111th United States Congress
The 111th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3, 2009, until January 3, 2011. It began during the last weeks of the George W. Bush administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. census.
In the November 2008 elections, the Democratic Party increased its majorities in both chambers, and with Barack Obama being sworn in as president on January 20, 2009, this gave Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 103rd Congress in 1993.
However, the Senate supermajority only lasted for a period of 72 working days while the Senate was actually in session. A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands. The 111th Congress had the most long-serving members in history: at the start of the 111th Congress, the average member of the House had served 10.3 years, while the average Senator had served 13.4 years. The Democratic Party would not simultaneously control both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate again until more than a decade later, during the 117th Congress. After comprising the majority of the House of Representatives since the 106th United States Congress, the 111th United States Congress was the first where Baby boomers comprised the majority of the Senate.
The 111th Congress was the most productive congress since the 89th Congress. It enacted numerous significant pieces of legislation, including the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the New START treaty.
Major events
- January 2009: Two Senate seats were disputed when the Congress convened:
- # An appointment dispute over the Illinois seat vacated by President Barack Obama arose following Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich's solicitation of bribes in exchange for an appointment to the Senate. Roland Burris was appointed to the seat on December 31, 2008, but his credentials were not accepted until January 12, 2009.
- # An election dispute over the Minnesota seat previously held by Norm Coleman, between Coleman and challenger Al Franken, was decided on June 30, 2009, in favor of Franken. Franken's admission briefly gave the Senate Democratic caucus 60 votes, enough to defeat a filibuster in a party-line vote.
- January 8, 2009: Joint session counted the Electoral College votes of the 2008 presidential election.
- January 20, 2009: Barack Obama became 44th President of the United States.
- February 24, 2009: President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress
- April 28, 2009: Senator Arlen Specter switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party.
- August 25, 2009: Senator Ted Kennedy died of a Brain tumor
- September 9, 2009: President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress to promote health care reform, which Representative Joe Wilson interrupted by shouting at the President.
- January 21, 2010: Citizens United v. FEC: The U.S. Supreme Court struck down limits on campaign contributions by nonprofits, corporations, labor unions and other associations.
- January 25, 2010: 2010 State of the Union Address
- February 4, 2010: Republican Scott Brown's election to the Senate ended the Democratic super-majority.
- April 20 – September 19, 2010: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
- November 2, 2010: 2010 general elections, in which Republicans regained control of the House while the Democrats remained in control of the Senate.
Major legislation
Enacted
- January 29, 2009: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009,
- February 4, 2009: Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act,
- February 17, 2009: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,
- March 11, 2009: Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009,
- March 30, 2009: Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009,
- April 21, 2009: Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act,
- May 20, 2009: Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009,
- May 20, 2009: Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009,
- May 22, 2009: Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009,
- May 22, 2009: Credit CARD Act of 2009,
- June 22, 2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, as Division A of
- June 24, 2009: Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 including the Car Allowance Rebate System,
- October 15, 2009: Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act,
- October 28, 2009: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, including the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act,
- November 6, 2009: Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009,
- November 11, 2009: Military Spouses Residency Relief Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-97
- December 16, 2009: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010,
- January 27, 2010: Emergency Aid to American Survivors of the Haiti Earthquake Act,
- February 12, 2010: Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act, as Title I of
