List of victims of Nazism

This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. Many on the lists below were of Jewish and Polish origin, although mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet POWs], Jehovah's Witnesses, Serbs, Catholics, Roma and dissidents were also murdered. This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, were murdered by the Nazi regime. It includes those murdered in the Holocaust, as well as individuals otherwise killed by the Nazis before and during World War II. Those killed in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the Nazi Party or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered.
The list is sorted by occupation and by nationality.

Performing arts

Literature and publishing

Visual arts and design

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Friedl Dicker-Brandeis	1896–1944	Austrian	artist	Jewish	gas chamber in Auschwitz
Josef Čapek	1887–1945	Czech	painter, draughtsman, illustrator, writer	Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	typhoid fever at Bergen-Belsen
Fiszel Zylberberg-Zber	1909–1942	Polish	Woodcuts artist and painter	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Frania Hart	1896–1943	Polish/French	painter	Jewish	unknown
Abraham Icek Tuschinski	1886–1942	Dutch	designer of the Tuschinski Theater	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Max Jacob	1876–1944	French	artist	Jewish	pneumonia at Drancy
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner	1880–1938	German	painter	German resistance to Nazism	suicide due to persecution, Davos
Julius Klinger	1876–1942	Austrian	artist/designer	Jewish	-
Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler	1899–1940	German	painter	Action T4	Aktion T4 victim at Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre
Jacob Mącznik	1905–1945	Polish	painter	Jewish	slave labor at Ebensee division of Mauthausen
Samuel J. de Mesquita	1868–1944	Dutch	painter and designer	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Max van Dam	1910–1943	Dutch	painter	Jewish	died as one of the few inmates at Sobibor
Marianne Franken	1884-1945	Dutch	painter	Jewish	Bergen-Belsen
Mommie Schwarz	1876-1942	Dutch	painter	Jewish	Auschwitz
Else Berg	1877-1942	Dutch	painter	Jewish	Auschwitz
Martin Monnickendam	1874-1943	Dutch	painter	Jewish	suspicious circumstances prior to deportation
Felix Nussbaum	1904–1944	Austrian	painter	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Karl Pärsimägi	1902–1942	Estonian	painter	French Resistance	Auschwitz
Heinrich Rauchinger	1858–1942	Polish/Austrian	painter	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Jan Rubczak	1884–1942	Polish	painter, graphic artist	Polish intelligentsia	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Charlotte Salomon	1917–1943	German	painter	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Ljuba Monastirskaja	1906–1941	Latvian	textile artist	Jewish	killed at the Rumbula massacre
Otti Berger	1898–1944	Hungarian	textile artist	Jewish	Auschwitz
Paul Guermonprez	1908–1944	Dutch	photographer, graphic artist	Dutch resistance	Shot by the SS near Bloemendaal

Music

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Pavel Haas	1899–1944	Czech	composer	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Heinz Alt	1922–1945	German	composer	Jewish	Dachau
Ernst Bachrich	1892–1942	Austrian	composer	?	Majdanek/Lublin concentration camp
Al Bowlly	1898–1941	South African/British	vocalist	The Blitz	killed by a Luftwaffe parachute mine in London
Žiga Hirschler	1894–1941	Croatian	composer	Jewish	Jasenovac concentration camp
Rudolf Karel	1880–1945	Czech	composer	Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	dysentery at Theresienstadt
Gideon Klein	1919–1945	Czech	composer	Jewish	killed during liquidation of Fürstengrube, a sub-camp of Auschwitz
Hans Krása	1899–1944	Czech	composer	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Mario Finzi	1913–1945	Italian	pianist	Jewish	intestinal infection at Auschwitz shortly after liberation
Leon Jessel	1871–1942	German	composer	Jewish	torture by Gestapo, Berlin
Erwin Schulhoff	1894–1942	Czech	composer, jazz pianist	Jewish	tuberculosis at Wülzburg concentration camp
Viktor Ullmann	1898–1944	Czech	composer, pianist	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Karlrobert Kreiten	1916–1943	German	pianist	German resistance to Nazism	hanged at Plötzensee Prison
Alma Rosé	1906–1944	Austrian	violinist, conductor	Jewish	possibly poisoning, at Auschwitz
Józef Koffler	1896–1944	Polish	composer, teacher, columnist	Jewish	probably shot by Einsatzgruppen at Krosno
Leo Smit	1900–1943	Dutch	composer	Jewish	gas chamber at Sobibór
Marcel Tyberg	1893–1944	Austrian	composer, pianist, conductor	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Leone Sinigaglia	1868–1944	Italian	composer	Jewish	suffered a fatal heart attack at the moment of his arrest
Gershon Sirota	1874–1943	Polish	cantor, tenor	Jewish	killed in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Ilse Weber	1903–1944	Czech	composer, playwright	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz

