Typhoon Chaba (2004)
Typhoon Chaba was the strongest tropical cyclone in the western Pacific during 2004 and caused a swath of damage from the Mariana Islands to Japan from August through September of that year. Chaba was the Japan's second costliest storm during the season, only behind Songda in September, and peaked as a typhoon with maximum sustained winds equivalent to that of a Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.
Chaba originated from a gradually developing area of disturbed weather on August 18, northeast of Kwajalein. Tracking westward, the system gained tropical storm strength the following day and reached typhoon intensity on August 20. Rapid intensification ensued thereafter, with Chaba quickly attaining its peak intensity on August 23 as it began to curve towards the northeast. This intensity was maintained for several hours before the typhoon began to fluctuate in strength as it began to meander south of Japan beginning on August 26. Three days later, Chaba made landfall on Kyushu, later tracking across the Sea of Japan as it concurrently weakened. On August 31, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and later dissipated in the Sea of Okhotsk on September 5.
The typhoon caused significant damage to areas of the Northern Mariana Islands, which were buffeted by strong typhoon-force winds. Rota was worst affected by Chaba, as the island remained under the storm's eyewall for several hours. Gusts peaked at at Rota International Airport, and the strong winds damaged and destroyed a multitude of homes. Power outages were frequent across the commonwealth, and beach erosion resulted from strong storm surge. Damage in the Northern Mariana Islands amounted to US$18 million, and 13 people were injured, with one fatality. Another fatality occurred in Guam under similar circumstances, though the island sustained less damage. Following the storm, a state of emergency was declared in Guam and areas of the Northern Mariana Islands were declared federal disaster areas.
Most of the damage caused by Chaba occurred in Japan, where 18 people were killed and damage figures reached JP¥289 billion. The typhoon remains the country's fourteenth costliest on record. A total of 8,627 homes were destroyed by the storm's effects, with another 46,561 inundated by floodwater. Impacts in Japan were primarily concentrated on Kyushu, where Chaba made its first landfall. Rainfall peaked at in Miyazaki Prefecture. Like in the Northern Mariana Islands, power outages and transportation delays were of numerous extent in Japan.
Meteorological history
Typhoon Chaba stemmed from an area of disturbed weather that quickly developed northeast of Kwajalein on August 18. Within an area of favorable atmospheric conditions, the system became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency at 0600 UTC that day. Tracking westward under the influence of a nearby ridge, strengthening continued and the storm reached tropical storm intensity at 1200 UTC on August 19. It was at this time that the system was assigned the name Chaba. Strengthening at a climatologically normal pace, Chaba reached severe tropical storm intensity at 0000 UTC on August 20. However, over the day's course, analysis of wind patterns about the cyclone indicated that Chaba's upper-level circulation was decoupled from its surface circulation. Nonetheless, this period of disorganization was limited, and the tropical storm began to quicken in intensification. Early on August 21, microwave imagery showed that Chaba had developed a large cloud-filled eye, signifying additional strengthening.At 1800 UTC on August 20, the JMA upgraded Chaba to typhoon status, while the system was roughly east-southeast of Saipan. Much of the rapid intensification pattern was attributed to the development of dual outflow channels during the day's course. Concurrently Chaba began to curve towards the northwest around the periphery of the nearby, dominant subtropical ridge in response to an approaching longwave, sweeping past the Mariana Islands. At 1800 UTC on August 23, the JMA assessed the typhoon to have reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum barometric pressure of 910 mbar. An intense albeit average-sized typhoon, Chaba held this intensity for two days before dry air began to impact the cyclone. On August 26, the typhoon's convection slightly weakened, and the more intense convective activity became limited to the southern and eastern sides of the system.
On August 27, the longwave trough that had in part steered Chaba northward moved out of the region, and after slowing down, the typhoon began to assume a westerly course. Chaba initiated an eyewall replacement cycle the next day, further weakening the system. A second longwave trough propelled Chaba towards the north-northeast, bringing it to a landfall near Kushikino, Kagoshima at 0000 UTC on August 30, with sustained winds of. Chaba quickly crossed Kyushu and briefly emerged over water before making a second landfall on Hōfu, Yamaguchi. At 1200 UTC on August 30, the JMA downgraded from typhoon status to severe tropical storm status, and six hours later, Chaba entered the Sea of Japan. Racing towards the northeast, the storm made its final landfall as a tropical system near Oshamambe, Hokkaido on August 31 shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. These remnants persisted for several days, tracking across the Sea of Okhotsk and moving towards the coast of Russia. On September 4, the extratropical cyclone became quasi-stationary near Sakhalin before fully dissipating by 1800 UTC the following day.