- March 4, 2010: Travel Promotion Act of 2009, as Section 9 of
- March 18, 2010: Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act,
- March 23, 2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,
- March 30, 2010: Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, including the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act,
- May 5, 2010: Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010,
- May 24, 2010: Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act,
- May 27, 2010:,
- July 1, 2010: Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010,
- July 21, 2010: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act,
- July 22, 2010: Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010,
- July 22, 2010: Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2010,
- July 29, 2010: Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010
- August 3, 2010: Fair Sentencing Act of 2010,
- August 10, 2010: Securing the Preservation of Our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act,
- September 27, 2010: Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010,
- October 5, 2010: Rosa's Law,
- October 8, 2010: Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) of 2010,
- October 11, 2010: NASA Authorization Act of 2010,
- October 13, 2010: Plain Writing Act of 2010,
- October 15, 2010: Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010,
- December 8, 2010: Claims Resolution Act of 2010,
- December 9, 2010: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act,
- December 13, 2010: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010,
- December 15, 2010: Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010,
- December 15, 2010: Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act,
- December 17, 2010: Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010,,
- December 18, 2010: Fur Products Labeling Act,
- December 22, 2010: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010,,
- December 22, 2010: Truth In Caller ID Act of 2009,
- January 2, 2011: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010,,
- January 4, 2011: Shark Conservation Act,,
- January 4, 2011: GPRA Modernization Act of 2010,
- January 4, 2011: Food Safety and Modernization Act,,
- January 4, 2011: America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010,
- January 4, 2011: Local Community Radio Act,
- January 4, 2011: National Alzheimer's Project Act,
- January 7, 2011: Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011,
Health care reform
At the encouragement of the Obama administration, Congress devoted significant time considering health care reform. In March 2010, Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law, the first comprehensive health care reform legislation in decades, along with further amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Other major reform proposals during the health care debate included:- Affordable Health Care for America Act
- America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009
- America's Healthy Future Act
- Empowering Patients First Act
- Healthy Americans Act
- United States National Health Care Act
- Physician Payments Sunshine Act
Proposed
Proposed bills include :- American Clean Energy and Security Act
- District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act
- DISCLOSE Act
- Domestic Partnership Benefits and Obligations Act
- DREAM Act
- Employee Free Choice Act
- Employment Non-Discrimination Act
- Federal Reserve Transparency Act of 2009
- Food Desert Oasis Act of 2009
- Food Safety Enhancement Act
- Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act
- Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2009
- Homeowner's Defense Act
- Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009
- Military Readiness Enhancement Act
- Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act
- Personal Data Privacy and Security Act of 2009
- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009
- Public Option Act
- Respect for Marriage Act
- Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act
- Uniting American Families Act
- Universal Right to Vote by Mail Act
Vetoed
- December 30, 2009:, a continuing appropriations resolution that became unnecessary
- October 7, 2010:, Interstate Recognition of Notarizations Act of 2010
Treaties ratified
- December 22, 2010: New START
Major nomination hearings
- January–April 2009: Senate held confirmation hearings for Barack Obama's cabinet.
- July 13–16, 2009: Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on Sonia Sotomayor's appointment to the United States Supreme Court.
- June 28–30, 2010: Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on Elena Kagan's appointment to the United States Supreme Court.
Impeachments
- : Judge Samuel B. Kent: impeached June 19, 2009, resigned June 30, 2009, before trial; charges dismissed July 22, 2009.
- : Judge Thomas Porteous: impeached March 11, 2010, convicted December 8, 2010.
