List of academic ranks


Academic rank is the hierarchical rank of a teacher, researcher or other employee in a college, high school, university or research establishment. The academic ranks indicate relative importance and power of individuals in academia.
The academic ranks are specific for each country, there is no worldwide-unified ranking system. Among the common ranks are professor, associate professor, assistant professor and lecturer/instructor.
In most cases, the academic rank is automatically attached to a person at the time of employment in a position with the same name, and deprived when a working relationship ends. Thus, the term "academic rank" usually means the same as "position in academia".
In some countries, however, the terms "position" and "academic rank" are not synonymous. So in modern Russia there exist the docent and professor ranks, yet the set of positions in academia is broader. The academic rank is conferred only after the person has been successfully working in the docent or professor position for a certain period, i.e. not at enrollment, and is kept for life.
The list of academic ranks below identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars and personnel in academia. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema.

Afghanistan

Ranks in universities of Afghanistan are listed below according to the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Afghanistan. These ranks are issued stepwise by the MoHE after some procedures, a period of service and conditions.
Honorary degree:
  • Distinguished Professor
Term of address in general: ''ostād or استاد''

Albania

Ranks in universities of Albania are listed below according to the Ministry of Education.
These ranks are issued stepwise by the MoHE after some procedures, a period of service and conditions.
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Lecturer with Dr. or PhD degree
  • Associate Professor
  • Professor

Algeria

Academic ranks
  • Professeur / Professeur hospitalo-universitaire, equivalent to Professor
  • Maître de Conférences, classe A / Maître de Conférences hospitalo-universitaire, classe A, equivalent to Associate Professor
  • Maître de Conférences, classe B / Maître de Conférences hospitalo-universitaire, classe B, equivalent to Associate Professor
  • Maître Assistant, classe A / Maître Assistant hospitalo-universitaire, classe A, equivalent to Lecturer or Assistant professor
  • Maître Assistant, classe B, equivalent to Lecturer or Assistant professor
Research only
  • Directeur de recherche
  • Maître de Recherche, classe A
  • Maître de Recherche, classe B
  • Chargé de Recherche
  • Attaché de Recherche
Administrative ranks
  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Dean
  • Vice-Dean
  • ''Head of department''

Argentina

Tenured positions:
  • Profesor Titular Ordinario, or Profesor Titular Regular. A tenured, full professor position.
  • Profesor Asociado Ordinario, or Profesor Asociado Regular. A tenured, associate professor position.
  • Profesor Adjunto Ordinario, or Profesor Adjunto Regular. A tenured, adjunct professor position.

Australia

  • Distinguished Professor, Emeritus Professor, and other professorships with highest honour and contributions to knowledge and society.
  • Level E – Professor, or Professorial or Senior Principal Research Fellow; equivalent to Distinguished/Endowed Professor or Professor.
  • Level D – Associate Professor, or Principal Research Fellow if research intensive; equivalent to Reader/Associate Professor at a UK university.
  • Level C – Senior Lecturer, or Senior Research Fellow if research intensive; equivalent to Senior/Principal Lecturer at a UK university.
  • Level B – Lecturer, or Research Fellow if research intensive; Level B is the first tenured academic rank, normally requires at minimum, completion of a PhD.
  • Level A - Associate Lecturer, or Associate Fellow if research intensive.
There are often multiple bands or steps for each Level. For example, an academic who earns the title of Level D has progressed through 12 bands/steps of previous academic service or the equivalent in accumulated academic achievements. There is only one step for Level E. An academic cannot automatically progress from Level B, Step 6, to Level C, Step 1, without a formal application for promotion, which is typically a peer reviewed process.

Bangladesh

Teachers are categorized in four main classes in Bangladesh at the university level. The ascending ranks of teachers are lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor and professor. University lecturers are normally required to hold a master's degree. After obtaining a PhD, the appointment starts with assistant professor, then gradually associate professor and professor depending on research/teaching experience. Beside these, the title of emeritus is given to extraordinary professors after their retirement.

