
• August 7 - Henri Basnage de Beauval, French historian and lexicographer
• August 9 - Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French sculptor
• August 18
• * Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect and painter
• * Antonio Margil, Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America
• September 14 - Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, English politician
• September 17
• * Dudley Cullum, English politician and baronet
• * Pieter Schuyler, acting governor of the province of New York and army colonel
• September 21 - Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince
• September 27 - Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia, Russian regent
• September 29 - Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince
• October 2 - Guillaume Baudry, gunsmith and gold and silversmith in Lower Canada
• October 4 - Francesco Solimena, Italian painter
• October 8 - Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch painter
• October 26 - Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt, German nobleman
• November 6 - Joseph Denis, Canadian Rėcollet priest
• November 12 - Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg
• November 16 - Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia
• November 26
• * William Derham, English clergyman and natural philosopher
• * Michael Bernhard Valentini, German naturalist
• November 28 - Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish throne
• December 2 - Franz Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
• December 8 - Changning, prince of the Qing dynasty
• December 14 - Edmund Dunch, English Whig politician
• December 15
• * Michel Richard Delalande, French composer
• * Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons, Count of Soissons and Prince of Savoy
• December 23
• * Hannah Duston, Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War
• * Josiah Franklin, English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin
• December 28 - Domenico Rossi, Swiss-Italian architect

Deaths

• January 24 - Claude, Duke of Chevreuse
• February 2 - Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine, French noble
• February 7 - Cesare Dandini, Italian painter
• February 8 - Laura Mancini, French court beauty
• February 10 - Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter
• February 19 - Jean Riolan the Younger, French anatomist
• March - Edward Hopkins, colonial Connecticut politician
• March 7 - Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar
• March 10 - Barthold Nihus, Roman Catholic priest
• April ? - Richard Lovelace, English Cavalier poet
• April 2
• * Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
• * Jean-Jacques Olier, French Catholic priest
• April 29 - Sophie Elisabeth Pentz, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark
• May 7 - Nabeshima Katsushige, Japanese daimyō
• May 9 - William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony
• May 10 - Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Swedish soldier and politician
• May 16 - Andrzej Bobola, Polish Jesuit missionary
• June 3 - William Harvey, English physician
• June 26 - Tobias Michael, German composer and cantor
• July 17 - Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
• August 6 - Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ukrainian Cossack Hetman
• August 14 - Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian 57th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller
• August 19 - Frans Snyders, Flemish painter
• August 7 - Robert Blake, British admiral
• August 29 - John Lilburne, English dissenter
• September 1 - Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer
• September 7 - Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish field marshal and statesman
• September 13 - Jacob van Campen, Dutch artist
• September 23 - Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher
• September 27 - Olimpia Maidalchini, politically active Roman noble
• October 4 - Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy
• October 23 - Domenico Massenzio, Italian baroque composer
• November 5 - Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, French noble
• November 10 - Anders Bille, Danish general
• November 18 - Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian
• November 20 - Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 1st Baronet, English politician
• December 5 - Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman
• December 24 - Philippe Le Sueur de Petiville, French poet date unknown - Willem Bontekoe, Dutch sea captain