Leadership
Senate
- President: Dick Cheney, until January 20, 2009
- * Joe Biden, from January 20, 2009
- President pro tempore: Robert Byrd, until June 28, 2010
- * Daniel Inouye, from June 28, 2010
Majority (Democratic) leadership
- Majority Leader and Conference Chairman: Harry Reid
- Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip): Richard Durbin
- Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman: Charles Schumer
- [Democratic Conference Secretary of the United States Senate|Secretary of the United States Senate|Democratic Conference Secretary]: Patty Murray
- Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman: Bob Menendez
- Policy Committee Chairman: Byron Dorgan
- Steering and Outreach Committee Chairman: Debbie Stabenow
- Committee Outreach Chairman: Jeff Bingaman
- Rural Outreach Chairman: Blanche Lincoln
- Chief Deputy Whip: Barbara Boxer
- Deputy Whips: Tom Carper, Bill Nelson, and Russ Feingold
Minority (Republican) leadership
- Minority Leader: Mitch McConnell
- Assistant Minority Leader (Minority Whip): Jon Kyl
- Counselor to the Minority Leader: Bob Bennett
- Republican Conference Chairman: Lamar Alexander
- Republican Conference Vice Chairman: Lisa Murkowski, until September 17, 2010
- * John Barrasso, from September 22, 2010
- Policy Committee Chairman: John Ensign, until June 17, 2009
- * John Thune, from June 25, 2009
- National Senatorial Committee Chair: John Cornyn
- Chief Deputy Whip: Richard Burr
House of Representatives
Majority (Democratic) leadership
- Majority Leader: Steny Hoyer
- Majority Whip: Jim Clyburn
- Senior Chief Deputy Majority Whip: John Lewis
- Chief Deputy Majority Whips: Maxine Waters, John S. Tanner, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Joseph Crowley, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz
- Democratic Caucus Chairman: John B. Larson
- Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman: Xavier Becerra
- Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Chris Van Hollen
- Steering/Policy Committee Co-Chairs: George Miller and Rosa DeLauro
- Organization, Study, and Review Chairman: Michael Capuano
Minority (Republican) leadership
- Minority Leader: John Boehner
- Minority Whip: Eric Cantor
- Chief Deputy Whip: Kevin McCarthy
- Republican Conference Chairman: Mike Pence
- Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Cathy McMorris-Rodgers
- Republican Conference Secretary: John Carter
- Policy Committee Chairman: Thaddeus McCotter
- Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Pete Sessions
- Ranking Member of the House Rules Committee: David Dreier
Members
- ''Skip to House of Representatives, below''
Senate
In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2010; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2012; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2014.Delaware">List of United States senators from Delaware">Delaware
Kansas">List of United States senators from Kansas">Kansas
Mississippi">List of United States senators from Mississippi">Mississippi
New York">List of United States senators from New York">New York
South Carolina">List of United States senators from South Carolina">South Carolina
West Virginia">List of United States senators from West Virginia">West Virginia
House of Representatives
Delaware">List of United States representatives from Delaware">Delaware
Kansas">List of United States representatives from Kansas">Kansas
Mississippi">List of United States representatives from Mississippi">Mississippi
New York">List of United States representatives from New York">New York
South Carolina">List of United States representatives from South Carolina">South Carolina
West Virginia">List of United States representatives from West Virginia">West Virginia
Changes in membership
Senate
Four of the changes are associated with the 2008 presidential election and appointments to the Obama Administration, one senator changed parties, one election was disputed, two senators died, one senator resigned, and three appointed senators served only until special elections were held during this Congress.House of Representatives
Five changes are associated with appointments to the Obama Administration, four directly and one indirectly. Two representatives changed parties, one died, and five resigned. House vacancies are only filled by elections. State laws regulate when there will be special elections.Committees
Senate
House of Representatives
- Agriculture
- * Conservation, Credit, Energy, and Research
- * Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry
- * General Farm Commodities and Risk Management
- * Horticulture and Organic Agriculture
- * Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
- * Specialty Crops, Rural Development and Foreign Agriculture
- Appropriations
- * Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
- * Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
- * Defense
- * Energy and Water Development
- * Financial Services and General Government
- * Homeland Security
- * Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
- * Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
- * Legislative Branch
- * Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
- * State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
- * Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
- Armed Services
- * Readiness
- * Seapower and Expeditionary Forces
- * Air and Land Forces
- * Oversight and Investigations
- * Military Personnel
