Vowel-consonant harmony
Vowel-consonant harmony, or consonant-vowel harmony, is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation, akin to the similar assimilatory process involving vowels, i.e. vowel harmony and the as similar assimilatory process involving consonants, i.e. consonant harmony.
Examples
Choco languages
A common process is a local harmony known as nasal harmony, in which all sounds in a given domain agree in nasality. Epena Pedee involves nasal vowels being the trigger, the direction being progressive and affecting glottals, vowels, glides, and liquids within the domain, with obstruents and the alveolar trill being the blockers. Idiosyncrasies include plosives becoming prenasalized when blocking the harmony and onset plosives becoming their corresponding nasal consonants.Panoan languages
Chapanahua utilizes a nasal harmony system where nasals are the trigger, and the direction is right-to-left, with vowels, glides, and glottals being affected, and liquids and obstruents serving as the blockers.Tucanoan languages
Tuyuca specializes in a nasal harmony system that is bidirectional, with no blockers at all, and voiceless obstruents being transparent.Tupian Languages
Guaraní uses nasal harmony with nasal vowels being the trigger, and the harmony being bidirectional, though voiced stops are blockers. Certain affixes have alternative forms according to whether the root includes a nasal or not. For example, the reflexive prefix is realized as oral je- before an oral stem like juka "kill", but as nasal ñe- before a nasal stem like nupã "hit". The ã makes the stem nasal.Semitic languages
Egyptian Arabic uses emphatic harmony, where all sounds in a given domain agree in emphaticness, with emphatic consonants being limited to pharyngealized or uvularized consonants. The pharyngealized alveolars of the Egyptian dialect and a pharyngealized are the triggers, with all sounds being pharyngealized if is in a word, and the pharyngealized alveolars spreading the harmony in a bidirectional manner. High front vowels and consonants would be the blockers, and include,,, and .The Southern Palestinian dialect involves the emphatic consonants in general being the triggers, and the spreading being bidirectional, with,,, and being the blockers.
Harari uses a non-local, or distant harmony system known as palatalization harmony, where the rightmost coronal consonant, aside from, is palatalized by in the second-person feminine singular non-perfective. The effect of on one consonant would affect another consonant, and so forth, via a domino effect.