Slovak phonology

Vowels

• Vowel length is phonemic in standard Slovak. Both short and long vowels have the same quality. However, in native words, it is contrastive mostly in the case of the close and the open back . Outside of adjective endings, the front long mid vowel appears in loanwords along with one native word, whereas the back long mid vowel appears only in loanwords.
• Eastern dialects lack the short–long opposition entirely. In Western dialects, vowels that are short due to the rhythmical rule are often realized as long, thus violating the rule.
• The falling diphthongs, as well as mostly replace, and after soft consonants, though there are exceptions such as jún 'June'. can also occur after in some cases. Furthermore, at least and can also occur after hard consonants, as in kvietok 'little flower' and piatok 'Friday', though it is unclear whether there are any minimal pairs that distinguish from as well as from purely by vowel quality. occurs only in a few morphologically conditioned environments.
• The front rounded vowels occur only in loanwords. Just as other mid vowels, are phonetically true-mid. The occurrence of these vowels has been reported only by, who states that the front rounded vowels appear only in the high register and medium register. However, in the medium register, and are often either too back, which results in realizations that are phonetically too close to, respectively, and, or too weakly rounded, yielding vowels that are phonetically too close to, respectively, and.
• is phonetically a diphthong. It is shorter than other diphthongs; in fact, it has the length typical of short monophthongs. It occurs only after. There is not a full agreement about its status in the standard language:
• * states that the correct pronunciation of is an important part of the high register, but in medium and low registers, is monophthongized to, or, in some cases, to.
• * states that only about 5% of speakers have as a distinct phoneme, and that even when it is used in formal contexts, it is most often a dialect feature.
• * state that the use of is becoming rare, and that it often merges with.

Phonetic realization

• The close are typically more open than the corresponding cardinal vowels. The quality of the close front vowels is akin to that of the monophthongal allophone of RP English.
• The mid front are typically higher than in Czech, and they are closer to cardinal than. In turn, the mid back are typically more open than their front counterparts, which means that their quality is close to cardinal.
• The open front vowel is a phonetic diphthong, transcribed in this article. A narrower transcription is, as it is a diphthong that starts below and more central than and glides to the frontest and closest allophone of.
• The open back vowels are phonetically central.
• Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize as close-mid and as open back rounded. The close-mid realization of occurs also in southern dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ.
• are all rising, i.e. their second elements have more prominence.
• The phonetic quality of Slovak diphthongs is as follows:
• * and have the same starting point, the same as the short. The former glides to the short, whereas the latter glides to the position more front than, so that ends more front than the starting point of.
• * is typically a glide from the position between and to the ending point of .
• * is typically a glide from to the closest allophone of .
• There are many more phonetic diphthongs, such as in Miroslav and in Prešov. Phonemically, these are interpreted as sequences of preceded by a vowel. This is phonetically and it is very similar to the first element of.

Transcriptions

Consonants

• Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
• Voiced stops and affricates are fully voiced.
• is apical alveolar.
• are not always pure palatal plosives, but as the author describes, those are the ideal and standard sounds based on their main characteristics.
• are laminal.
• * are alveolar or denti-alveolar.
• * are alveolar.
• ** Word-initial occurs only in two words: dzekať and dziny.
• * are alveolo-palatal affricates that are often classified as stops. Their usual IPA transcription is. As in Serbo-Croatian, the corresponding alveolo-palatal fricatives do not occur in the standard language, thus making the system asymmetrical. The corresponding nasal is alveolo-palatal as well:, but it can also be dento-alveolo-palatal.
• is palatalized laminal denti-alveolar, palatalized laminal alveolar or palatal. The palatal realization is the least common one.
• * describes an additional realization, namely a weakly palatalized apical alveolar approximant. According to this scholar, the palatal realization is actually alveolo-palatal.
• The contrast is neutralized before front vowels, where only occurs. This neutralization is taken further in western dialects, in which merges with in all environments.
• are apical alveolar.
• * is either neutral or velarized.
• * Short is most often a tap.
• The retroflexes are less often realized as palato-alveolar.
• * occurs mainly in loanwords.
• is realized as:
• * Voiced fricative in onsets before voiced obstruents;
• * Voiceless fricative in onsets before voiceless obstruents;
• * An approximant that varies between labiodental and labio-velar in coda;
• * Approximant in all other cases.
• is an approximant, either palatal or alveolo-palatal. Between open central vowels, it can be a quite lax approximant.

• can be syllabic:. When they are long, they are always syllabic. E.g. vlk, prst, štvrť, krk, bisyllabic vĺča, vŕba, etc.
• has the allophone in front of the labiodental fricatives and.
• in front of alveolar fricatives has a postalveolar allophone.
• can be in front of the velar plosives and.

Stress

Official transcriptions

Sample

Orthographic version