- * Terrorism and Unconventional Threats
- * Strategic Forces
- Budget
- Education and Labor
- * Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
- * Healthy Families and Communities
- * Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
- * Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness
- * Workforce Protections
- Energy and Commerce
- * Health
- * Energy and Environment
- * Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection
- * Communications, Technology and the Internet
- * Oversight and Investigations
- Energy Independence and Global Warming (Select)
- Financial Services
- * Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology
- * Oversight and Investigations
- * International Monetary Policy and Trade
- * Housing and Community Opportunity
- * Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
- * Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises
- Foreign Affairs
- * Africa and Global Health
- * Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment
- * Europe
- * International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight
- * Middle East and South Asia
- * Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade
- * Western Hemisphere
- Homeland Security
- * Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism
- * Emergency Communications, Preparedness, and Response
- * Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and Science and Technology
- * Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment
- * Management, Investigations, and Oversight
- * Transportation Security and Infrastructure Protection
- House Administration
- * Capitol Security
- * Elections
- Intelligence (Permanent Select)
- * Terrorism/HUMINT, Analysis and Counterintelligence
- * Technical and Tactical Intelligence
- * Intelligence Community Management
- * Oversight and Investigations
- Judiciary
- * Commercial and Administrative Law
- * Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties
- * Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property
- * Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
- * Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law
- Natural Resources
- * Energy and Mineral Resources
- * Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife
- * National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
- * Water and Power
- Oversight and Government Reform
- * Domestic Policy
- * Federal Workforce, Post Office, and District of Columbia
- * Government Management, Organization, and Procurement
- * Information Policy, Census, and National Archives
- * National Security and Foreign Affairs
- Rules
- * Legislative and Budget Process
- * Rules and the Organization of the House
- Science and Technology
- * Space and Aeronautics
- * Technology and Innovation
- * Research and Science Education
- * Investigations and Oversight
- * Energy and Environment
- Small Business
- * Finance and Tax
- * Contracting and Technology
- * Rural and Urban Entrepreneurship
- * Regulations, Healthcare and Trade
- * Investigations and Oversight
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Transportation and Infrastructure
- * Aviation
- * Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
- * Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management
- * Highways and Transit
- * Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials
- * Water Resources and Environment
- Veterans' Affairs
- * Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs
- * Economic Opportunity
- * Health
- * Oversight and Investigations
- Ways and Means
- * Health
- * Social Security
- * Income Security and Family Support
- * Trade
- * Oversight
- * Select Revenue Measures
- Whole
Joint committees
Employees
Legislative branch agency">List of federal agencies in the United States">Legislative branch agency directors
- Architect of the Capitol: Stephen T. Ayers
- Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Brian Monahan
- Comptroller General of the United States: Eugene Louis Dodaro
- Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Robert A. Sunshine, until January 22, 2009
- * Douglas W. Elmendorf, from January 22, 2009
- Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
- Public Printer of the United States: Robert C. Tapella, until December 29, 2010
- * William J. Boarman, from December 29, 2010
Senate
- Chaplain: Barry C. Black
- Curator: Diane K. Skvarla
- Historian: Richard A. Baker, until 2009
- * Donald A. Ritchie, from 2009
- Parliamentarian: Alan Frumin
- Secretary: Nancy Erickson
- Librarian: Leona I. Faust
- Sergeant at Arms: Terrance W. Gainer
- Secretary for the Majority: Lula J. Davis
- Secretary for the Minority: David J. Schiappa
House of Representatives
Employees include:- Chaplain: Daniel P. Coughlin
- Chief Administrative Officer: Daniel P. Beard, until July 1, 2010
- *Daniel Strodel, from July 18, 2010
- Clerk: Lorraine Miller
- Historian: Robert Remini, until 2010
- * Matthew Wasniewski, from October 20, 2010
- Parliamentarian: John V. Sullivan
- Reading Clerks: Jaime Zapata, Susan Cole
- Sergeant at Arms: Wilson "Bill" Livingood
- Inspector General: James J. Cornell, until January 2, 2010
- * Theresa M. Grafenstine, from July 30, 2010
Elections
- 2008 United States elections
- * 2008 United States presidential election
- * 2008 United States Senate elections
- * 2008 United States House of Representatives elections
- 2010 United States elections
- * 2010 United States Senate elections
- * 2010 United States House of Representatives elections