Humanities

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Mildred Harnack	1902–1943	American	literary historian, translator, resistance fighter	German resistance to Nazism	beheaded at Plötzensee Prison
Elise Richter	1865–1943	Austrian	Romance philology professor	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Simon Dubnow	1860–1941	Belarusian	historian, writer, activist	Jewish	killed at the Riga ghetto during the Rumbula massacre
Norbert Jokl	1877–1942	Czech	Albanologist	Jewish	Roßau
Marc Bloch	1886–1944	French	historian, resistance leader	Jewish, French Resistance	tortured and shot by Gestapo at Saint-Didier-de-Formans
Valentin Feldman	1909–1942	French	philosopher, resistance leader	Jewish, French Resistance	executed by firing squad
Georges Politzer	1902–1942	French	philosopher, resistance leader	Jewish, French Resistance	executed by firing squad
Boris Vildé	1908–1942	French	ethnographer, resistance fighter	French Resistance	executed by firing squad
Avgust Pirjevec	1887–1944	Slovenian	literary historian	anti-Fascist activities of his children	Gusen
Walter Benjamin	1892–1940	German	philosopher	Jewish	suicide at Portbou to avoid deportation
Friedrich Münzer	1868–1942	German	classical scholar	Jewish	Theresienstadt

Mathematics

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Georg Alexander Pick	1859–1942	Austrian	Pick's theorem	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Emanuel Lodewijk Elte	1881-1943	Dutch	Gosset–Elte figures	Jewish	Sobibor
Jean Cavaillès	1903–1944	French	philosopher of science, resistance leader	French Resistance	executed by firing squad
Isaak Bacharach	1854–1942	German	Cayley-Bacharach Theorem	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Albert Lautman	1908–1944	French	mathematical philosopher, resistance leader	Jewish, French Resistance	executed by firing squad
Otto Blumenthal	1876–1944	German	Work in number theory, editor of Mathematische Annalen	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Felix Hausdorff	1868–1942	German	One of the founders of modern topology and contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, function theory, and functional analysis.	Jewish	suicide, Bonn
Friedrich Hartogs	1874–1943	German	Foundational work in several complex variables	Jewish	suicide, Großhesselohe
Robert Remak	1888–1942	German	Work in group theory, number theory, mathematical economics	Jewish	Auschwitz
Adolf Lindenbaum	1904–1941	Polish	Work in set theory	Jewish	Ghetto Vilnius
Antoni Łomnicki	1881–1941	Polish	Polish mathematician	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Stanisław Ruziewicz	1889–1941	Polish	Ruziewicz problem	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Stanisław Saks	1897–1942	Polish	Work in measure theory	Jewish, Polish underground	murdered in prison by the Gestapo, Warsaw
Juliusz Schauder	1899–1943	Polish	Schauder fixed point theorem, Schauder basis	Jewish	executed by the Gestapo, Lviv
Włodzimierz Stożek	1883–1941	Polish	Polish mathematician	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Alfred Tauber	1866–1942	Slovak	Tauberian theorems	Jewish	Theresienstadt

Natural sciences

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Ernst Cohen	1869–1944	Dutch	chemist, work on the allotropy of metals	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Elisabeth Wollman	1888–1943	French	microbiologist and physicist, work on bacteriophages and lysogeny	Jewish	Auschwitz
Eugène Wollman	1883–1943	French	microbiologist and physicist, work on bacteriophages and lysogeny	Jewish	Auschwitz

