China–Russia border
The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino-Russian border is the international border between China and Russia. After the final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures, and is the world's fifth-longest international border. According to the Russian border agency, as of October 1, 2013, there are more than 160 land border crossings between Russia and China, all of which are open 24 hours. There are crossing points established by the treaty including railway crossings, highway crossings, river crossing, and mostly ferry crossings.
Description
The eastern border section is over in length. According to a joint estimate published in 1999, it measured at. It starts at the eastern China–Mongolia–Russia tripoint, marked by the border monument called Tarbagan-Dakh. From the tripoint, the border line runs north-east, until it reaches the Argun River. The border follows that river to the Amur River, and to the confluence of the latter with the Ussuri River. It divides the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island at the confluence of the two rivers, and then runs south along the Ussuri. The border crosses Lake Khanka, and finally runs to the south-west. The China–Russia border ends when it reaches the Tumen River, which is the northern border of North Korea. The end point of the China–Russia border, and the China–North Korea–Russia tripoint, at, is located only a few kilometers before the river flows into the Pacific Ocean, the other end of the North Korea–Russia border.The much shorter western border section is between Russia's Altai Republic and China's Xinjiang. It runs in the mostly snow-covered high elevation area of the Altai Mountains. Its western end point is the China–Kazakhstan–Russia tripoint, whose location is defined by the trilateral agreement as, elevation, 3327 m. Its eastern end is the western China–Mongolia–Russia tripoint, at the top of the peak Tavan Bogd Uul, at the coordinates, elevation 4374 m.
History
Tsarist era (pre-1917)
Today's Sino-Russian border line is mostly inherited by Russia from the Soviet Union, while the Sino-Soviet border line was essentially the same as the border between the Russian and Qing Empires, settled by a number of treaties from the 17th through to the 19th centuries. Border issues first became an issue following Russia's rapid expansion into Siberia in the 17th century, with intermittent skirmishes occurring between them and Qing China. Below is a list of important border treaties, along with the indication as to which section of today's Sino-Russian border were largely set by them:- Treaty of Nerchinsk - this covered the far eastern section of the border, creating a line along the Argun River and Shilka River, then proceeding overland via the Stanovoy Mountains, and then along the Uda river, terminating at the Tugur peninsula by the Sea of Okhotsk.
- Treaty of Kyakhta, plus supplementary protocols of the same year - these were concerned mostly with the border line that is currently the Mongolia–Russia border, this fixing a line from the river Irtysh in the west to the Argun in the east.
- Treaty of Aigun - this shifted the eastern border to run along the Amur River out to the Okhotsk.
- Convention of Peking - this finalised the eastern stretch of the border, with China ceding to Russia the territory of modern Primorsky Krai and southern Khabarovsk Krai, created the short border between Russia and the Korean Peninsula, leaving Noktundo at the Russian side and blocking China's access to the Sea of Japan.
- Treaty of Tarbagatai - this created the western section of the border in Central Asia, with the bulk of this border now forming China's borders with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The border was modified via later treaties such as the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, though the modern Russian section remained at the same place.
- Qiqihar Agreement - modified the eastern border along the Argun slightly, however China later repudiated the treaty.
Sino-Soviet border (1917–1991)
- In 1911 Outer Mongolia declared independence from China; the USSR recognised the country in 1921, thus removing a large part of the China-USSR border and splitting it into two sections. China later recognised Mongolian independence in 1946.
- Sino-Soviet conflict - a conflict largely centred on the Chinese Eastern Railway.
- Sino-Soviet border conflict - this was a serious seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969. Although military clashes ceased that year, the underlying issues were not resolved until the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement. The most serious of these border clashes, which brought the two countries to the brink of all-out war, occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River; as such, Chinese historians most commonly refer to the conflict as the Zhenbao Island Incident. Heavily militarised following the war, the border slowly opened after 1982, allowing the first exchange of goods between the two countries, though the territorial disputes remained unresolved. Between 1988 and 1992 the cross-border commerce between Russia and Heilongjiang province increased threefold, with the number of legal Chinese workers in Russia increasing from 1,286 to 18,905.
