Shinjuku Station

Shinjuku Station is a major railway station in Tokyo, Japan, that serves as the main connecting hub for rail traffic between central/eastern Tokyo and Western Tokyo on the inter-city rail, commuter rail, and subway lines. The station straddles the boundary between the Shinjuku and Shibuya special wards. In Shinjuku, it is in the Nishi-Shinjuku and Shinjuku districts; in Shibuya, it is in the Yoyogi and Sendagaya districts.
The station was used by an average of 3.59 million people per day in 2018, making it the world's busiest railway station by far. The main East Japan Railway Company station and the directly adjacent private railways have a total of 35 platforms, an underground arcade, above-ground arcade and numerous hallways with another 17 platforms that can be accessed through hallways to five directly connected stations without surfacing outside. The entire above/underground complex has well over 200 exits.

History

Shinjuku Station opened in 1885 as a stop on Nippon Railway's Akabane-Shinagawa line. The kanji "新宿" shin juku literally stand for "new station". Shinjuku was still a quiet community at the time and the station was not heavily trafficked at first. When the Kobu Railway opened between Shinjuku and Tachikawa Station in 1889, farms were still present near the station. The Keiō Line connected to the station from the west in 1915. Around this period, the east side of the station, where the, a former Shukuba existed, was bustling with people. When the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake happened, the area located in the east side of the station received relatively small damage compared to Nihonbashi. Since the station was a convenient place to travel, many stores relocated near the station after the earthquake. Odakyu Electric Railway opened the Odakyū Odawara Line from Shinjuku to Odawara in 1927. As the platforms of the station were at the west side of the station, traffic in the west exit increased, although it did not compare to that of the east exit.
Japanese government urban planner Kensaburo Kondo designed a major revamp of the station in 1933, which included a large public square on the west side completed in 1941. Kondo's plan also called for extending the Tokyu Toyoko Line to a new underground terminal on the west side of the station and constructing an east–west underground line that would be served by the Seibu Railway and the Tokyo Kosoku Railway, while the Keio and Odakyu lines would use above-ground terminals to the west of the JR station. These plans were suspended upon the onset of World War II but influenced the current layout of the station area. During World War II, American bombings damaged the substation Keio used to power the railway line, resulting in reduced voltage. This prevented Keio services from using the bridges at the former Kōshū Kaidō. The Keio Shinjuku Station's platforms were forced to relocate to the west side of the station as a result.
The Seibu Shinjuku Line was extended from Takadanobaba Station to Seibu Shinjuku Station in 1952. Seibu Shinjuku was built as a temporary station pending a planned redevelopment of the east side of Shinjuku Station, which was to feature a large station building that would house a new Seibu terminal on its second floor. Seibu abandoned its plan to use the building due to a lack of space for trains longer than six cars; the building is now known as Lumine Est and retains some design features originally intended to accommodate the Seibu terminal. In the late 1980s, Seibu planned to build an underground terminal on the east side of Shinjuku but indefinitely postponed the plan in 1995 due to costs and declining passenger growth.
On 8 August 1967, a freight train carrying jet fuel bound for the U.S. air bases at Tachikawa and Yokota collided with another freight train and caught fire on the Chūō Rapid tracks. The incident stoked ongoing political controversy in Japan regarding the Vietnam War. The station was a major site for student protests in 1968 and 1969, the height of civil unrest in postwar Japan. On 21 October 1968, 290,000 marchers participated in International Anti-War Day, taking over Shinjuku station and forcing trains to stop. In May and June 1969, members of the antiwar group Beheiren carrying guitars and calling themselves "folk guerrillas" led weekly singalongs in the underground plaza outside the west exit of the station, attracting crowds of thousands. Participants described it as a "liberated zone" and a "community of encounter." In July, riot police cleared the plaza with tear gas and changed signs in the station to read "West Exit Concourse" instead of "West Exit Plaza."
There have been plans at various points in history to connect Shinjuku to the Shinkansen network, and the 1973 Shinkansen Basic Plan, still in force, specifies that the station should be the southern terminus of the Jōetsu Shinkansen line to Niigata. While construction of the Ōmiya-Shinjuku link never started and the Jōetsu line presently terminates in Tokyo Station, the right of way, including an area underneath the station, remains reserved.
On 5 May 1995, the Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult attempted a chemical terrorist attack by setting off a cyanide gas device in a toilet in the underground concourse, barely a month after the [Tokyo rapid transit|subway sarin attack|gas attack on the Tokyo subway] which killed 13, left 6,252 people with non-fatal injuries, severely injured 50 people, and caused 984 cases of temporary vision problems. This time the attack was thwarted by staff who extinguished the burning device.
The station facilities on the Marunouchi Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority in 2004.
Station numbering was introduced to the Odakyu terminal in 2014 with Shinjuku being assigned station number OH01.
A major expansion of the JR terminal was completed in April 2016, adding a 32-story office tower, bus terminal, taxi terminal, and numerous shops and restaurants.
Station numbering was introduced to the JR East platforms in 2016 with Shinjuku being assigned station numbers JB10 for the Chūō-Sobu line, JS20 for the Shonan-Shinjuku line, JA11 for the Saikyō line, JC05 for the Chuo line rapid, and JY17 for the Yamanote line. At the same time, JR East assigned the station a 3-letter code to its major transfer stations; Shinjuku was assigned the code "SJK".
In 2020, the east–west free passageway was opened, shortening the time required for pedestrians to pass between the east and west exits by 10 minutes. A major redevelopment of the station and the surrounding area began in July 2021 with the aim of improving pedestrian flow and making it easier and faster to cut through the east and west sides of the station. Construction is expected to continue until 2047.