Medicine and psychology

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Karl Herxheimer	1861-1942	German	dermatologist, described Pick-Herxheimer disease and Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński	1874–1941	Polish	paediatrician, poet, translator	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Antoni Cieszyński	1882–1941	Polish	physician, dentist, surgeon	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Władysław Dobrzaniecki	1897–1941	Polish	physician, surgeon	Polish intelligentsia	Massacre of Lwów
Gisela Januszewska	1867–1943	Austrian	physician	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Janusz Korczak	1878–1942	Polish	pediatrician, educator, child welfare	Jewish	Treblinka
Adolf Reichwein	1898–1944	German	doctor, educator, politician	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Sabina Spielrein	1885–1942	Russian	physician, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst	Jewish	Massacre of Zmievskaya Balka
Elisabeth von Thadden	1890–1944	German	educator	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Martha Goldberg	1873–1938	German	social activist, doctor's assistant	Jewish	Kristallnacht

Law, business

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Klaus Bonhoeffer	1901–1945	German	jurist, resistance fighter	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin
Betsie ten Boom	1885–1944	Dutch	book keeper	Dutch resistance	Pernicious anemia, Ravensbrück
Casper ten Boom	1859–1944	Dutch	watchmaker	Dutch resistance	tuberculosis, mistreatment at Scheveningen Prison
Hans von Dohnányi	1902–1945	German	jurist, resistance fighter	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Sachsenhausen
Reinhold Frank	1896–1945	German	lawyer, member of 20 July Plot	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Martin Gauger	1905–1941	German	jurist, pacifist, member of the Kreisau Circle	German resistance to Nazism	NS-Tötungsanstalt Sonnenstein
Maurice Halbwachs	1877–1945	French	sociologist, economist, philosopher, developer of collective memory	French Resistance	Buchenwald
Franz Kaufmann	1886–1944	German	jurist	German resistance to Nazism	Sachsenhausen
Wilhelm Mautner	1889–1944	Austrian	economist	Jewish	Auschwitz concentration camp
Helmuth James Graf von Moltke	1907–1945	German	jurist, founder of the Kreisau Circle	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Alfred Müller	1888–1945	Croatian	entrepreneur	Jewish	Dachau
Leo Müller	1894–1941	Croatian	entrepreneur	Jewish	Jasenovac
Karl Sack	1896–1945	German	jurist, member of the 20 July plot	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Flossenbürg
Rüdiger Schleicher	1895–1945	German	resistance fighter	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Berlin
Armin Schreiner	1874–1941	Croatian	industrialist	Jewish	Jasenovac
Kazimierz Prószyński	1875–1945	Polish	inventor	Polish intelligentsia	Mauthausen
Elisabeth de Rothschild	1902–1945	French	wife of Baron Philippe de Rothschild	Jewish	Ravensbrück
Ludwik Maurycy Landau	1902–1944	Polish	economist	Polish resistance movement in World War II	executed, Warsaw

