Unicode subscripts and superscripts


has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters:
When used in mathematical context it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.

Uses

The intended use when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus is supposed to be identical to .
In reality, many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical numerator and denominator glyphs, which are aligned with the cap line and the baseline, respectively. When used with the solidus or the Fraction Slash, they produce an almost typographically correct diagonal fraction, such as for the glyph. Super and subscript markup does not produce a correct fraction. The change also makes the superscript letters useful for ordinal indicators, more closely matching the ª and º characters.
Unicode intended that diagonal fractions be rendered by a different mechanism: the fraction slash U+2044 is visually similar to the solidus, but when used with the ordinary digits, it instructs the layout system that a fraction such as is to be rendered using automatic glyph substitution. User-end support was quite poor for a number of years, but fonts, browsers, word processors, desktop publishing software and others increasingly support the intended Unicode behavior. This browser and your default font render the sequence as.

Superscripts and subscripts block

The most common superscript digits were included in ISO-8859-1 and were therefore carried over into those code points in the Latin-1 range of Unicode. The remainder were placed along with basic arithmetical symbols, and later some Latin subscripts, in a dedicated block at to U+209F. The table below shows these characters together. Each superscript or subscript character is preceded by a baseline to show the height of subscripting/superscripting.
Six code points in the "Superscripts and Subscripts" block are unassigned, and remain available for future characters. three of these were provisionally assigned to new subscript characters, namely Latin lowercase,, and.

Other superscript and subscript characters

Unicode also includes codepoints for subscript and superscript characters that are intended for semantic usage, in the following blocks:
;Superscript
;Combining superscript
;Subscript
;Combining subscript
Consolidated, the Unicode standard contains superscript and subscript versions of a subset of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic letters. Here they are arranged in alphabetical order for comparison. Since these characters appear in different Unicode ranges, they may not appear to be the same size or position due to font substitution by the browser. Shaded cells mark petite capitals that are not very distinct from minuscules in Roman typeface, but they may be distinct in italic typeface, as is used in some phonetic notation.
Little punctuation is encoded. Parentheses are shown in the basic superscript block above, and the exclamation mark is shown in the IPA table below. In a supporting font, a question mark may be created with a superscript gelded question mark and a combining dot below:.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Superscript capitalᴬᴮꟲᴰᴱꟳᴳᴴᴵᴶᴷᴸᴹᴺᴼᴾꟴᴿ꟱ᵀᵁⱽᵂ
Superscript small capital???ᶦᶫᶰ?ᶸ?
Superscript minusculeᵃᵇᶜᵈᵉᶠᵍʰⁱʲᵏˡᵐⁿᵒᵖ?ʳˢᵗᵘᵛʷˣʸᶻ
Overscript small capital◌ᷛ◌ᷞ◌ᷟ◌ᷡ◌ᷢ
Overscript minuscule◌ͣ◌ᷨ◌ͨ◌ͩ◌ͤ◌ᷫ◌ᷚ◌ͪ◌ͥ◌ᷜ◌ᷝ◌ͫ◌ᷠ◌ͦ◌ᷮ◌ͬ◌ᷤ◌ͭ◌ͧ◌ͮ◌ᷱ◌ͯ◌ᷦ
Subscript minusculeₐₑₕᵢⱼₖₗₘₙₒₚᵣₛₜᵤᵥₓ
Underscript minuscule◌᷊◌ᪿ

* Superscript versions of petite capital A, D, E and P, of ƀ, and subscript versions of w, y and z are scheduled to be released with version 18 of the Unicode Standard.
§ Cyrillic ? ? ?, ◌ⷡ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷮ ◌ꙷ and ? might be substituted for these letters.
Some of these superscript capitals are small caps in the source documents in the Unicode proposals. Superscript Ä, Ö, Ü are composed of the base letter and a combining tréma.
Except for the iota subscript, which has use in Greek text, the modifier Greek letters are intended as phonetic characters in Latin-script text. Shaded cells are indistinguishable from Latin letters, and so would not be expected to have distinctive use in Latin text or to be supported by Unicode.
ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ
Superscript minusculeᵅᵝᵞᵟᵋᶿᶥᶹᵠᵡ
Overscript minuscule◌ᷧ◌ᷩ◌᫇
Subscript minusculeᵦᵧͺᵨᵩᵪ
Underscript minuscule◌ͅ◌̫

* Superscript versions of Greek psi and omega are scheduled for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.
Cyrillic modifier characters are intended for use in Cyrillic text.
АБВГДЕЖЗИКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
Superscript????????????ᵸ???????????ꚜ?ꚝ??
Overscript◌ⷶ◌ⷠ◌ⷡ◌ⷢ◌ⷣ◌ⷷ◌ⷤ◌ⷥ◌ꙵ◌ⷦ◌ⷧ◌ⷨ◌ⷩ◌ⷪ◌ⷫ◌ⷬ◌ⷭ◌ⷮ◌ꙷ◌ꚞ◌ⷯ◌ⷰ◌ⷱ◌ⷲ◌ⷳ◌ꙸ◌ꙹ◌ꙺ◌ⷻ
Subscript??????????????????????