Belarus

Academic ranks
  • Prafiesar / Прафесар
  • Dacent / Дацэнт
  • Starejšy vykladčyk / Старэйшы выкладчык
  • Asistent / Vykladčyk / Асістэнт / Выкладчык
Researchers by seniority levels
  • Haloŭny navukovy supracoŭnik / Галоўны навуковы супрацоўнік
  • Viadučy navukovy supracoŭnik / Вядучы навуковы супрацоўнік
  • Starejšy navukovy supracoŭnik / Старэйшы навуковы супрацоўнік
  • Navukovy supracoŭnik / Навуковы супрацоўнік
  • Malodšy navukovy supracoŭnik / Малодшы навуковы супрацоўнік
Administrative ranks
  • Rektar / Рэктар, rector
  • Prarektar / Прарэктар, vice-rector
  • Dekan fakultetа / Дэкан факультэта, dean of the faculty
  • Namiesnik dekana / Намеснік дэкана, vice-dean
  • Zahadčyk kafiedry / Загадчык кафедры, head of department

Belgium

; Dutch speaking community
  • Gewoon hoogleraar
  • Deeltijds gewoon hoogleraar - buitengewoon hoogleraar
  • Hoogleraar
  • Hoofddocent II
  • Hoofddocent I
  • Docent
  • Doctor-assistent
  • Assistent
  • Aspirant
Administrative ranks:
  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Decaan
; French speaking community
  • Professeur ordinaire
  • Professeur extraordinaire
  • Professeur
  • Chargé de cours définitif
  • Chargé de cours temporaire
  • Chargé de cours invité
  • Directeur de recherche
  • Chef de travaux agrégé
  • Maître de recherche
  • Chef de travaux
  • Chercheur qualifié
  • Premier assistant
  • Maître d'enseignement
  • Maître de conférences
  • Chargé de recherche
  • Assistant
  • Aspirant
Administrative ranks:
  • Recteur
  • Vice-Recteur
  • Doyen
  • Président d'institut
  • Vice-Doyen
  • ''Président de département''

Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Profesor – full professor
  • Vanredni profesor – associate professor
  • Docent – assistant professor
  • Viši Asistent – senior teaching assistant '
  • Asistent – teaching assistant '
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor – rector / chancellor / president / head of university
  • Prorektor – prorector / vice-chancellor / vice president / assistant head of university
  • Dekan – dean / head of faculty or school at the university
  • Prodekan – vice-dean / assistant head of faculty or school at the university
  • Šef katedre – head of department
Honorary ranks

Brazil

There is no official academic ranking in Brazilian private universities. However, most of the public Federal Universities apply the following :
  • Professor Emérito
  • Professor Titular – PhD required
  • Professor Associado – PhD required
  • Professor Adjunto – PhD required
  • Professor Assistente – only a master's degree is required
  • Professor Auxiliar – no post-graduation degree is required
  • ''Professor Substituto ou Temporário''

Bulgaria

  • Professor/Full Professor – Професор
  • Docent/Associate Professor – Доцент
  • Chief/Senior Assistant Professor – Главен Асистент
  • Assistant Professor – Асистент
; University:
  • Assistant Professor – Асистент
  • Chief/Senior Assistant Professor – Главен Асистент
  • Docent/Associate Professor – Доцент
  • Professor/Full Professor – Професор
; Academy of Sciences
  • Scientist III: after Master thesis or Diploma, equal to Assistant
  • Scientist II: after Doctoral thesis/PhD/Dissertation, after Dr. Grade, equal Chef Assistant, *Associate or Post Doc
  • Scientist I: After second Post Doc, equal Senior Assistant or Senior Associate.
  • Senior Scientist I: after PhD or Doctoral dissertation/thesis and some years of *Post-Doc, equal of Assoc. Prof.
  • Senior Scientist II: after Habilitation, equal to Professor
  • Full Professor
; Higher administration of the academy of sciences:
  • Member of correspondence for the Academy of Science, very rare
  • Academic: after member of correspondence.
; Administrative ranks
  • Rector
  • Vice-rectors
  • Assistant rector
  • Secretary general
  • Academic ombudsman

Canada

Faculty
  • Professor emeritus or university professor emeritus, a retired professor still active in research; Fr professeur émérite
  • Endowed chair professor, a distinguished full professor with endowment
  • Professor or full professor
  • Associate professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer or instructor
Clinical Faculty
  • Clinical professor
  • Clinical associate professor
  • Clinical assistant professor
  • Clinical instructor
Clinical instructor is the entry-level rank for clinical members of faculty.
Non-faculty teaching and research personnel
Administrative ranks
  • Dean
  • Associate dean
  • Directors of administrative departments
  • Associate/assistant directors of administrative departments
  • Chairmen of academic departments
  • Graduate Coordinators
  • Undergraduate Coordinators