Keiō Shinjuku Station

When the Keio Line extended to Shinjuku in 1915, its terminal was located several blocks east of the government railway station. The terminal was first named Shinjuku-Oiwake Station and was on the street near the Isetan department store. In 1927, the station was moved from the street to a newly built terminal adjacent to the original station. The station building housed a department store. The station name was changed to Yotsuya-Shinjuku Station in 1930 and again to Keiō Shinjuku Station in 1937.
The tracks from the terminal were on the Kōshū Kaidō highway, which crosses the Yamanote Line and the Chūō Line in front of the south entrance of Shinjuku Station by a bridge. The Keiō Line had a station for access to Shinjuku Station, named Teishajō-mae Station and renamed in 1937 Shōsen Shinjuku Ekimae Station.
In July 1945, the terminal of the Keiō Line was relocated to the present location, though on the ground level, on the west side of Shinjuku Station. Keiō Shinjuku Station and Shōsen Shinjuku Ekimae Station were closed. This was because the trains faced difficulty in climbing up the slopes of the bridge over the governmental railway after one of the nearby transformer substations was destroyed by an air raid. The site of Keiō Shinjuku Station near Shinjuku-Sanchōme subway station is now occupied by two buildings owned by Keiō: Keiō Shinjuku Sanchōme Building and Keiō Shinjuku Oiwake Building.

Lines

Shinjuku is served by the following railway systems:

Station facilities

JR East

The station is centered around facilities servicing the East Japan Railway Company lines. These consist of eight ground-level island platforms on a north–south axis, connected by two overhead and two underground concourses. Most JR services here are urban and suburban mass transit lines, although many limited express services to Kōfu and Matsumoto on the Chūō Main Line and to Nikkō and Kinugawa Onsen via joint operations with the private Tōbu Railway also begin and end at this station, including Narita Express services to and from Narita International Airport. The JR section alone handles an average of 1.5 million passengers a day.

Odakyu

The terminus for the private Odakyu Odawara Line is parallel to the JR platforms on the west side and handles an average of 490,000 passengers daily. This is a major commuter route stretching southwest through the suburbs and out towards the coastal city of Odawara and the mountains of Hakone. The ten platforms are built on two levels beneath the Odakyu department store; three express service tracks on the ground level and two tracks on the level below. Each track has platforms on both sides in order to completely separate boarding and alighting passengers.
Chest-high platform screen doors were added to platforms 4 and 5 in September 2012.

Keio/Toei Subway (Toei Shinjuku Line)

Keio operates two sections of Shinjuku Station, the traditional Keio Line stub terminal and a separate through station connecting the Keio New Line with the Toei Shinjuku Line. In 2019, 788,567 passengers used the Keio complex daily, which makes it among the busiest among the non-JR Group railways of Japan.

