Transcarpathian dialect

Borders

History

Subdialects

• Borzhava
• Uzh
• Maramorosh
• Verkhovyna

  Main features

Phonetic features

• Presence of unrounded vowel : сын , дрыва , хытрый , which is absent in standard Ukrainian;
• evolution of the original phonemes , , in some varieties into , : д’ÿўка , хл’ÿў , мн’ут , вус ;
• assimilation of to without palatalization of the preceding consonant: сіні ;
• transformation of initial unstressed into , : на ўрісі ;
• frequent preservation of word-initial : игла ;
• evolution of Proto-Slavic consonant clusters -tl-, -dl- into : пл’уг , пл’ÿг , привйýг , привÿг ;
• and can be palatalized in all positions: типирь ; in part of subdialects, particularly central ones, , , , are depalatalized before derived from Old Slavic : цільíй , рíпа , сíм , на нôзí ;
• preservation of "soft" in most central and western varieties;
• prepalatal before all vowels: липа ;
• secondary after original palatalized if its is followed stemming from : сімня ;
• secondary after original palatalized : здороўля ;
• elimination of after , stemming from : вуця ;
• lack of palatalization of before , : малинкый ;
• many varieties are characterized with assimilation in consonant clusters: пáн’ц’кый , пуннимáти , уммьíти ;
• nouns with -ьjе are characterized with a change of consonants in the root, lack of gemination, change of into in words derived from verbs with the suffix -и-, word-final : вôжі'н’а , хôж'ін’а .

  Morphological features

• Weak to non-existent differentiation between "soft" and "hard" word stems in declination of nouns: вôдôу — зимлôў, волóви — кôн’óви, волóм — кôн’óм ;
• ending -и in genitive plural: кóни, л’уди́ ;
• preservation of ending -и in genitive and locative case among some feminine nouns: земли, на земли ; usage of specific forms in declension of masculine nouns: dative - стôростови, чôлôвíкови, instrumental - стáрôстоў, стáростом, locative - на стáростови, locative - на стáрôс’т’іх ;
• presence of ending -ы in particular plural nouns in instrumental case: з вóльí, пуд ворóты ; ending -ix in locative: на вôл’іх, на вôрôт’іх ;
• ending -ом in dative of particular nouns in plural: л’уд’ом, дви́р’ом ; -ох in locative: на кôн’ох, л’ýд’ох ;
• neutrum single nouns of 4th declension have endings -’ат’ом, -’атом: тил’áт’ом, тил’áтом ;
• preservation of archaic form -ове in some plural nouns, which is partially preserved after declension: сынове, кумове, кумóвам; з кумóвами;
• in some varieties single 3rd declension nouns in genitive preserve the archaic ending -е: сóле, цéркве, л’убвé ;
• neutral adjectives preserve their long form: дóбройе, in western varieties дóброй ;
• comparative adjectives are composed with the suffix -’ый or particle май ; the same particle under stress is used to compose superlative adjectives ; verbs and nouns can also be compared with the use of this particle ;
• particular numeral forms characteristic of Transcarpathian dialect are: йедéн, дві, диўйаддс’ат, двíста, двíсто, двáсто, personal masculine forms двайє́, трийé, чотырé, двóме, тр’óме, чотыр’óме, fractional numerals пу четверта, пÿ четверта ;
• enclitic forms of pronouns: ся, ня, тя, го, ї, на ню, ми, ти, му, in questions - тко, ко, што;
• infinitive forms of verbs preserve the endings -ти, -чи: говорити, печи ;
• in Central and Eastern varieties in verb forms is replaced with : хожу ; in Northern and Western - with - си́джу ;
• in Central and Western varieties in verbs with -a- stem is assimilated into in 1st person sing. and 3rd person pl.: знáву , дýмавут’ ;
• shortened forms of some verbs in 2nd and 3rd person: дýмаш, думат’, думат ;
• Eastern, Southern and some Central varieties have unpalatalized as ending of verbs in 3rd person sing., as well as 2nd person in imperative mood: хóдит, хôд’ат, ход’íт;
• 1st pers. plural verbs in present and simple future modes have the ending -ме: беремé ;
• preservation of personal particles in many verbs: ходи́в-им, ходи́в-ем, ходи́ла-м; ходи́в-ис’, ходи́в-ес’, ходи́ла-с’; ходи́ли-сме, ходи́ли-с’ме, ходи́ли-сте, ходи́ли-с’те;
• subjunctive mood is formed by using personal particles: писáў бим, бым; писáў бис’, быс’; писали бисме, быс’ме etc.; central varieties also use the particle быхъ: даў быхъ.

  Syntax

• Use of conjunctions и, тай;
• use of personal pronouns to express relations of possession: óтиц’ ми, мáти ти, сус’íдÿў нам, мáтери сôбі ;
• use of verb infinitive in locative case: чуў го с’мійáтис’а ;
• word constructions with the preposition на instead of по ;
• comparative constructions with the conjunction ги ;
• use of adverbs to express condition or cause: мôзôл’í ми с’а начинили, дрывá рубáйучи.

  Lexicon