Telugu grammar

Telugu is an agglutinative language with person, tense, case and number being inflected on the end of nouns and verbs. Its word order is usually subject-object-verb, with the direct object following the indirect object. The grammatical function of the words are marked by suffixes that indicate case and postpositions that follow the oblique stem. It is also head-final and a pro-drop language.
The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the Andhra Shabda Chintamani was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, who is considered the first poet and grammarian of the Telugu language, in the 11th century CE. In the 13th century, Andhra Bhasha Bhushanamu, a foundational Telugu grammar and vocabulary work, was written by the 13th-century scholar Mulaghatika Ketana, and is considered the first comprehensive Telugu grammar written in Telugu. In the 19th century, Paravastu Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaraṇam, borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya, in Telugu.
According to Nannayya, language without 'Niyama' or the language which does not adhere to Vyākaranam is called Grāmya or Apabhraṃśa, is unfit for literary usage. All literary texts in Telugu follow the Vyākaraṇam. Following pure telugu movement to minimise loan words and maximize usage of native telugu that is naatu telugu, a melimi telugu version is introduced where the term melimi means "fine" or excellence". grammar for this version is telugu nudikattu

Nouns

Telugu is more inflected than other literary Dravidian languages. Telugu nouns are inflected for number, gender and grammatical case.
There is a rich system of derivational morphology in Telugu. Verbs and adjectives can be converted into nouns by adding a variety of suffixes.
Example:

verb

ceyu + ika = ceyika

adjective

manchi + thanam = manchithanam

Gender

Telugu has three genders, which govern verb agreement:

masculine,
feminine,
neuter.

In Telugu the occurrence of the suffix almost always encodes masculine gender. For example:

tammuḍu,
mukhyuḍu,
Rāmuḍu,
nāyakuḍu.

However, there are nouns that do not end in that belong to the masculine class.For example:

annayya,
māmayya.

Most of the words ending in -ḍu are borrowings from Sanskrit words ending in -a, and therefore the feminine forms of these words are equivalent to the Sanskrit words.

Masculine	Sanskrit original	Feminine
nartakuḍu	nartaka	nartaki
vācakuḍu	vācaka	vācaki
premikuḍu	premika	preyasi

Sometimes, a word ending in -ḍu is feminized by adding the suffix -ālu to the root. The -a ending of the root becomes -ur. This phenomenon is known as the rugāgama sandhi.

Masculine	Sanskrit original	Feminine
nartakuḍu	nartaka	nartakurālu
priyuḍu	priya	priyurālu
bhaktuḍu	bhakta	bhakturālu

Neuter-gendered words usually contain the suffix -amu. This suffix descends from the Old Telugu suffix -ambu and is increasingly losing the final -u to become -aṁ. These neuter words are often borrowed from Sanskrit words ending in -a or -u. The final -a usually becomes -amu, and the final -u becomes -uvu.
However, Telugu sometimes uses the same forms for singular feminine and neuter genders– the third person pronoun can be used to refer to animals and objects.

Number

Anything with quantity one is singular.
Anything more than one in number is called plural, as in English. Formation of the plural stem, however, is relatively complicated, although the ending is centered on variants -lu or -ḷu.
In Telugu the plural is also used to as an honorific. Some nouns are always plural and some are always singular. For example, water and milk are always plural.
God, sun, earth, and moon are always singular form.

Numerals

Cardinal numbers and quantifiers in Telugu vary based on whether or not the noun being counted is human, or non-human. The numbers from 1-7 have unique forms between the human and non-human forms, whereas numbers greater than 7 simply use the measure word మంది mandi to denote number. Ordinal numbers merely replace the final vowel of the non-human cardinal form with -ō and do not vary between human and non-human nouns.