Keio Line

The Keio Line concourse is located to the west of the Odakyu line concourse, two floors below ground level under the Keio department store. It consists of three platforms stretching north to south. An additional thin platform between Platforms 2 and 3 is used for alighting only. This suburban commuter line links Shinjuku to the city of Hachiōji to the west. Chest-high platform edge doors were introduced on the Keio Line platforms in March 2014. The doors are different colours for each platform; the doors on Platform 2 are green.

Keio New Line and Toei Shinjuku Line

The shared facilities for the Toei Shinjuku subway line and the Keiō New Line are distinctively called Keiō New Line Shinjuku Station and consist of two platforms stretching east–west five floors beneath the Kōshū Kaidō avenue to the southwest of the JR section. The concourse is managed by Keio Corporation but is in a separate location from the main Keio platforms. Further south are the two north-to-south Toei Ōedo subway line platforms.

Toei Subway (Toei Oedo Line)

Toei Ōedo Line's two underground platforms stretch north–south to the south of the Toei Shinjuku Line and Keio New Line facilities. This is on the 7th basement floor of Tokyo prefectural road 414.

Tokyo Metro

Tokyo Metro's two Marunouchi Line underground platforms stretch east–west to the north of the JR and Odakyu facilities, directly below the Metro Promenade underground mall.

Commercial facilities

Many department stores and shopping malls are built directly into the station, some operated by the railroads. These include:

Lumine Est – above JR's east exit
Odakyu department store – above the Odakyu line concourse
Odakyu Mylord – above the southern end of the Odakyu line concourse
Lumine 1 shopping mall – above the Keio Line concourse
Lumine 2 shopping mall – above JR's south and Lumine exits
Keio Department store – above the Keio Line concourse
Keio Mall – underground mall to the southwest of the Keio Line concourse
Odakyu Ace – underground malls beneath the bus terminal by the west exit.

In addition to the above, the Metro Promenade, which is an underground mall owned by Tokyo Metro, extends eastwards from the station beneath Shinjuku-dori avenue, all the way to the adjacent Shinjuku-sanchōme station with 60 exits along the way. The Metro Promenade in turn connects to Shinjuku Subnade, another underground shopping mall, which leads onto Seibu Railway's Seibu-Shinjuku station.
Shinjuku Station is connected by underground passageways and shopping malls to

Nearby non-connected stations include

Bus terminals

There is a bus terminal at the west exit servicing both local and long-distance buses and a JR Highway Bus terminal at the New South Gates.
On April 4, 2016, the new bus terminal and commercial facilities nearby the south exit, named, opened for service. Considerable numbers of coaches and airport buses depart from this new terminal.

Passenger statistics

The figures below are the official number of passengers entering and exiting each day released by each train operator. The figure for JR East only includes entering passengers.
Average number of passengers per day by fiscal year for the JR East station

Fiscal year	Daily average
1913	5,052
1915	4,684
1920	14,358
1925	40,061
1930	71,555
1935	66,230

Average number of passengers per day by fiscal year for the JR East station

Fiscal year	Daily average
1953	133,435
1955	153,313
1960	305,236
1965	389,700
1970	472,841
1971	614,419
1975	652,642
1980	625,707
1984	648,659
1990	709,490
1991	741,421
1992	735,192
1993	741,342
1994	740,063
1995	743,710
1996	767,800
1997	765,518
1998	756,551
1999	756,772
2000	753,791

Average number of passengers per day by fiscal year for the JR East station

Fiscal year	Daily average
2001	745,153
2002	748,515
2003	746,293
2004	742,183
2005	747,930
2006	757,013
2007	785,801
2008	766,020
2009	748,522
2010	736,715
2011	734,154
2012	742,833
2013	751,018
2014	748,157
2015	760,043
2016	769,307
2017	778,618
2018	789,366
2019	775,386
2020	477,073
2021	522,178

Cultural references

The station and other parts of the Toei Ōedo Line are referenced in the Digimon Adventure franchise. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall depicted the station area in his large oil painting Shinjuku, exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London in 2013.