Preparations
Northern Mariana Islands and Guam
On August 22, emergency shelters on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands were opened in anticipation of Chaba, in response to area-wide typhoon warnings. The same regions were still recovering from Typhoon Tingting, which had caused considerable damage in June 2004. On the same day that shelters were opened, 442 people were relocated to the seven shelters on Guam. This figure rose to nearly 2,000 after ten schools were transitioned into emergency sheltering. The Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport near Tamuning, Guam was closed as part of the preparatory procedures. The USS Kitty Hawk, which had been stationed on Guam since August 19, was forced to depart during the morning hours of August 21 in order to avoid the typhoon.Japan
As Chaba was slowly tracking westward on August 28, the JMA projected the storm to make landfall on western or southwestern Japan the next day, and anticipated heavy rainfall across several prefectures. Sixteen ferry routes were cancelled across southwestern Japan, and 244 flights to and from airports in southern Kyushu were cancelled in response to the approaching storm on August 29, affecting about 15,000 passengers. The following day, 739 more domestic flights were cancelled, affecting an additional 60,000 people. Several express rail services were also cancelled. On Kyushu and Shikoku combined, 12,000 people were evacuated. In Onomichi, Hiroshima, 3,500 people were evacuated due to the threat of high waves.Impact and aftermath
Northern Mariana Islands and Guam
Even before Chaba passed over the Pacific islands, the typhoon generated rough surf. On August 21 on Marpi Point Field in Saipan, a large wave resulted in a fatality and caused another person to become hospitalized. As the typhoon moved through the Northern Mariana Islands, tropical storm conditions were felt in Saipan while typhoon-force winds were felt in Rota and Tinian. Rota was positioned beneath Chaba's eyewall for several hours, resulting in extremely heavy rain and strong winds. The highest recorded wind gust there peaked at, and gusts in excess of were documented for ten consecutive hours. Total rainfall measurements at Rota International Airport reached. Extensive damage resulted on Rota, with the complete destruction of 50 homes. An additional 175 homes sustained minor damage. At the coast, the storm surge from Chaba caused coastal inundation up to inland, resulting in beach erosion. The toppling of electrical infrastructure resulted in island-wide power outages. Similar effects occurred on Tinian and Saipan, which also experienced widespread power outages and coastal inundation. Across both islands 270 homes were destroyed and 700 others were at least partially damaged. Telephone services were also cut in Tinian. Overall, 13 people were injured and damage costs totaled to approximately US$18 million in the Northern Mariana Islands.Guam suffered less impacts from Chaba than the Northern Mariana Islands, but was still buffeted by tropical storm-force winds. At Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which had remained closed through the duration of the storm, wind gusts peaked at. The same airport documented of rain over a three-day period as a result of the typhoon. However, the highest wind gust measured in Guam overall was in Apra Harbor, where a station clocked a wind gust at. Effects were mostly of minor extent in Guam. Despite moderate coastal inundation, beach erosion was minimal, and the heavy rainfall did not cause significant flooding. The cost of damage in Guam reached US$25,000. Four minor injuries occurred, and no deaths took place as the storm passed near the island. However, on August 25, after Chaba had begun moving away from Guam, four people were swept to sea by strong rip currents caused by the departing typhoon. Though three of the four were later recovered and treated for injuries, the other person was never found.
After the storm passed, governor Felix Perez Camacho declared a state of emergency for Guam, allocating US$250,000 in funds towards emergency civil defense, public safety, and health care costs. Several executive offices, including the Guam Office and Defense and Homeland Security, were tasked with assessing damage and assisting in repair operations. Similarly, governor Juan Babauta of the Northern Mariana Islands requested that U.S. president George W. Bush declare the commonwealth a disaster area in order to receive federal disaster assistance. This request for funding was granted six days later.