Case

A Grammar of Modern Telugu by Krishnamurti and Gwynn, which focuses on a grammatical description of modern spoken Telugu rather than classical literary Telugu, presents a simple analysis of grammatical case, in comparison with classical Telugu:
Only the nominative, genitive, accusative, and dative cases are regularly used, and the locative case is formed using the suffixes -lō, -lōpala which were originally placed in the Genitive case by traditional grammarians to fit into the Sanskrit case scheme. The instrumental+sociative case suffix is -tō ; the colloquial suffixes for ablative case are -nuṇḍi/-nuñci. Ablative case is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Telugu, for which the suffixes are -kaṇṭe/-kannā. Another usage of ablative case is to indicate 'because of' noun, where the suffix -valla is used. The benefactive suffixes in classical are completely replaced by -kōsam in modern colloquial Telugu. The genitive form of a noun is defaulted to its oblique stem, i.e., oblique stem of a noun serves as its genitive case by default, though an explicit suffix -yokka is used in formal contexts.
The accusative case suffix is -ni/-nu, with the former always used after final syllables containing -i-, and the latter elsewhere but freely varies with -ni. The intervening vowel is sometimes deleted between -ḍ-, -l-, -n-, -ṇ-, -r- and the suffix, e.g. mimmala "you + -ni → mimmalni, vāḍi "him" + -ni → vāṇṇi.
In neuter nouns, the nominative singular ending -am changes before the accusative and dative case suffixes, such that the combined forms of these endings are neuter accusative singular -ānni and neuter dative singular -āniki.

Case	Suffix	Example
Dative	-ki/-ku	అతను బడికి వెళ్తాడు Atanu baḍiki veḷtāḍu He goes to school
Accusative	-ni/-nu	అతను అబ్బాయిని చూస్తాడు Atanu abbāyini cūstāḍu He sees the boy
Sociative + Instrumental	-tō	అతను కుక్కతో ఆడుకుంటాడు Atanu kukkatō āḍukuṇṭāḍu He plays with the dog అతను చేతితో రాస్తున్నాడు Atanu cētitō rāstunnāḍu He is writing using hand
Ablative	-nuṇḍi/-nuñci -kaṇṭē/-kannā -valla	అతను ఇంటినుండి బయలుదేరాడు Atanu iṇṭinuṇḍi bayaludērǣḍu He set out from home అతనికంటే నేను పొడుగు Atanikaṇṭē nēnu poḍugu I am taller than him అతనివల్ల నేను ఓడిపొయ్యాను Atanivalla ōḍipoyyǣnu I have lost because of him
Locative	-lō/lōpala	అతను గదిలో ఉన్నాడు Atanu gadilō unnāḍu He is in the room

Oblique stem formation

Formation of the oblique stem, also usually but not always the same as the genitive, is relatively complicated just like pluralization. The plural oblique stem, however, is either -la or -ḷa.

Examples

Only nominative, genitive, accusative, and dative cases are shown here.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kukka	kukkalu
Genitive	kukka	kukkala
Accusative	kukkani	kukkalani
Dative	kukkaki	kukkalaki

Sentence Structure

Telugu word order tends to be subject–object–verb. It is head-final - the head follows its complements. Since Telugu is a pro-drop language, the subject can be omitted as the verb already marks person and number.

Sandhi or joining

Sandhi is the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.
Telugu sandhis can be divided into native ones and those derived from Sanskrit ones.

Sanskrit Sandhis

These sandhis usually take place when the two words undergoing Sandhi are words borrowed from Sanskrit.

Savarṇadīrghasandhi (Vowel lengthening)

The savarṇadīrgha sandhi, from Sanskrit savarṇa 'same sound' and dīrgha long', this sandhi takes place when the first word ends in the same vowel that the second word starts with. The two vowels join to form one long vowel.
Initial word Final word Result
deva' ālayamu dēvālayamu
pārvati īśvaruḍu pārvatīśvaruḍu
aṇu utpatti aṇūtpatti

Guṇasandhi (Vowel raising)
The guṇasandhi takes place when a word final -a is followed by either -i, -u or -r̥. The sandhi yields -ē, -ō and -ar respectively. -ē, -ō and -ar are collectively called the guṇas, hence the name.
Initial word Final word Result
mahā indra mahēndra
dhana utpatti dhanōtpatti
dēva r̥ṣi dēvarṣi

Vr̥ddhisandhi (Diphthongization)
The vr̥ddhisandhi, from Sanskrit vr̥ddhi-, 'growth', takes place when a word final -a is followed by -ē or -ai, -ō or -au, and -ar or -ār, and yields -ai, -au and -ār respectively. -ai, -au and -ār are collectively called the vr̥ddhis, hence the name.
Initial word Final word Result
vasudha ēka vasudhaika
mahā aikyata mahaikyata
vīra ōjassu vīraujassu
divya auṣadhamu divyauṣadhamu

