The Earth's mantle
The Earth's mantle is a scholarly work by George R. Helffrich, published in 2001 in ''Nature''. The main subjects of the publication include oceanic crust, transition zone, planetary mantle, geology, crust, internal structure of Earth, seismology, mantle convection, geochronology, geophysics, Post-perovskite, continental crust, crustal recycling, Mantle wedge, hotspot, subduction, planetary differentiation, Earth's internal heat budget, and core–mantle boundary. The authors show that geochemical, seismological and heat-flow data are all consistent with whole-mantle convection provided that the observed heterogeneities are remnants of recycled oceanic and continental crust that make up about 16 and 0.3 per cent, respectively, of mantle volume.