Timothy Leighton


Timothy Grant Leighton is a British scientist. He is the Executive General Director and Inventor-in-Chief of Sloan Water Technology Ltd.,. This followed a career in academia, in which he still holds positions. Magdalene College, Cambridge University, elected him to an Honorary Fellowship. University College London elected him to an Honorary Professorship. The University of Southampton elected him to be Emeritus Professor of Ultrasonics and Underwater Acoustics after 10 years at Cambridge University and over 30 years at Southampton University.
Three national academies made him an Academician. Trained in physics and theoretical physics, he works across physical, medical, biological, social and ocean sciences, fluid dynamics and engineering. He completed the monograph The Acoustic Bubble in 1992 at the age of 28, and was awarded a personal chair at the age of 35. He has authored over 600 publications. The recipient of 8 international medals, he was awarded a doctorate in 1988, and a higher doctorate in 2019, from the University of Cambridge. In 2025 the University of Southampton awarded him a Higher Doctorate.

Education

He was educated at Heversham Grammar School, Cumbria and won a scholarship to Magdalene College, Cambridge where he took the Natural Sciences Tripos and was awarded a double first class Bachelor of Arts degree with honours in physics and theoretical Physics in 1985, obtaining a PhD in 1988 at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. In the same year, Cambridge University awarded him an MA. Following his PhD, he was awarded senior and advanced research fellowships at Magdalene College, Cambridge funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

Early career

He joined the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research at the University of Southampton in 1992 as a lecturer in underwater acoustics, and completed the monograph The Acoustic Bubble in the same year. He was awarded a personal chair at the age of 35.

Research

He founded and led two research organisations with international membership. He also founded and led the Ultrasonics and Underwater Acoustics Group at the University of Southampton. He is the Executive General Director and Inventor-in-Chief of Sloan Water Technology Ltd., and talks extensively to schoolchildren, the public, and on radio and video.
His research covers medical, humanitarian and environmental sciences, beginning with the fundamental mathematics and ending with engineering applications. His research interests cover acoustical oceanography, antimicrobial resistance, biomedical ultrasound, carbon capture and storage, climate change, decontamination, hospital acquired infections, infection prevention, wound healing, antimicrobial resistance, pandemic preparedness, marine zoology, fluid dynamics, cavitation, ultrasound and underwater acoustics.
Working in such fields as cold water cleaning, sound in space, ultrasound in air, BiaPSS, TWIPR, and passive acoustic lithotripsy monitoring, he emphasized the need to push pioneering research into game-changing technology, as opposed to incremental research that is published but falls short of societal benefit:
He worked as part of the team investigating whether man-made sounds can adversely affect benthic species. Such species have been overlooked in studies on how man-made sounds affect whales, dolphins and fish: benthic species find it far harder to relocate away from adverse sounds than do these other more mobile species. Furthermore, benthic species play a key role in the health of the marine sediment, turning it over and preventing it stagnating, and are key to the health of coastal marine environments.
With other teams he developed methods to assess which fish species are most at-risk from man-made noise in the oceans, and quantified such noise from shipping. Turning the problem on its head, he worked with other teams on how to use sound as 'underwater acoustic scarecrows' to guide fish away from regions of man-made danger. These might occurs, for example, where industry exacts cooling water from rivers used as migration paths of endangered species. He developed the theory for predicting the barometric trauma experienced by fish when passing through hydroelectric facility>, a major cause of environmental and economic hardship. Fish that move between critical habitats fragmented by river infrastructure, injury and mortality is common among those that transit via hazardous routes, with one in five that pass through hydropower turbines killed.

NAMRIP and [|Global-NAMRIP]

In 2015, Leighton founded the Global Network for AntiMicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention,. He led it, substantially funding it from his inventions from 2019-2024. Upon his retirement in 2024, it closed. A key mission of Global-NAMRIP that he instituted was to organise dozens of conferences, all without ever charging delegates and attendees, in order to allow people who had not worked across disciplines before to meet up and grow new collaborations, stimulating new areas of research. Global-NAMRIP emphasized the need to collaborate with end-users to ensure the right problems were tackled, and addressed with solutions that the end-users could implement for patients and public health.

