Grappling hold
A grappling hold, commonly referred to simply as a hold that in Japanese is referred to as katame-waza, is any specific grappling, wrestling, judo, or other martial art grip that is applied to an opponent. Grappling holds are used principally to control the opponent and to advance in points or positioning. The holds may be categorized by their function, such as clinching, pinning, or submission, while others can be classified by their anatomical effect: chokehold, headlock, joint-lock, or compression lock. Multiple categories may be appropriate for some of these holds.
Clinch hold
A clinch hold is a grappling hold that is used in clinch fighting with the purpose of controlling the opponent. In wrestling it is referred to as the tie-up. The use of a clinch hold results in the clinch. Clinch holds can be used to close in on the opponent, as a precursor to a takedown or throw, or to prevent the opponent from moving away or striking effectively. Typical clinch holds include:Pinning hold
A [|pinning] hold is a general grappling hold used in ground fighting that is aimed to subdue by exerting superior control over an opponent and pinning the opponent to the ground. Pinning holds where both of the opponent's shoulders touch the ground are considered winning conditions in several combat sports.An effective pinning hold is a winning condition in many styles of wrestling, and is known as simply a "pin". Pinning holds maintained for 20 seconds are also a winning condition in judo. Pinning holds are also used in submission wrestling and mixed martial arts, even though the pinning hold itself is not a winning condition. The holds can be used to rest while the opponent tries to escape, to control the opponent while striking, a tactic known as ground and pound, or to control an opponent from striking by pinning them to the ground, also known as lay and pray.
Submission hold
In combat sports a [|submission] hold is a grappling hold that is applied with the purpose of forcing an opponent to submit out of either extreme pain or fear of injury. Submission holds are used primarily in ground fighting and can be separated into constrictions and manipulations. When incorrectly used, these techniques may cause dislocation, torn ligaments, bone fractures, unconsciousness, or even death.Common combat sports featuring submission holds are:
- Jujutsu
- Judo
- Sambo
- Catch wrestling
- Submission wrestling
- Shoot wrestling
- Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
- Mixed martial arts
List of grappling holds
The same hold may be called by different names in different arts or countries. Some of the more common names for grappling holds in contemporary English include:Joint locks
Joint lock: Any stabilization of one or more joints at their normal extreme range of motionBoston Crab: A type of spinal lock originating from catch wrestling and mostly employed in professional wrestling performances, but has been used to win a fight in MMA.Can opener: A type of neck crankSpinal lock#Crucifix [neck crank|Crucifix]: A type of neck crankNeck crank: Applies pressure to the neck by pulling or twisting the headNelson: : The arm is circled under the opponent's arm, and secured at the neckSmall [joint manipulation]: Joint locks on the fingers or toesSpine crank: Applies pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the bodyTwister: A type of body bend and neck crankWristlock: A general term for joint locks on the wrist or radioulnar joint; wristlocks form the trademark offense of Aikido, and are used in combination with keylocks in catch wrestlingArmlocks
Armlock: A general term for joint locks at the elbow or shoulderAmericana: BJJ term for a lateral keylockArmbar: An armlock that hyperextends the elbowChicken wing: Term for various hammer/keylocks, especially among Shoot wrestling and Jeet Kune Do practitionersFlying armbar: A type of armbar that is performed from a stand-up positionHammerlock: Pins the opponent's arm behind the back, with wrist toward their own shoulderJuji-Gatame: A type of armbar where the arm is held in-between the legsKeylock: A shoulderlock where the arm is turned like a keyKimura: BJJ term for a medial keylockOmoplata: BJJ term for a shoulder lock using the legsLeglock
Leglock: A general term for joint locks at the hip, knee, or ankleAnkle lock: A leglock that hyper extends the ankleHeel hook: A leglock that attacks the kneeKneebar: A leglock that hyperextends the kneeToe hold: A type of leglock that hyper extends the ankleChokeholds and strangles
Anaconda choke: A type of arm triangle chokeArm triangle choke: A chokehold similar to the triangle choke except using the armsCrosschoke: Athlete crosses own arms in "X" shape and holds onto opponent's gi or clothingEzequiel: Reverse of the rear naked choke, using the inside of the sleeves for gripGearlock: A modified sleeper hold that puts an incredible amount of force on the opponent's windpipe, choking them out almost instantly if applied properly Gi Choke: or Okuri eri jime as it is known in Judo is a single lapel strangleGogoplata (Hell's Gate): Performed by putting one's shin on the wind pipe of an opponent and pulling the head down; typically set up from the rubber guardGuillotine choke: A facing choke, usually applied to an opponent from aboveLocoplata: A variation of the Gogo-plata that uses the other foot to push the shin into the windpipe and uses the arm to wrap around the back of the head to grab the foot to secure the chokeNorth–south choke: A chokehold applied from the north-south position with opponent facing up; uses the shoulder and biceps to cut off air flowRear naked choke: A chokehold from the rearTriangle choke: A chokehold that forms a triangle around the opponent's head using the legsClinch holds
Bear hug: A [|clinching] hold encircling the opponent's torso with both arms, pulling toward oneselfCollar tie: Facing the opponent with one or both hands on the back of their head/neckMuay Thai clinch: Holding the opponent with both arms around the neck while standingOverhook: Holding over the opponent's arm while standingPinch grip tie: Term for a particular harness hold, common in Greco-Roman wrestling circlesUnderhook: Holding under the opponent's arm while standingTie: A transitional hold used to stabilize the opponent in preparation for striking or throwingCompression locks
Achilles lock: A compression lock on the achilles tendonBiceps slicer: A compression lock on the elbow joint and bicepsFigure four: Term for arranging one's own arm or legs to resemble shape of numeral "4" when holding opponentLeg slicer: A compression lock on the calf and thighPain compliance
Chin lock: An arm hold on the chin that hurts the chin.File:Bayon,_detail_of_a_bas-relief.jpg|thumb|Bas-relief of a headlock at the Bayon temple. A Khmer soldier puts a Cham soldier in a headlock.
Pinning hold
- Cradle: Compress opponent in a sit-up position to pin shoulders from side mountStaple: Using the opponent's clothing to help pin them against a surface