Yaṇādēśasandhi (Glide insertion)
The yaṇādēśasandhi takes place when word final -i, -u or -r̥ is followed by a non-similar vowel. The sandhi yields either -y-, -v- or -r- respectively. These are known as the yaṇās.
Initial word Final word Result
ati āśa atyāśa
su āgatamu svāgatamu
pitr̥ ājña pitrājña

Native sandhis
These sandhis usually occur when one or both of the words is a native Telugu word, or is a Sanskrit borrowing that is treated as such.
Akārasandhi (Elision of a)
This sandhi occurs when a word final -a is followed by any vowel. The word final -a is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
Initial word Final word Result
iṅkā ēṇṭi iṅkēṇṭi
puṭṭina illu puṭṭinillu
amma aṇṭē ammaṇṭē
teliyaka uṇḍenu teliyakuṇḍenu

Ikārasandhi
This sandhi occurs when a word final -i is followed by any vowel. The word final -i is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
Initial word Final word Result
mari eppuḍu mareppuḍu
vāḍi illu vāḍillu
ēmi aṇṭivi ēmaṇṭivi
ēmi ainadi ēmainadi
ēmi undi ēmundi

Ukārasandhi
This sandhi occurs when a word final -u is followed by any vowel. The word final -u is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
Initial word Final word Result
ceppu iṅkā ceppiṅkā
vāḍu evaḍu vāḍevaḍu
nīḷlu unnāyā nīḷlunnāyā
vāḍu annāḍu vāḍannāḍu

Trikasandhi
One of the most complicated of the sandhis, the trikasandhi is of two forms:
When a final -ā -ī or -ē is followed by a non-clustered consonant, the vowel is shortened, and the unclustered consonant is geminated.
When the word mūḍu is followed by a consonant, the word-final -ḍu is eliminated. This triggers the first rule of the trikasandhi, and the now-word-final -ū is shortened, and the following consonant is geminated. When the consonant is l-, sometimes it is geminated to -ḷḷ- instead.
Initial word Final word Result
ī kālamu ikkālamu
ē cōṭu eccōṭu
ā bhaṅgi abbaṅgi
mūḍu lōkamulu mullōkamulu
mūḍu kōṭi mukkōṭi

Āmrēḍitasandhi
This sandhi deals with repeated words, i.e., pairs of same words. This sandhi forms some of the most used irregular-looking words in the language. It has three rules:
When a vowel-initial word is repeated, the final vowel of the first word is eliminated.
Word final forms of ka of the first word are eliminated and the first rule is applied.
The andādi words when compounded lead to irregular forms.
Word Result
aura auraura
endun endendun
appaṭiki appaṭappaṭiki
ūran ūrūran
ceduru cellāceduru
iggulu iṟṟiggulu

Dviruktaṭakārasandhi
Sometimes regarded as a form of the āmrēḍitasandhi, the dviruktaṭakārasandhi occurs when kaḍādi words are compounded. A dviruktaṭakāra, a geminated -ṭṭ- forms from this sandhi, hence the name.
Initial word Final word Result
madhyāhnamu madhyāhnamu miṭṭamadhyāhnamu
pagalu pagalu paṭṭapagalu
naḍuma iṇṭlō naṭṭiṇṭlō