Health Effects of Ultrasound in Air

In 2015, Leighton founded the research group Health Effects of Ultrasound in Air. His aim was to map the increasing use of ultrasound in public places, and to investigate whether or not this increase is having adverse effects on some humans.
His 2016 report that first raised the issues was, in the first 2 years, downloaded over 20,000 times from the Royal Society website, leading to requests for a follow-up, a journal special issue, and numerous conference sessions worldwide as the importance of this topic was realised. Whilst high-powered airborne ultrasound in the lab could cause burning and possibly alterations in hearing acuity, the lower level airborne ultrasound found in public places could cause headaches, tinnitus, nausea, migraine, inability to concentrate or perform a task, distraction and annoyance. His logic-based argument that the lower frequency limit for ultrasound should be 17.8 kHz, as opposed to the traditional one of 20 kHz, rapidly became adopted by specialist scientists. Scientists, engineers and the public around the world are now logging the location and type of device that emits ultrasound. His research allowed schoolteachers to use his published techniques to identify how ultrasound in classrooms was preventing students from working. This was particularly problematic because teachers, janitorial staff, inspectors and some of the students in the class, were unaffected and could not hear the ultrasound that was so affecting a subset of the class. Leighton became an acknowledged world expert on such public exposures, and on the claims of 'sonic attacks' on US Embassy staff in Cuba and China. His expertise on the effect on humans of ultrasound in air provided the scientific basis that was cited by Giles Watling MP in the Motion for leave to bring in a Bill on "Anti-loitering Devices ".
In 2018, Leighton published an editorial that identified flaws in the way the statistical analysis was conducted on those identified as victims of the claimed attacks, which set up the tests in such a way that even unexposed people would, for the most part, be identified as suffering adverse health effects from the exposure. In 2023, the US Office of the Director of National Intelligence agreed with this assessment, stating 'that initial medical studies that led experts to believe that the AHIs "represented a novel medical syndrome or consistent pattern of injuries" suffered from "methodological limitations"'. Consequently, it reported that an inter-agency intelligence analysis from 7 agencies concluded that 5 considered it 'very unlikely' that a foreign adversary had deployed a weapon in the attacks.
As a consequence of his advocacy for better understanding of the need for protections for people from airborne ultrasound, he was invited to serve as Scientific Expert to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection . He currently serves as an Expert committee member for the International Standards Organisation to support appropriate protections for people exposed to airborne ultrasound.

Extraterrestrial acoustics

Since the mid-2000s, Leighton attempted to increase interest in using sound to explore other planets by predicting the soundscapes of other worlds and how these could best be exploited using acoustic devices, led to devices for planetaria to use when teaching about other worlds, and showed how careful calculation was needed to avoid mistakes when using acoustic sensors on other worlds. With Professor Petculescu of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Leighton co-hosted three special sessions and a journal special issue of the Acoustical Society of America on acoustics in extraterrestrial environments. Leighton was invited to the International Space Science Institute to support the Mars Perseverance and Ingenuity missions.

Marine mammal acoustics

Leighton's explanation of how humpback whales use sound when feeding in bubble nets is now a staple explanation on whale tour boats. He explained how dolphins can echolocate while producing bubble nets to hunt, a process that should blind their sonar.

Inventions

Medical and healthcare

Leighton invented systems for:
  • detecting bone disease.
  • monitoring the efficiency of kidney stone therapy.
  • solutions for needle-free injectors for migraine sufferers.
and assisted the Institute of Cancer Research with technology for tumour therapy monitoring.
Two billion people have been scanned in the womb under the guidelines he helped co-author for the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines for foetal ultrasonic scanning.
He served on the Government of the United Kingdom's Working Group of the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Sub Group and advised the Health Protection Agency, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the International Standards Organization on the safety of ultrasound.
Other medical and healthcare inventions and breakthroughs are listed below under Sloan Water Technology Ltd., Global-NAMRIP and HEFUA.

Humanitarian

Leighton invented:
  • radar for the detection of buried explosives, hidden bugging devices, and for the location of buried catastrophe victims
  • the world's only sonar system capable of detecting objects in bubbly water. - mine detection is often an ongoing problem long after conflict has reduced and civilians return to former conflict zones
  • a number of systems for detecting objects buried in the seabed
and, in collaboration with the National Oceanography Centre, one sold by Kongsberg for archaeological and civil engineering purposes. Various collaborations are looking at ways of providing clean water from waste in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, including mentorships of young entrepreneurs in Africa.