Chile

In Chile there is no general law that establishes the academic ranges, although the following are normally used: Profesor Titular, Profesor Asociado, Profesor Asistente, and Instructor.
The University of Chile, the oldest university in the country, distinguishes three academic categories: Ordinary Category, Teaching Category, Adjunct Category, and Postdoctoral Researcher. "Each category has its own academic ranks. Academics in the Ordinary Academic Category must carry out higher education and research or artistic creation". "Academics in the Academic Teaching Category must perform superior teaching, supported by outstanding professional work in the field of their academic work". "Academics in the Adjunct Academic Category must perform superior teaching, or scientific research, or artistic creation, or extension". "They must also demonstrate outstanding academic or professional work in the field of their discipline". In addition, there are three academic statuses: Profesor emérito, Profesor honorario de Facultad o Instituto y Profesor visitante.
The Ordinary Academic Career and the Academic Teaching Career have the following ranks:
  • Profesor titular.
  • Profesor asociado.
  • Profesor asistente
  • Instructor
The rank of Instructor "correspond to a stage of training and improvement, and verification of aptitudes for the university task". The ranks of Profesor Asistente, Profesor Asociado, y Profesor Titular "correspond to academics fully trained for the university task, with the capacity to perform it in a creative and suitable way, with varying degrees of autonomy according to the level". The ranks of profesor asociado y profesor titular are decided by the University's senior evaluation committee. The other ranks are decided by commissions of each faculty.
The Adjunct category has only the rank of Associate Professor. The Postdoctoral Researcher category has no other rank.
The Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile has the same three hierarchies of Profesor Titular, Profesor Asociado and Profesor Asistente for the ordinary academic category. It also recognizes five adjunct academic categories: Profesor adjunto, Instructor adjunto, Investigador adjunto, Investigador postdoctoral y Profesor visitante.

China

  • Senior ranks
  • * Academic track: Professor
  • * Research track: Researcher
  • Vice-Senior ranks
  • * Academic track: Associate Professor
  • * Research track: Associate Researcher
  • Medium ranks
  • * Academic track: Assistant Professor or Lecturer
  • * Research track: Assistant Researcher
  • Junior ranks
  • * Academic track: Assistant Lecturer
  • * Research track: Intern-Researcher

Costa Rica

  • Emeritus or Distinguished professor
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Adjunct professor
  • Instructor professor
  • Visiting professor
The list above presents the ranks used by University of Costa Rica for their academic regime. However, there are no formal or legal academic ranks in Costa Rica.
Each university decides their own names. For example in University of Costa Rica the highest rank is 'Profesor Catedrático' and it requires no more than a 5 year "licencitatura" degree and 15 years of teaching/researching and 16 publications. Most other universities have no similar framework and the title Professor is used unregulated by anyone.

Croatia

  • Redoviti profesor u trajnom zvanju equivalent to distinguished professor
  • Redoviti profesor equivalent to full professor
  • Izvanredni profesor equivalent to associate professor
  • Docent equivalent to assistant professor
  • Viši asistent equivalent to postdoctoral fellow/researcher
  • Asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant, usually a doctoral student
  • Viši predavač equivalent to senior lecturer
  • Predavač equivalent to lecturer
Honorary academic rank
  • Professor emeritus – awarded to some professors in retirement
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor equivalent to rector, head of university
  • Prorektor equivalent to prorector, assistant to head of university
  • Dekan equivalent to dean, head of faculty or school in university
  • Prodekan equivalent to vice-dean, assistant to dean
  • Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to department chairman
  • Predstojnik zavoda/''katedre'' equivalent to head of department

Cuba

Honorary:
  • Professor Emeritus
  • Consultant Professor
Tenured:
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
Non-tenured:
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Intern

Cyprus

Tenure-track faculty positions
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer
Non-tenure track positions
  • Special teaching personnel
  • Special scientists