Theology, spirituality, religion

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Hedwig Jahnow	1879-1944	German	Old testament theologian	Jewish	malnutrition in Theresienstadt
Kaj Munk	1898–1944	Danish	theologian, playwright	Danish resistance movement	murdered by an SS-Sonderkommando, Hørbylunde/Denmark
Lodewijk Sarlois	1884-1942	Dutch	Chief Rabbi of the Netherlands	Jewish	Auschwitz
Dietrich Bonhoeffer	1906–1945	German	Lutheran pastor, theologian	German resistance to Nazism	Hanged with thin wire, Flossenbürg
Regina Jonas	1902–1944	German	first woman Rabbi	Jewish	Auschwitz
Jochen Klepper	1903–1942	German	theologian, journalist	Jewish family	suicide shortly before deportation, Berlin
Friedrich Lorenz	1897–1944	German	priest, member of Missionary [Oblates of Mary Immaculate]	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Halle an der Saale
Paul Schneider	1897–1939	German	clergyman	German resistance to Nazism	lethal injection, Buchenwald
Edith Stein	1891–1942	German	Carmelite nun, Ph.D. in Philosophy, Catholic saint	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Sándor Büchler	1869–1944	Hungarian	rabbi, historian	Jewish	Auschwitz
Giovanni Fornasini	1915–1944	Italian	parish priest, MOVM, Servant of God	Italian resistance movement	shot by a member of the Waffen SS, Marzabotto
Avraham Yitzchak Bloch	1891–1941	Lithuanian	Chief Rabbi, rosh yeshiva of the Telz Yeshiva	Jewish	murdered in a massacre of the male population of Telz
Elchonon Wasserman	1875–1941	Lithuanian	rabbi, rosh yeshiva	Jewish	Kovno
Riccardo Pacifici	1904–1943	Italian	rabbi	Jewish	gas chamber at Auschwitz
Azriel Rabinowitz	1905–1941	Lithuanian	rabbi, rosh yeshiva at the Telz Yeshiva	Jewish	murdered in a massacre of the male population of Telz
Maximilian Kolbe	1894–1941	Polish	friar, Catholic saint	Polish resistance movement in World War II	lethal injection after voluntarily taking place of another prisoner, Auschwitz
Stefan Wincenty Frelichowski	1913–1945	Polish	priest	Polish resistance movement in World War II	Dachau
Karl Ernst Krafft	1900–1945	Swiss	astrologer, occultist	crackdown on astrologers, faith healers and occultists following Rudolf Hess's flight to Scotland	Typhus, during transport to Buchenwald
Kalonymus Kalman Shapira	1889–1943	Polish	Rabbi	Jewish	Aktion Erntefest
Menachem Ziemba	1883–1943	Polish	Rabbi	Jewish	The [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]
Maria Skobtsova	1891–1945	Russian	Russian Orthodox nun, saint	French Resistance	gas chamber, Ravensbrück concentration camp

Sports

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Eddy Hamel	1902–1943	American	first Jewish football player of AFC Ajax	Jewish	Murdered at Auschwitz
Evžen Rošický	1914–1942	Czech	athlete, 1936 Berlin Olympic Games	Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	executed at Kobylisy Shooting Range
Otto Herschmann	1877–1942	Austrian	fencer & swimmer; 2-time Olympic silver medalist; one of only a few athletes who have won Olympic medals in multiple sports	Jewish	Izbica concentration camp
Heinrich Wolf	1875–1943	Austrian	chess player	Jewish	Vienna
Vera Menchik	1906–1944	British-Czech	chess player; world champion	The Blitz	killed in a V-1 rocket bombing raid in South London
Karel Treybal	1885–1941	Czech	chess player; chess Olympian	Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	executed, Prague
Salo Landau	1903–1944	Dutch	chess player	Jewish	Gräditz concentration camp
Gerrit Kleerekoper	1897–1943	Dutch	coach Dutch gymnastics team 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games	Jewish	Sobibór
Estella Agsteribbe	1909–1943	Dutch	gymnast ; Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Auschwitz
Helena Nordheim	1903–1943	Dutch	gymnast ; Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Sobibór
Anna Dresden-Polak	1906–1943	Dutch	gymnast ; Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Sobibór
Jud Simons	1904–1943	Dutch	gymnast ; Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Sobibór
Isidore Goudeket	1883-1943	Dutch	gymnast; placed 7th in team event in the 1908 Olympics	Jewish	Sobibór
Abraham de Oliveira	1880-1943	Dutch	gymnast; placed 7th in team event in the 1908 Olympics	Jewish	Sobibór
Alfred Flatow	1869–1942	German	gymnast; 3-time Olympic gold medalist & 1-time silver medalist	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Gustav Flatow	1875–1945	German	gymnast; 2-time Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Theresienstadt
Lilli Henoch	1899–1942	German	4 world records, 10 German national championships	Jewish	Riga Ghetto
Werner Seelenbinder	1904–1944	German	wrestler; Olympian	Communist	executed, Brandenburg an der Havel
Johann Trollmann	1907–1943	German	boxer; German national champion	Sinti	Neuengamme
János Garay	1889–1945	Hungarian	fencer; Olympic gold, silver, and bronze medalist	Jewish	Mauthausen
Oszkár Gerde	1883–1944	Hungarian	fencer; 2-time Olympic gold medalist	Jewish	Mauthausen
Attila Petschauer	1904–1943	Hungarian	fencer; 2-time Olympic gold medalist & 1-time silver medalist	Jewish	Davidovka concentration camp
András Székely	1909–1943	Hungarian	swimmer, Olympic silver and bronze	Jewish	killed at a forced labor camp in Chernihiv, Ukraine
Bronisław Czech	1908–1944	Polish	skier: Olympian	Polish resistance movement in World War II	Auschwitz
Roman Kantor	1912–1943	Polish	fencer; Olympian	Jewish	Majdanek concentration camp
Józef Klotz	1900–1941	Polish	Polish national soccer team	Jewish	killed in the Warsaw Ghetto
Janusz Kusociński	1907–1940	Polish	athlete;1932 Los Angeles men's athletics gold medalist	Polish resistance movement in World War II	executed in Palmiry
Dawid Przepiórka	1880–1940	Polish	chess player; chess Olympian	Jewish	executed, Warsaw
Leon Sperling	1900–1941	Polish	left wing on national soccer team	Jewish	Lemberg Ghetto
Ilja Szrajbman	1907–1943	Polish	swimmer, Olympic 4×200-m freestyle relay	Jewish	Majdanek concentration camp
Victor Perez	1911–1945	Tunisian	boxer; world flyweight champion	Jewish	Auschwitz
Ernest Toussaint	1908–1942	Luxembourgian	boxer	Luxembourg Resistance	Hinzert concentration camp
László Bartók	1904–1944	Hungarian	Olympic rower, 1928 Summer Olympics – Rowing at the [1928 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four\|Men's coxed four]	?	Buchenwald

