Volga–Ural interfluve


The Volga–Ural interfluve is a steppe, semidesert, and desert territory between rivers Volga and Ural in Kazakhstan and Russia.

Geography

Most of the interfluve lies in Kazakhstan, within the West Kazakhstan Region and Atyrau Region. From south it is bordered by the Caspian Sea, into which both Volga and Ural flow.
The southern arid area is within the Caspian Depression, Caspian lowland desert ecoregion. It rises gradually from the sea coast northwatrds, with averaged elevations in the lower area ranging between 28 m and 11m below sea level. In the vicinity of Volga Delta there are groups of with heights up to 25 m. Between them freshwater bayous and saltwater lakes may be formed. The latter can dry out and form salt-covered depressions. The whole shore of the Caspian sea is fringed with a strip salty sands cut with bayous filled with seawater when the wind blows from the sea. There is also a large number of small intermittent and some larger permanent saltwater lakes in the southern desert area. The most notable of them is Baskunchak, with major salt mining. Within the confines of Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan, bordering the Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, there is a huge sand massif formerly known as "Urdinskiye peski", now "Ryn-peski", or Ryn Desert.
The northern part belongs to the Pontic–Caspian steppe ecoregion.
The interfluve may be divided into the following zones: plain clayey steppes zone, plain sandy desert zone, plain clayey desert zone, plain sandy desert steppe zone.

History and archaeology

Due to its ecological nature, historically, this area was most suited for nomadic lifestyle. In the 13th and 14th centuries the sedentary population was extremely sparse, with stationary settlements located along the valleys of Volga and Ural, as well as in the water-rich northern part of the interfluve. The 1985 book by Vadim Egorov, and expert in Golden Horde archaeology, says that insufficient archaeological research was carried out in this area, so it is difficult to make estimates about its historical population. The book discusses the following archaeological sites:
In more recent times the situation improved and a large number of kurgans, in particular, attributed to the Yamnaya culture, which, in particular, changed the notions about the significance of the development of metallurgy in the area in early Bronze Age.