Egypt

Teachers are categorized in five main classes in Egypt at university level. The ascending rank of teacher is demonstrator, assistant lecturer, lecturer, assistant professor and professor. The initial position, demonstrator, is generally enrolled as the top student of the class. Master's degree is required for university-level assistant lecturer. After PhD, the appointment starts with lecturer, then gradually associate professor and professor, depending on research/teaching experience. Beside these, professor of emeritus is given to extraordinary professor after their retirement.
  • OSTADH MOTAFAREGH, equivalent to Professor Emeritus
  • OSTADH , equivalent to Professor
  • OSTADH MOSAED, equivalent to Associate Professor
  • MODARRES, equivalent to Assistant Professor
  • MODARRES MOSA'ED, Lecturer
  • MOA'ED, or Teaching Assistant- also called demonstrator-

Estonia

  • Emeriitprofessor
  • Professor
  • Kaasprofessor
  • Lektor
  • Õpetaja

Finland

In Finland, there is less distinction between graduates and undergraduates: university students may be employed as research assistants before they graduate with a master's degree. A person pursuing a doctoral degree must already hold a Master's degree, and is typically employed by the university, or enjoys a similar grant, and will be called väitöskirjatutkija, nuorempi tutkija, or tohtorikoulutettava. Besides post-doctoral researchers and senior teaching assistants, there are several mid-level non-professorial positions, such as teaching researcher. Senior teachers and researchers may be employed as, e.g., erikoistutkija or yliopistotutkija. Docent is a non-professorial rank and title awarded to academics qualified as a principal investigator and for supervision of doctoral students; however, they do not belong to the professor corps and may be employed elsewhere. Professors are understood as research group leaders and managers, and traditionally there is no direct equivalent of an assistant/associate/full professor career path, although Aalto University is introducing these. Qualifications for a professor's position are earned as a docent or in other mid-career positions. In management, professors serve as department heads and deans. The leader of a university is called a rector, assisted by multiple vice-rectors. Vice-rectors may retain their professor positions or work full-time as a vice-rector. Some universities have an even more senior officer called Chancellor, who is more concerned with outreach and public relations than daily management.

France

In French business schools, ranks are the same as in the United States: assistant professor, associate professor, and finally professor.

Germany

A simplified overview of academic ranks in Germany:
Appointment grades
  • Universitätsprofessor
  • Professor
  • Professor
  • Hochschuldozent – although paid like a professor appointed at level W2, lecturers in this position do not have a professor title; the term was formerly used in all states for senior lecturer positions with research and teaching responsibilities
  • junior professorship
  • Juniordozent
  • Studienrat or Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit
  • Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit
  • Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft
  • Studentische Hilfskraft
Non-appointment grades
  • Privatdozent
  • Außerplanmäßiger Professor – conferred, in some German states, to a Privatdozent who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as professor.

Greece

Academic Staff Ranks
  • Professor Emeritus . An honorary title that can be awarded to people at the rank of Professor who have reached the legal age for retirement; If they wish, they have the right to continue their research projects for a limited time after retirement.
  • Professor .
  • Associate Professor .
  • Assistant Professor .
  • Laboratory Teaching Staff member . Holders of a doctoral degree. that are members of this rank can independently teach courses and supervise undergraduate and post-graduate theses, in the same way as the Teaching Research Staff members do. All members of this rank can be laboratory instructors.
Administrative ranks
  • Rector.
  • Vice-rector.
  • Secretary General .
  • Dean of the Faculty
  • Deputy Dean of the Faculty .
  • Head of the School.
  • Deputy Head of the School.
  • Head of the Department .
  • Laboratory/Clinic Director .
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.
Administrative ranks
The Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) were reformed between 2013 and 2019 and their departments incorporated into existing universities.
  • President.
  • Vice-president.
  • Secretary General .
  • Director of the School / Διεθύντρια Σχολής ).
  • Supervisor of the Department .
  • Director of the Section .
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors.
Defunct Academic Staff Ranks
  • Adjunct Assistant Professor . A temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one term, usually holder of a doctoral degree. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980 published in the Government Gazette 112/A/9-5-1980. Adjunct Assistant Professors are sometimes called simply as "407" or "P.D. 407", after the number of the Decree.
  • Lecturer it had founded by the law 1268/1982 Government Gazette 87/A/16-7-1982 and it was abolished, defunct, by the law 4009/2011 Government Gazette 195/A/6-9-2011, although there are people that still hold this rank.
  • Teaching Assistant was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain teaching assistants until retirement.
  • Adjunct Lecturer was abolished.