Politics, resistance

Military

Name	Lifespan	Nationality	Achievements	Reasons for persecution	Cause of death
Charles Delestraint	1879–1945	French	general, resistance leader	French Resistance	assassinated in Dachau concentration camp
Ludwig Beck	1880–1944	German	General, Putschist	20 July plot	executed, Berlin
Wilhelm Canaris	1887–1945	German	military information service	German resistance to Nazism	executed, Flossenbürg
Erich Fellgiebel	1886–1944	German	officer and resistance fighter in the Third Reich	20 July plot	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Werner von Haeften	1908–1944	German	jurist, adjutant of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg	20 July plot	executed, Berlin
Erich Hoepner	1886–1944	German	demoted Colonel General, member of Military opposition about Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg	20 July plot	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim	1905–1944	German	Colonel, Putschist	20 July plot	executed, Berlin
Friedrich Olbricht	1888–1944	German	General, Putschist	20 July plot	executed, Berlin
Hans Oster	1887–1945	German	Chief of staff	20 July plot	executed, Flossenbürg
Harro Schulze-Boysen	1909–1942	German	officer, publicist	collaboration with Soviet intelligence	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Claus von Stauffenberg	1907–1944	German	Chief of staff of General Army Office, Putschist	20 July plot	executed, Berlin
Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel	1886–1944	German	military commander in occupied France	20 July plot	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Henning von Tresckow	1901–1944	German	Major General, Putschist	German resistance to Nazism	suicide, near Ostrov, Russia
Erwin von Witzleben	1881–1944	German	retired Field Marshal	20 July plot	executed, Berlin-Plötzensee
Maurizio Giglio	1920–1944	Italian	soldier, policeman, secret agent, MOVM	collaboration with Allied intelligence	shot, one of the victims of the Ardeatine massacre, Rome
Dmitry Karbyshev	1880–1945	Russian	Army, engineer commander	Red Army general	executed, Mauthausen
Rudolf Viest	1890–1945	Slovak	Division General, commander of the Slovak National Uprising	Slovak National Uprising	executed, Flossenbürg
Ján Golian	1906–1945	Slovak	Brigadier General, commander of the Slovak National Uprising	Slovak National Uprising	executed, Flossenbürg