Shimakutuba Orthography
The Shimakutuba Orthography is a set of rules established by Okinawa Prefecture that prescribes the orthography of the Ryukyuan languages spoken in various regions of Okinawa Prefecture using katakana characters.
Overview
The term shimakutuba, as used by Okinawa Prefecture, refers to the Ryukyuan languages spoken within Okinawa Prefecture. Accordingly, the Shimakutuba Orthography does not cover the Ryukyuan languages spoken in Kagoshima Prefecture to the north, such as the Amami language and the dialects of Yoron, Okinoerabu, and Kikai Islands, which belong to the Kunigami language. Furthermore, even among the speech varieties used within Okinawa Prefecture, it excludes Okinawan Japanese as well as the languages of the Daitō Islands, which do not belong to the Ryukyuan language family.Since it has been officially promulgated by Okinawa Prefecture, this orthography can be regarded as the closest to an official orthography for the Ryukyuan languages. However, at present, it cannot be said that the system has been widely adopted by the general public. Okinawa Prefecture has stated that this orthography is intended for use in initiatives to promote and pass on shimakutuba and that it "does not deny the writing systems that have been used by various regions and researchers up to now".
In 2018, Okinawa Prefecture established the Shimakutuba Orthography Review Committee, composed of scholars and other experts, which finalized the orthography of shimakutuba in March 2022. Following UNESCO's classification, official orthographies were created for the Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni languages. Furthermore, in cases where individual dialects within these languages contained unique phonemes, the orthography was designed to accommodate them. In addition, the Reference Table 1 was established, providing a unified orthography that allows for the simultaneous distinction of all phonemes across the five languages.
The primary purpose of this orthography is to be used in teaching shimakutuba to children in Okinawa. Since most children in modern Okinawa grow up with Japanese as their first language, the orthography was developed on the basis of modern Japanese katakana notation to make it easier for them to understand and learn.
For this reason, there are aspects of the system that are somewhat less rational from a phonological perspective of the Ryukyuan languages. For example, in traditional writing methods of the Ryukyuan languages, the character "ヲ" was often used to represent . However, since "ヲ" in modern Japanese is used only for the particle, the Shimakutuba Orthography instead uses "ウォ" to represent, in the same way that modern Japanese orthography uses it for foreign loanwords.
At the same time, where independent writing systems have already been developed by local communities, the Shimakutuba Orthography has partially incorporated them. For instance, in the privately developed Miyako Gana used in the Miyako Islands, the notation "イ゚" is employed, as in the Ōgami Island dialect word トゥイ゚ . This notation has been adopted into the Shimakutuba Orthography as well.
Use of katakana
In this orthography, only katakana is used. The reason given is that "katakana is superior in phonetic representation compared to hiragana, which contains many exceptional spellings".The "many exceptional spellings" refers to examples in modern Japanese orthography such as: the sequence "おう", which may be pronounced either or depending on the word; "えい", which may be pronounced either or ; and "は" and "へ", which, when used as particles, are pronounced and, respectively.
The Shimakutuba Orthography also does not employ kanji. As noted earlier, one of the main purposes of this system is education for local children. Since many children have not yet mastered the use of kanji in Japanese, requiring them to learn kanji in another language would impose an additional burden. Moreover, as in Japanese, traditional writing systems of the Ryukyuan languages use both on'yomi and kun'yomi of kanji. Furthermore, for example, while the Okinawan word for "beautiful island" is written as "美ら島", it can be read differently depending on the dialect—as, or. Without the aid of furigana, it will be extremely difficult to know the reading of kanji in Ryukyuan.
That said, while Okinawa Prefecture has only adopted katakana for the Shimakutuba Orthography, it has also stated that "this does not deny the use of writing systems employing hiragana or mixed kanji and kana". On the other hand, the Okinawan civic group Uchināguchi Kai has repeatedly protested against the prefecture, arguing that the Okinawan language should not be written in katakana, but rather in the traditional mixed script of kanji and hiragana.
Tables
The following table shows the notation for each language in the Shimakutuba Orthography, based on the information provided by Okinawa Prefecture.[Miyako language]
| Chōon | ー |
| Sokuon | ッ |
| Hatsuon | ン |
| Syllabic consonant | クㇷ, ムㇽ, プㇽ, ブㇽ |
| Isolated consonant | ン, フ, ヴ, ム゚, リ゚/ル゚ |
| Front semi-open vowel | ケェ, ペェ |
| Vowel reduction | ン̥ |
[Yaeyama language]
| Chōon | ー |
| Sokuon | ッ |
| Hatsuon | ン |
| Isolated consonant | ル゚ |
[Yonaguni language]
| Chōon | ー |
| Sokuon | ッ |
| Hatsuon | ン |