Post-1991
The waning years of the Soviet Union saw a reduction of the tensions on the then heavily fortified Sino-Soviet border. In 1990–91, the two countries agreed to significantly reduce their military forces stationed along the border. To this day one can find numerous abandoned military facilities in Russia's border districts.Even though the Sino-Soviet border trade resumed as early as 1983–85, it accelerated in 1990–91; the rate of cross-border trade continued to increase as the USSR's former republics became separate states. To accommodate increasing volume of travel and private trade, a number of border crossings were re-opened. In early 1992, China announced border trade incentives and the creation of special economic zones along the Sino-Russian border, the largest of these being in Hunchun, Jilin.
In 1991, China and USSR signed the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, which was intended to start the process of resolving the border disputes held in abeyance since the 1960s. The border agreement was witnessed by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during Jiang's official visit to the Soviet Union on May 16, 1991. However, just a few months later the USSR was dissolved, and four former Soviet republics — Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan — inherited various sections of the former Sino–Soviet border.
It took more than a decade for Russia and China to fully resolve the border issues and to demarcate the border. On May 29, 1994, during Russian prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin's visit to Beijing, an "Agreement on the Sino-Russian Border Management System intended to facilitate border trade and hinder criminal activity" was signed. On September 3, a demarcation agreement was signed for the short western section of the binational border; the demarcation of this section was completed in 1998.
In November 1997, at a meeting in Beijing, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Chinese leader, CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin signed an agreement for the demarcation of the much longer eastern section of the border, in accordance with the provisions of the 1991 Sino-Soviet agreement.
The last unresolved territorial issue between the two countries was settled by the 2004 Complementary Agreement between China and Russia on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary. Pursuant to that agreement, Russia transferred to China a part of Abagaitu Islet, the entire Yinlong Island, about half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, and some adjacent river islets. The transfer was ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and the Russian State Duma in 2005, thus ending the decades-long border dispute. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site on October 14, 2008.
Border management
As with many other international borders, a bilateral treaty exists concerning the physical modalities of managing the China–Russia border. The currently valid agreement was signed in Beijing in 2006.The treaty requires the two states to clear trees in a -wide strip along the border .
Civil navigation is allowed on the border rivers and lakes, provided the vessels of each country stay on the appropriate side of the dividing line ; similar rules apply to fishing in these waters.
Each country's authorities will carry out appropriate measures to prevent grazing livestock from crossing into the other country and will endeavor to apprehend and return any livestock that wanders onto their territory from across the border. Hunting using firearms is prohibited within from the borderline; hunters are prohibited from crossing the border in pursuit of a wounded animal.
Detained illegal border crossers are supposed to be normally returned to their country of origin within 7 days from their apprehension.
Border crossings
Eastern section
A list of ports-of-entry on the eastern section is provided by China Association of Port-of-entry:| Name | Type of crossing transports | Bordering Chinese town | Bordering Russian town | Open to third country nationals | Notes |
| -Kameshovaya/Makhalino | railway | Hunchun, Yanbian, Jilin | Kraskino, Khasansky District, Primorsky Krai | No | the only railway crossing at Jilin section |
| -Kraskino | road | Hunchun, Yanbian, Jilin | Kraskino, Khasansky District, Primorsky Krai | Yes | the only road crossing at Jilin section, connects |
| -Poltavka | road | Sanchakou, Dongning, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang | , Oktyabrsky District, Primorsky Krai | No | connects and indirectly, valid for Russian e-Visa |
| - | railway | Suifenhe, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang | Pogranichny, Pogranichny District, Primorsky Krai | Yes | 401/402 train runs through here everyday, valid for Russian e-Visa |
| -Pogranichny | road | Suifenhe, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang | Pogranichny, Pogranichny District, Primorsky Krai | Yes | connects and 05A-215, part of |
| -Turiy Rog | road | Dangbi, Mishan, Jixi, Heilongjiang | , Khankaysky District, Primorsky Krai | No | connects , nearby Lake Khanka, valid for Russian e-Visa |