Guyana

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Reader
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer II
  • Lecturer I
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Tutor
  • Laboratory Demonstrator
Administrative ranks

Hong Kong

In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system. In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence, associate professor, and assistant professor ). Hong Kong's universities usually differ between professorial grades and lecturers. Depending on institutions, the title of "professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.
Academic ranks
  • Chair professor
  • Emeritus professor
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Research assistant professor
  • Post-doctoral fellow
  • Adjunct professor
  • Honorary professor
  • Professional consultant or teaching consultant/fellow
  • Research associate
  • Research assistant and teaching assistant
  • Postgraduate or graduate
  • Undergraduate
Administrative ranks

Hungary

  • Professzor/egyetemi tanár
  • főiskolai tanár
  • Docens
  • Adjunktus
  • Tanársegéd

Iceland

In Icelandic universities, particularly at the University of Iceland, prófessor is the most senior ranking teaching position. Below prófessor is dósent, then lektor. This three step hierarchy is akin to the US-scale, of full-, associate- and assistant-professors. Until the early 1990s no upward mobility was available in the Icelandic system. Most university teachers were hired as "prófessor." A "dósent" or a "lektor" wishing to ascend to a higher rank had to apply for a new position when it became available. Currently much more university teachers are hired as junior rank "lektor" and are promoted to "dósent" and "prófessor" if their work proves worthy of it.
Research and teaching career pathway
  • Prófessor, from Latin professor
  • Dósent, from Latin docens, genetive docentis.
  • Lektor, from Latin lēctor
Research career pathway
  • Vísindamaður
  • Fræðimaður
  • ''Sérfræðingur''

India

Regular Academic ranks : Academic institutions in India have the mandate of teaching, training and research. This also includes research universities.
  1. Professor
  2. Associate Professor
  3. Assistant Professor
  4. In addition to these, there are government sponsored fellowships awarded to able candidates for a 5-year contract period during which they are hosted by an academic or research organisation. Their primary function is to carry out high quality original research. They may become a regular faculty as an assistant professor or associate professor during this period subject to their performance.
  5. Assistant Professor / Ad hoc faculty – They are primarily involved in teaching for a limited contract period typically 6 months – 1 year.
Research ranks : Research institutions such as national labs have a different kind of hierarchy and are primarily concerned with basic and applied research. They guide Ph.D. students in their research thesis but do not grant degrees. In most cases the Ph.D. candidates are registered with another university which grants the degree. Awarding of degree is subjected to meeting the same criteria as Ph.D. guided by university professors.
  1. Scientist H
  2. Scientist G
  3. Scientist F
  4. Scientist E
  5. Scientist D
  6. Scientist C
  7. Scientist B
  8. Scientist A
Non-faculty ranks
  1. Research associate
  2. Senior research fellow
  3. Junior research fellow
Administrative ranks in universities
  1. Chancellor
  2. Vice chancellor
  3. Pro vice chancellor
  4. Deans / directors
  5. Chairperson / HODs / wardens
Administrative ranks in research institutions
  1. Director general
  2. Director
  3. Chairperson of departments / divisions

Indonesia

Academic ranks
According to the Joint Regulations of the Ministry of Education And Culture And Head of National Civil Service Agency No 4/VIII/PB/2014; No 24 Year 2014 and the Regulation of Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform No. 46 Year 2013 and No. 17 Year 2013 Article 6; and the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education decree No. 164/ M/ KPT/ 2019, the academic ranks for lecturer and researcher are
Academic ranks for lecturers
  1. Dosen
  2. Asisten Ahli
  3. Lektor
  4. Lektor Kepala
  5. Guru Besar, Profesor
Academic ranks for researchers
  1. Peneliti Pertama
  2. Peneliti Ahli Muda
  3. Peneliti Ahli Madya
  4. Peneliti Ahli Utama
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor
  • Wakil Rektor
  • Dekan
  • Wakil Dekan
  • ''Kepala Program Studi''

Iran

Holders of bachelor's degree when granted to teach in a college:
  • Assistant instructor
Holders of master's degrees when granted to teach in a college:
  • Instructor
  • Lecturer
Holders of Ph.D. degrees:
  • Assistant professor
  • Associate professor
  • Professor
  • Distinguished Professor
Terms of address in general: ostād
Emeritus ranks
Administrative ranks
  • President
  • Chancellor
  • Dean
  • Head of department.

