Robert Morgenthau
Robert Morris Morgenthau was an American lawyer. From 1975 until his retirement in 2009, he was the District Attorney for New York County, having previously served as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York throughout much of the 1960s on the appointment of John F. Kennedy. At retirement, Morgenthau was the longest-serving district attorney in the history of the State of New York.
Early life
Morgenthau was born in 1919 in New York City into a prominent Ashkenazi Jewish family that had emigrated from Baden in 1866. He was the son of Elinor and Henry Morgenthau Jr., who served as the Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman from 1934 until 1945. His maternal great-grandfather was Mayer Lehman, a co-founder of Lehman Brothers. His grandfather, Henry Morgenthau Sr., was United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Before going into diplomatic service, Henry Morgenthau Sr. had made a fortune in real estate, and became a strong financial backer of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson.Morgenthau's paternal grandmother was born in Montgomery, Alabama.
From the earliest days, the Morgenthau family was well-connected politically. The family home was near Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Springwood Estate at Hyde Park, New York, and he grew up acquainted with the future President.
World War II Navy Combat Service
Morgenthau graduated from the New Lincoln School, Deerfield Academy, and Amherst College. In June 1940, while still in college, he enlisted in the United States Navy V-7 officers' training program that was open to students with three years of college, enabling them to earn commissions in the Naval Reserve. He took his 30-day midshipman cruise in July 1940, and spent his 21st birthday on the battleship USS Wyoming in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. After graduating from college, he completed three months of midshipman training on board the USS Prairie State and was commissioned an ensign in the US Naval Reserve upon graduation. He was sent to communications school and thereafter attached to the destroyer USS Warrington for transfer to the Commander South Atlantic Force. Morgenthau was at the Boston Navy Yard when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941, forever recalling the message over the loudspeaker, "Japan is bombing Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill. Repeat: Japan is bombing Pearl Harbor." When Ensign Morgenthau reached the South Atlantic shortly after Pearl Harbor, he was attached to the destroyer leader USS Winslow, whose mission at the time was hunting for German blockade runners, raiders and submarines in the South Atlantic between Brazil and Africa. Morganthau was assigned as boarding officer and later wrote in a 2010 article for the U.S. Naval Institute "Answering the Call: Reflections of a 90-Day Wonder", that "The most dangerous part of this assignment involved the rope ladder that the suspicious ship lowered so that the Winslow boarding party could come aboard from its motor whaleboat. You had to grab the ladder at the top of a ten-foot swell, and then pull yourself up, making sure you climbed aboard before the whaleboat came back and broke your legs."In mid-1943, Morganthau was transferred to another destroyer, USS Lansdale. Morgenthau survived the sinking of Lansdale on April 20, 1944, when a German aerial torpedo exploded at the forward stack. He and 233 other survivors were in the water for three hours and 47 men were lost. Age 24, bobbing for three hours in the frigid sea, Morgenthau later said that he made a pact with God: Save me and I'll devote my life to public service. "I was not in a very good bargaining position," Morgenthau quipped in an interview decades later. Morgenthau managed to get off the ship with a life vest. A screaming sailor thrashing in the water near him didn't and without hesitation Morgenthau gave his life vest to the man, saying wryly years later, "I think it was one of the stupidest things I ever did." Morgenthau described the lessons he learned from his experience as wartime X.O. on a navy destroyer in combat, "As executive officer, I learned about managing people and the importance of loyalty. All assignments and promotions must be on merit, not friendship. I learned to look for the best in everyone, not for their faults. I worked with men from all corners of the country, and all sorts of backgrounds, but I always tried to find common interests. I also learned never to trust an expert-described by some as 'an S.O.B. from out of town.' This view was reinforced by the misinformation about the bomb on board the Bauer. My experience on that ship taught me to spread the credit around rather than only rewarding the leadership-a principle that later helped keep morale high in the Manhattan district attorney's office. Lessons learned from surviving in hostile waters far from friendly skies gave me the experience and courage to prosecute cases without fear or favor."