ӘҐЄЅꚈІЇЈӨҪҮҰЏӀ
Superscript????̈??????
Overscript◌ꙴ◌𞂏◌ꙶ
Subscript????̈?

ꙊѠѢꙖѤѦѪѬѲꙐ
Superscript?
Overscript◌ⷹ◌ꙻ◌ⷺ◌ⷼ◌ꚟ◌ⷽ◌ⷾ◌ⷿ◌ⷴ

Superscript and subscript ё, ї, й, ў etc. are handled with diacritics, etc. Many of the Cyrillic characters were added to the Cyrillic Extended-D block, which was added to the free Gentium and Andika fonts with version 6.2 in February 2023.
See also Unicode Small caps, Fullwidths, and Mathematical alphanumerics.
The Latin Extended-F block was created for the remaining superscript IPA letters. They are supported by the free Gentium and Andika fonts. Additional superscript characters for historical and para-IPA letters are scheduled to be released with version 18 of the Unicode Standard in 2026.

Consonant letters

The Unicode characters for superscript IPA and extIPA consonant letters are as follows. The entire Latin Extended-F block is dedicated to superscript IPA. Characters for sounds with secondary articulation are set off in parentheses and placed below the letter for the primary articulation. Asterisks mark superscript characters scheduled for release with Unicode 18 in September 2026.
The spacing diacritic for ejective consonants, U+2BC, works with superscript letters despite not being superscript itself:. If a distinction needs to be made, the combining apostrophe U+315 may be used:. The spacing diacritic should be used for a baseline letter with a superscript release, such as or, where the scope of the apostrophe includes the non-superscript letter, but the combining apostrophe U+315 might be used to indicate a weakly articulated ejective consonant like or, where the whole consonant is written as a superscript, or together with U+2BC when separate apostrophes have scope over the base and modifier letters, as in.
Spacing diacritics, as in, cannot be secondarily superscripted in plain text:.
Among older letters, the most common letters with palatal hook are supported; they are displayed in the table above. IPA once had an idiosyncratic curl on some of the palatalized letters: these are the fricative letters. Their superscript forms have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard. Old-style click letters and the retired letters and have also been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard. The Teuthonista letter is also an old graphic variant of. Its superscript is supported at .
Among para-IPA letters, superscript variants of Sinological, of the Bantuist labio-dental plosives and, and of central semivowels,, and have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.

Vowel letters

The Unicode characters for superscript IPA vowel letters, plus a pair of extended letters found in English dictionaries, are as follows. Recently retired alternative letters such as are also supported; they are set off in parentheses and placed below the modern IPA letters. Asterisks mark superscript letters scheduled for release with Unicode 18 in September 2026.
The precomposed Unicode rhotic vowel letters are not directly supported. The rhotic diacritic U+02DE should be used instead:.
Among older letters, , a graphic variant of, is supported at . The briefly resurrected vowel letter is not supported as a superscript, only its reversed replacement is.
Among para-IPA letters, Sinological superscript and have been accepted for version 18 of the Unicode Standard.

Length marks

The two length marks are also supported:
LongHalf-long

10781
10782

These are used to add length to another superscript, such as or for long aspiration.

Wildcards

Superscript wildcards are largely supported: e.g. , , , , , , , , , . Superscript for fleeting/epenthetic click is not included in the Unicode Standard. Other basic Latin superscript wildcards for tone and weak indeterminate sounds, as described in, are mostly supported.

Combining marks and subscripts

In addition to superscripts, a very few IPA letters beyond the basic Latin alphabet have combining forms or are supported as subscripts:
ɑæβçðəɣʃʍχʔʼ
Overscript◌ᷧ◌ᷔ◌ᷩ◌ᷗ◌ᷙ◌ᷪ◌ᷯ◌̉◌̓
Subscriptᵦₔᵪ
Underscript◌ᫀ◌̦

Composite characters

Primarily for compatibility with earlier character sets, Unicode contains a number of characters that compose super- and subscripts with other symbols. In most fonts these render much better than attempts to construct these symbols from the above characters or by using markup.