Iraq

Holders of master's degrees can be :
  • Assistant lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant professor
  • Professor
Holders of PhD degrees can be :
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant professor
  • Professor
  • ُExperienced professor
Note: Holders of PhD degrees are automatically promoted to lecturer if they were assistant lecturers before they received their PhD.
  • استاذ equivalent to professor.
  • استاذ مساعد equivalent to associate professor.
  • مدرس equivalent to assistant professor in American Universities or with researches.
  • مدرس مساعد Assistant lecturer.

Ireland

A number of universities in Ireland have re-named their academic ranks, more in line with the US System, but the state salary scales still reflect these ranks.

Israel

Academic:
  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor Min Haminyan
  • Professor Chaver
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
Administrative Ranks:
  • President
  • Rector
  • Dean
  • Department Chairman

Italy

Tenured positions :
  • Professore Ordinario, or Professore di I fascia. A tenured, full professor position.
  • Professore Associato, or Professore di II fascia. A tenured, associate professor position.
  • Professore Aggregato. A 'ricercatore confermato' who is in charge of teaching university classes.
  • Ricercatore confermato. A tenured position as researcher, equivalent to associate professor but with no teaching duties.
  • Dirigente di Ricerca. A tenured position as senior researcher, equivalent to full professor but with no teaching duties.
Non-tenured positions :
  • Professore Straordinario, also Professore di I fascia. A three-year full professor appointment leading to tenure.
  • Professore Associato non confermato, also Professore di II fascia. A three-year associate professor appointment leading to tenure at associate level.
  • Ricercatore non confermato. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level.
  • Ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo B. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level, leading to the Professore Associato position.
  • Ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo A. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level.
  • Assegnista di Ricerca. A research fellow with a fixed-term appointment.
Honorary titles as Professore Emerito and Professore Onorario also exist and are typically appointed to illustrious academics after retirement.
In Italian universities the role of "Professore a contratto" is paid at the end of the academic year nearly €3000 for the entire academic year, without salary during the academic year. In 2020 there are 23 thousand Associate Professors and 28 thousand "Professori a contratto" in Italy. Associate Professors have a starting salary of around 33,000 euros per year, Full Professors have a starting salary of 40,000 euros per year, and Contract Professors of around 3,000 euros per year.

Jamaica

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Instructor
  • Tutor
  • Graduate/Research Assistant

Japan

In the past few decades, Japan has taken steps to make its academic rankings similar to that of the United States. The ranking system is as follows:
Unlike the other ranks, the kōshi title has no official criteria and thus no standardized English translation. Historically many Japanese associate professors had only master's degrees, but this is no longer the case for younger generations of academics, who in such cases are now limited to the rank of kōshi. There were previously other ranks similar to associate professor and postdoctoral researcher called jokyōju and joshu respectively, but these positions have been eliminated.
The Japanese system includes non-tenured, term-limited positions at all ranks, including professor. These are referred to as ninki tsuki positions and include tokunin in the official title when contracts are awarded on a rolling, one-year basis. Limited tenure track positions have recently been introduced.
Granting of tenure and promotion to associate professor are not linked; one may be tenured yet remain an assistant professor or promoted to associate professor before being awarded tenure. Because the number of professor and associate professor position is nearly fixed, direct promotion usually requires a higher-level post to be vacated.

Jordan

  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Practitioner Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant lecturer

Latvia

Administrative positions:
  • Rektors, Rektore
  • Dekāns, Dekāne , head of a faculty
  • Nodaļas vadītājs Nodaļas vadītāja , head of a department
Academic positions:
  • Profesors Profesore Professor
  • Asociētais profesors Asociētā profesore associate professor
  • Docents, Docente , usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as professor, Doctoral Degree required
  • Lektors, Lektore Lecturer. Requires MA degree
  • Asistents, Asistente research or teaching assistant

Lebanon

Academic positions at the Lebanese American University:
  • Distinguished Professor
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Senior Instructor
  • Instructor