The Lansdale survivors were picked up by the US Coast Guard crewed destroyer escort USS Menges. The third and final destroyer that Morgenthau was assigned to during World War II was the USS Harry F. Bauer. He attained the rank of lieutenant commander, and served as the executive officer of both the USS Lansdale and the USS Harry F. Bauer. Morganthau later said, "the day I arrived , the captain set down his rules. 'Everyone likes to give candy to children,' he said. 'but if this ship is to survive in a war zone, one of us has to be an S.O.B. I've decided that's you.' He dismissed me, saying, 'Good morning, Mr. S.O.B.'" Naval records indicate heroic action during the Battle of Iwo Jima — the Bauer was attacked by thirteen kamikazes, and survived a torpedo and dive bomber attack. Bauer amassed a stunning record during the war. She was credited with destroying 17 kamikaze planes, and the ship and all the members of her crew were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. For Morganthau's Navy pre-war and wartime service aboard destroyers, he was awarded the American Defense Service Medal and all three U.S. campaign medals for World War II service, the American Campaign Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal. For his combat actions on destroyers Lansdale and Bauer, Morgenthau was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" device twice.
After the war, Morgenthau studied law, graduating from Yale Law School in 1948. He joined the New York law firm of Patterson, Belknap & Webb, becoming a partner in 1954.
Career
U.S. Attorney
In 1961, after twelve years of practicing corporate law, Morgenthau accepted an appointment from President John F. Kennedy as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. In 1962, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New York, and resigned his federal office. After his defeat by the incumbent Governor Nelson Rockefeller, Morgenthau was reappointed U.S. Attorney and served in that position for the remainder of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Morgenthau was eating lunch with Robert Kennedy when Kennedy received the news of his brother's murder in Dallas.In January 1969, following the election of President Richard Nixon, Morgenthau remained in office, and for months resisted increasingly public pressures from the Nixon Administration to resign. He retained support from New York's liberal Republican U.S. Senators Jacob K. Javits and Charles Goodell. Morgenthau and his supporters claimed that replacing him would disrupt his work on vital cases, and that Nixon might be seeking to prevent Morgenthau from pursuing investigations that would prove embarrassing to the President or his friends. Nonetheless, Morgenthau's position became increasingly untenable. While well-regarded, he was after all a Democrat, thought to harbor political aspirations. Morgenthau's insistence on remaining in office seemed increasingly unreasonable. He was eventually forced out of office at the end of 1969. Republican Whitney North Seymour Jr. was appointed as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York.
Return to politics
Afterward, Morgenthau served briefly in the reformist administration of Mayor John V. Lindsay as a deputy mayor, before resigning to seek the Democratic nomination for governor in 1970. Morgenthau was less successful in raising funds and developing support than were two other candidates, Arthur Goldberg and Howard Samuels, and within weeks, he withdrew from the race. Goldberg won the nomination, and was subsequently defeated by Rockefeller.District Attorney of New York County
Morgenthau remained in private life until 1974, when he was elected to the office of District Attorney of New York County. This was a special election caused by the death of Frank Hogan, who had served as DA for more than 30 years. Morgenthau defeated Hogan's interim successor, Richard Kuh. He was elected to a full term in 1977, and was re-elected seven times. He was not opposed in a general election from 1985 to 2005.Morgenthau was criticized in the press for his conduct in the wake of a major police corruption scandal. Eight men who were falsely arrested by New York City Transit Police officers in the scandal that shook the department were awarded more than $1 million in damages by a federal judge. One plaintiff, Ronald Yeadon, was a police officer. He was arrested twice while off duty and accused of sexually abusing a woman.
Morgenthau retained a national profile while serving in what was technically a local office, in part because of his dogged pursuit of white-collar crime. According to Gary Naftalis, a prominent Manhattan defense attorney who had been an assistant to Morgenthau in the 1960s, Morgenthau believed that prosecuting "crime in the suites" was every bit as important as prosecuting "crime in the streets".
At age 85 in 2005, Morgenthau announced that he would run for a ninth term as district attorney. For the first time in decades, he encountered a vigorous primary opponent – former state court judge Leslie Crocker Snyder.
Snyder won the endorsement of The New York Times, which, like virtually all of the city's establishment, had long supported Morgenthau.
Morgenthau won the Democratic primary with 59% of the vote, to Snyder's 41%. In the general election, he was once again the candidate for all political parties in the election, having been nominated by the Democrats, Republicans, and the Working Families Party. Morgenthau won re-election with more than 99% of the vote.