Gasaḍadavādēśasandhi
Trika Sandhi.
Dugagama Sandhi.
Saraladesha Sandhi
Gasadadavadesha Sandhi.
Rugagama Sandhi.
Yadagama Sandhi.
Prathametara Vibhakti Sandhi.
Uchadadi sandhi.
Samasam or nominal compounds
Samasam or samasa occurs with various structures, but morphologically speaking they are essentially the same: each noun is in its stem form, with only the final element receiving case inflection.
Some of the Telugu samasams are:
Tatpuruṣa Samasam.
* Prathama tatpurusha samasam
* Dvitiya tatpurusha samasam
* Trutiya tatpurusha samasam
* Chaturthi tatpurusha samasam
* Panchami tatpurusha samasam
* Shashti tatpurusha samasam
* Saptami tatpurusha samasam
* Nai tatpurusha samasam
Karmadhāraya Samasam.
* Viśeshana purwapada karmadharaya samasam
* Viśeshana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam
* Viśeshana ubhayapada karmadharaya samasam
* Upamana purvapada karmadharaya samasam
* Upamana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam
* Avadharana purvapada karmadharaya samasam
* Sambhavana purvapada karmadharaya samasam
Dvigu Samasam.
Dvandva Samasam.
Bahuvrīhi Samasam.
Amredita Samasam.
Avyayībhāva Samasam
Alankaram or ornamentation
Telugu Alankaram is a figure of speech which means ornaments or embellishments which are used to enhance the beauty of the poems. There are two types of Alankarams, 'Shabdalankaram' which primarily focuses on Sound and 'Arthalamkaram' which focuses on meaning. These two alankarams are further broken down in to different categories.
shabdalankaras are 6 types where as there are nearly 30 to 40 types in ardhalankaras.Shabdalankaram
* Vruttyanuprasa
* Chekanuprasa
* Latanuprasa
* antyanuprasa
* Yamakam
* Mukta pada grastamArthalamkaram
* Upamanaalankaram
* Utprekshaalankaram
* Rupakaalankaram
* Shleshalankaram
* Arthantaranyaasam
* Atishayokti
* Drushtantam
* Swabhavokti
* vyajastu
* virodhi
* vishamamu
* parikaramu
* branti madala
* ''kramalam''
Chandassu or Telugu prosody
Metrical poetry in Telugu is called 'Chandassu' or 'Chandas'. ya-maa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam is called the chandassu chakram. Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebha vikreeditham, Sardoola Vikreeditham, Kanda, Aata veladi, Theta geethi, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata, etc. are some metrics used in Telugu poetry.
Verbs
Although the morphological structure of Telugu verbs is quite evidently complex and complicated, the basic conjugation of subject person and number endings in modern spoken Telugu is in fact rather straightforward:
Past tense
The vowel -ā- is pronounced as in the past tense ending, except in some verbs. In the verbs an- "to say", kan- "to buy", kon- "to bring forth", kūrcun- "to be seated", nilcun- "to stand", tin- " to eat", un- "to be", and vin- " to hear", -nā is used instead.
Converbs
Telugu has two types of converbs, present and past. These are heavily used to form compound sentences.
Past Present
వెళ్ళి
veḷḷi
Having gone... వెళ్తూ
veḷtū
While going...

ఇంటికి వెళ్ళి, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూసింది. iṇṭiki veḷḷi, kiraṇ tana phon cūsindi. - Kiran went home and looked at her phone.
ఇంటికి వెళ్తూ, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూస్తోంది. iṇṭiki veḷtū, kiraṇ tana phon cūstondi. - Kiran is looking at her phone while going home.
Note that in most cases, all sub clauses using these types of converbs need to share a subject.
*వాడు ఇంటికి వెళ్ళి, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూసింది. *vāḍu iṇṭiki veḷḷi, kiraṇ tana phon cūsindi. - *He went home and Kiran looked at her phone.
Participles
Telugu forms relative clauses with participles. There are three main participles in Telugu: the perfective, the imperfective, and the negative.
ఇంటికి వెళ్ళిన బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷina bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy who went home is Sahil.
ఇంటికి వెళ్ళే బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷē bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy who goes home is Sahil.
ఇంటికి వెళ్ళని బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷani bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy who does not go/'did not go' is Sahil.
Notice that the negative participle does not show tense. Context is used to disambiguate the tense in this case.

Initial word	Final word	Result
deva'	ālayamu	dēvālayamu
pārvati	īśvaruḍu	pārvatīśvaruḍu
aṇu	utpatti	aṇūtpatti

Word	Result
aura	auraura
endun	endendun
appaṭiki	appaṭappaṭiki
ūran	ūrūran
ceduru	cellāceduru
iggulu	iṟṟiggulu

Past	Present
వెళ్ళి veḷḷi Having gone...	వెళ్తూ veḷtū While going...