Tofaş Şahin

The Tofaş Şahin, Doğan, and Kartal are Turkish versions of the Fiat 131 automobile made in the Türk Otomobil Fabrikası A.Ş. factory in Bursa, Turkey. While doğan means "falcon" in Turkish, kartal means "eagle" and şahin means "hawk". In Turkey, they are informally referred to as Kuş Serisi, meaning "Bird Series". The cars were built from 1977 and sold in Turkey until 2002, with Egyptian assembly coming to an end in 2009 and in Ethiopia until 2010.

First generation

In February 1977 the Turkish Tofaş Murat 131 was first introduced, as a near exact replica of the Fiat 131. Originally it was only available with a Solex twin-barrel carbureted 1.3 L pushrod petrol four, producing at 5,250 rpm. From 1981 the Şahin and Kartal names were also in use, with the Kartal being the station wagon. From this point a 1.6-litre OHV engine was also added to the lineup, producing at 5,400 rpm. This largely replaced the smaller 1.3, which was only retained as a lower priced option for the more basic Şahin version. The single, rounded rectangular headlights of the earlier Murat 131s were replaced with double units. Announced in September 1981, the new luxurious Doğan model received a five-speed manual transmission. The Doğan also received a fully fabric upholstered interior, a heated rear window, and had the front door vent windows removed. The luggage compartment was fully carpeted and the suspension was adjusted to minimize understeer at high speeds.
The five-speed remained standard only for the Doğan, although it later became an option in the lesser models. From 1983, the Doğan was also set apart by large rectangular headlights while the lesser Şahin and Kartal made do with round twin headlights.

Second Generation

In 1988 the cars received a major aesthetic revision, with a redesigned front and rear resulting in a design reminiscent of the Fiat Regata. The "Murat" portion of the name was still used in some marketing material, but no longer appeared on the car and gradually vanished. The new headlights were large and square, with triangular corner lights which wrap around. The grille has a number of slim vertical crossbars in black plastic, with higher end models receiving some body colored elements at the top of the grille. After the facelift, the Doğan and Şahin sedan models are almost visually identical barring various upper-class trim options on the slightly more luxurious Doğan variant. The Kartal, the station wagon derivation of the design, has a rear body developed locally, with a higher roof than that of Fiat's own 131 Panorama. The interiors underwent a major overhaul as well.
As part of a national project to produce diesel-powered vehicles as a response to rising oil prices, Tofaş began developing a diesel-powered Şahin in 1985. The engine chosen was Fiat/Lancia's 1.9-litre diesel engine producing. Production started in January 1988, with sales commencing in May. Imports of these engines did not attract import duties, but a single imported engine still cost more than an entire, gasoline-powered Şahin. The price of a new, diesel-engined Şahin was 75 percent higher than the gasoline-powered model. Most sales were to professional users, for whom the lower fuel costs would offset the massive difference in purchase price. However, due to the slow sales, promised local parts supplies never materialized and owners of the diesel-powered cars experienced significant problems in keeping their cars on the road. Sales ended in October 1989, after only 820 examples had been sold; many surviving examples have had the Fiat engines replaced with locally manufactured Isuzu units due to the parts supply problems.
In August 1994, the range received a facelift with a new grille. The grille had a prominent frame, with the opening containing a stylized "T" and a slim crossbar. The Doğan SLX also received power steering. For 1996 the cars were provided with new SOHC engines from the Fiat Tempra in two versions: a 1.4 L with at 5,500 rpm, and a 1.6 L with at 5,800 rpm which was available in all models. The Şahin no longer received the 1.4 in Turkey after a while, instead being fitted with an version of the 1.6. Later the grille received a circular central motif, containing the "T" logo.
In 1998, the "Kartal Kargo" was introduced. This was a two-seater panel van version of the wagon, akin to Fiat's own Marengo line. The Kartal Kargo can manage a payload. The rear windows were plated and most trim details were in black plastic, but the Kargo did receive standard power steering.
In 2002 the range received another minor facelift, but this year also heralded the end of Turkish sales as they were now only produced for export, usually in CKD form. Power outputs of catalyzed engines also decreased to at 6,000 rpm and at 5,750 rpm respectively. By this time the four-speed transmission was no longer available. In 2005 they were introduced with single point electronic fuel injection. Turkish production was gradually shifted to Egypt. In 2006 assembly was also commenced by DOCC in Ethiopia where it continued on a small scale until 2010.
Tofaş Şahin was used as standard patrol car by General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command, along with Renault 12 Toros in 1990s to early-2000s until they replaced by Fiat Doblo and Ford Transit Connect.

Decline

The Şahin, Doğan, and Kartal all shared the same rear wheel drive platform with longitudinal engine placement, MacPherson design suspension system for the front wheels and a live axle for the rear. Their major selling point was their low price, robust design, and its low-maintenance cost, largely due to its near universal popularity during the 1980s and 1990s. However, this design resulted in a very cramped passenger compartment as the gearbox, fuel tank and shaft tunnel occupied a lot of space. Due to its roots as a mid 1970s Italian passenger vehicle, the design lacked various safety equipment standards including ABS, passenger airbags, and traction control. Its popularity in Turkey started waning in the mid-1990s as modern imported cars flooded the market. Most 131-based Tofaş have been converted to use LPG fuel as gasoline prices soared and made the cars financially unfeasible in their original state. It was the de facto taxi of Turkey before it was deemed unsuitable for taxi use due to Turkey's ongoing negotiations to enter the EU, and the ensuing regulations implemented. The models have been replaced by the Fiat Siena series.

International

Tofaş Şahin, Doğan and Kartal werew also exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Macedonia, Romania, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan as well as China. Right-hand drive models were produced for the Northern Cyprus market.

Nasr variant

Türk Otomobil Fabrikası A.Ş. produced the Şahin and its siblings under license in Egypt in large quantities from 1991, with assembly carried out by the state-owned Nasr car company. The range underwent the same changes as did Turkish market models, although the Kartal was taken out of production in 2003 and the Doğan was eventually replaced by the Şahin 1600 SL - with the 1400 S beneath it in the lineup. Production was gradually shifted to Egypt, with local parts content reaching 45% by 2006. With the winding down of the Nasr company in 2009, Egyptian production ended.

DOCC

In 2006 the Tofaş Şahin was put into production in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by the Holland Car Company, a joint venture between a firm from the Netherlands called Trento Engineering and the local firm of Ethio-Holland. Their version of the Şahin is called the DOCC, which comes from the term Dutch Overseas Car Company and comes with the OHC 1.6 L powerplant. After the end at El Nasr, Ethiopian production came to a halt in 2010.