| -Markovo | road | Hulin, Jixi, Heilongjiang | Markovo, Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai | No | connects, and indirectly |
| Raohe-Pokrovka | shipping | Raohe, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang | Pokrovka, Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai | No | boats available during spring through autumn, car crossing in winter only, connects, and indirectly when car traffic available |
| Heixiazi-Bolshoy Ussuriysky | road | Fuyuan, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai | planned, expected only aboriginal peoples of the island and nearby towns can cross, will connect and indirectly | |
| Fuyuan-Khabarovsk | shipping | Fuyuan, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai | Yes | currently the easternmost port-of-entry of China in use, boats available during spring through autumn, car crossing in winter only, connects,, and indirectly when car traffic available |
| -Nizhneleninskoye | railway | Tongjiang, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | Nizhneleninskoye, Leninsky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast | No | |
| -Nizhneleninskoye | shipping | Tongjiang, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | Nizhneleninskoye, Leninsky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast | No | boats available during spring through autumn, hovercraft and car crossing in winter only, connects, and indirectly when car traffic available |
| Fujin | shipping | Fujin, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | n/a | No | international boats to ports of Nizhneleninskoye, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk, Nikolayevsk and Sea of Japan |
| Jiamusi | shipping | Jiamusi, Heilongjiang | n/a | No | international boats to ports of Nizhneleninskoye, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk, Nikolayevsk and Sea of Japan |
| Luobei-Amurzet | shipping | Luobei, Hegang, Heilongjiang | Amurzet, Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Yes | boats available during spring through autumn, car crossing in winter only, connects when car traffic available |
| Harbin | railway | Harbin, Heilongjiang | n/a | Yes | Trans-Eurasia Logistics dry port, was the terminus of K7023/7024 Harbin-Khabarovsk/Vladivostok Train |
| Harbin | shipping | Harbin, Heilongjiang | n/a | was having international boats to ports of Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk, Nikolayevsk, Blagoveshchensk and Sea of Japan, unavailable in recent years | |
| Jiayin-Pashkovo | shipping | Jiayin, Yichun, Heilongjiang | Pashkovo, Obluchensky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast | currently under renovation, if re-opened, it may connect during winter | |
| Xunke-Poyarkovo | shipping | Xunke, Heihe, Heilongjiang | Poyarkovo, Mikhaylovsky District, Amur Oblast | No | boats available during spring through autumn, hovercraft and car crossing in winter only, connects indirectly |
| Sunwu-Konstantinovka | shipping | Sunwu, Heihe, Heilongjiang | Konstantinovka, Konstantinovsky District, Amur Oblast | currently not available as there are concerns at Amur Oblast authorities, if opened in the future, it may connect indirectly during winter | |
| Heihe-Blagoveshchensk | road | Heihe, Heilongjiang | Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast | Yes | connects , part of |
| Heihe-Blagoveshchensk | pedestrian | Heihe, Heilongjiang | Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast | under construction | |
| -Blagoveshchensk | shipping | Heihe, Heilongjiang | Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast | Yes | boats available during spring through autumn, hovercraft and car crossing in winter only |
| Huma-Ushakovo | shipping | Huma, Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang | Ushakovo, Shimanovsky District, Amur Oblast | currently not available as there are concerns at Amur Oblast authorities, if opened in the future, it may connect and indirectly during winter | |
| Mohe-Dzhalinda | shipping | Mohe, Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang | Dzhalinda, Skovorodinsky District, Amur Oblast | No | boats available during spring through autumn, car crossing in winter only, connects when car traffic available |
| -Olochi | road | Shiwei, Ergun, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia | Olochi, Nerchinsko-Zavodsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai | No | connects |
| -Starotsurukhaitu | road | Ergun, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia | Starotsurukhaitu, Priargunsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai | No | Valid for Russian e-Visa |
| -Zabaykalsk | road | Manzhouli, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia | Zabaykalsk, Zabaykalsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai | Yes | connects, and, part of |
| Manzhouli- | railway | Manzhouli, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia | Zabaykalsk, Zabaykalsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai | Yes | prior to COVID-19 pandemic, K19/20 train runs through here, break-of-gauge at Zabaykalsk, valid for Russian e-Visa |