Environmental and Safety

Leighton:
  • devised and conducted the experiment that revealed that the amount of carbon dioxide dissolving into the oceans was much greater than the values previously used in predicting climate change and ocean acidification;
  • invented technology used by environmental agencies and oil and gas companies to monitor for undersea gas leaks from pipelines, and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions.
  • devised the theory and methodology by which sonar could be used to monitor and quantify gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities in the seabed. This was later included as part of large-scale multinational trials on the North Sea seabed and elsewhere to assess leakage
  • systems assess the amount of methane in the seabed. This is important to assess the potential for leaks from these reserves into the sea and the atmosphere.
  • devised theory and methodology for measuring key parameters in the transfer of atmospheric gas between atmosphere and ocean, that was later included in large-scale multi-national trials This is important for climate change modelling, because over 1000 million tonnes of atmospheric carbon transfers each year between atmosphere and ocean.
  • Inventions assist safety in the world's most powerful pulsed spallation neutron source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States.

    Sloan Water Technology Ltd.

In the late 1980s, Leighton discovered a new ultrasonic signal that he identified as due to surface waves on the walls of gas bubbles in liquids. Multidisciplinary research in the following 12 parallel streams of work turned this discovery into Sloan Water Technology Ltd. Because Leighton's research was fundamental, in addition to leading to Sloan Water Technology Ltd., he generated impact by following this fundamental work into other applications.

Awards and honours

Medals

The citation of the 2006 Paterson Medal of the Institute of Physics states that:

Awards

  • 2025 Doctor of Science, University of Southampton, with the citation 'For distinguished fundamental research, with extensive societal and humanitarian impact, in the study of climate change, the environment and safety, catastrophe relief, medical and healthcare research, extraterrestrial and planetary science, and the preservation and understanding of the oceans'.
  • 2019 Doctor of Science, University of Cambridge
  • 2018 Royal Society's Lord Leonard and Lady Estelle Wolfson Foundation Translation Award for the StarHealer
  • the 2014 'Best new product of the year' award for StarStream
  • the 2012 Institute of Chemical Engineering Award for Water Management and Supply
  • the 2011 Royal Society Brian Mercer Award for Innovation
  • the 2008 'Medical & Healthcare' award from 'The Engineer'
  • the inaugural 2001 International Medwin Prize for Acoustical Oceanography from the Acoustical Society of America
  • 2000 Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship

    Fellowships

Leighton is an Academician of three National Academies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2014. His nomination reads:
In 2018 he was elected to Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences, the citation reading for 'harnessing the physical sciences for the benefit of patients' as:
Leighton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2012 for his services to Engineering and society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2000, Fellowship of Institute of Acoustics in 1999, Fellowship of the Acoustical Society of America in 1998, and Fellowship of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1988. He is a Visiting Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies of Loughborough University.
In 2018 the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration, of which he had not been a member, undertook a change to its Bylaws, and vote of all IIAV members, to create new rank of Distinguished Fellow. It is the highest rank for individual IIAV members of this international body, and Professor Leighton was the recipient in its inaugural year.

Outreach, TV and radio work

Leighton has developed and conducted multiply-award-winning outreach activities to the public, and to encourage of young men and women to engage, and possibly follow careers in, science and engineering, with school visits, science fairs, exhibits, games, and appearances on TV and radio.
His public engagement work regarding his invention, "The most dangerous game in the world", which he designed to communicate with the public on the issue of superbugs and how they can protect themselves and society, was mentioned by Steve Brine MP, the Under-Secretary of State for Health on 16 November 2017. The IMDb and "Who's Who" have collated entries for Professor Leighton. In his 2014 book 'Sonic Wonderland', the broadcaster Trevor Cox described Professor Leighton as 'a middle-aged Harry Potter'.

Charity work

Leighton was a driving force in the foundation of Solent Concert orchestra and, barring a period of 6 months, has been Chairperson since its foundation. The orchestra performs 3 concerts per year, raising funds for numerous charities, tending to support smaller charities that do not benefit from national fundraising campaigns.