Libya

  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer

Lithuania

  • Professor, Profesorius / Profesorė
  • Associate professor, Docentas / Docentė
  • Assistant professor, Asistentas / Asistentė
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer, Lektorius / ''Lektorė''

Macau

At the University of Macau there are nine levels of faculty rank, namely
  • Chairman professor,
  • Distinguished professor,
  • Professor,
  • Associate professor,
  • Assistant professor
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Senior instructor
  • Instructor
At the Macao Polytechnic University there are four levels
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Lecturer
  • Teaching Assistant

Malaysia

In general for most public universities in Malaysia:
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer

Malta

  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer

Mexico

The ranking system in most Mexican public universities is as follows
  • Profesor Asociado A
  • Profesor Asociado B
  • Profesor Asociado C
  • Profesor Titular A
  • Profesor Titular B
  • Profesor Titular C
  • Profesor Emerito
Usually Mexican academics are also fellows of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores that has four levels that more or less correlate to the Asociado and Titular A, B, and C professorships. The rank as professor is determined by the individual's institution while the SNI level is determined by an independent committee that evaluates the researchers nationwide.
Many universities and research institutions make a distinction between "Profesores" -Professors- and "Investigadores" -Researchers-, the main difference is that "Profesores" have a higher load of teaching, while "Investigadores" have a higher load of research, but normally all of them take part in both activities and are considered equivalent.
Research rankings are awarded by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores which depends on the national research council :
  • SNI emeritus researcher
  • SNI III researcher
  • SNI II researcher
  • SNI I researcher
  • SNI candidate researcher
All titles, both professors and researchers, can be given in a:
  • Full-time, or
  • Part-time basis
Administrative academic positions:
  • Rector or Presidente
  • Secretario Académico
  • Director of Faculty or College
  • Coordinator

Morocco

Academic Positions
1. Professeur d'Enseignement Supérieur
2. Professeur Habilité à Diriger les Recherches
3. Professeur Assistant
Before Academic Position
1. Docteur
2. Doctorant

Myanmar

Rector
Pro-Rector I
Pro-Rector II
Pro-Rector III
Professor
Professor I
Professor
Associate Professor
Lecturer
Assistant Lecturer
Tutor/ Demonstrator

Nepal

Academic Positions
1. Professor Emeritus
2. Professor
3. Associate professor/Reader
4. Assistant Professor
5. Lecturer
6. Teaching Assistant
7. Instructor
8. Technical support staff
Administrative Positions
  • Chancellor
  • Pro-chancellor
  • Vice-chancellor
  • Rector
  • Registrar
  • Deans of School
  • Heads of department
  • Program Coordinator

Nigeria

Academic Positions
  • Emeritus Professor
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor / Reader
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer I
  • Lecturer II
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Graduate Assistant
Administrative Positions
  • Chancellor
  • Pro-chancellor
  • Vice-chancellor
  • Deputy vice-chancellor
  • Pro-vice-chancellor
  • Deans of faculties
  • Sub-deans of faculties
  • Heads of departments/schools
  • Department/school directors of studies

North Macedonia

  • Demonstrator, Демонстратор-
  • Younger assistant, Помлад Асистент-
  • Assistant, Асистент-
  • Docent, Доцент-
  • Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-
  • Professor, Професор-
  • Professor emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-
  • Academic, Академик-
Administrative positions:
  • Pomlad referent, Помлад референт- -High School Diploma
  • Referent, Референт- -High School Diploma
  • Postar Referent, Постар Референт- -High School Diploma
  • Pomlad Sorabotnik, Помлад Соработник- -Associate Degree
  • Sorabotnik, Соработник- -Associate Degree
  • Postar Sorabotnik, Постар Соработник- -Associate Degree
  • Rakovoditel na studentski prasanja, Раководител на студентски прашања- -Bachelor's degree
  • Rakovoditel na katedra/institut, Раководител на катедра/институт- -Ph.D.
  • Prodekan, Продекан- -Ph.D.
  • Dekan, Декан- -Ph.D.
  • Prorektor, Проректор- -Ph.D.
  • Rektor, Ректор- -Ph.D.

Pakistan

The hiring of academic positions in public universities throughout Pakistan is managed by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, the requirement for all positions vary with respect to the field of studies e.g. Engineering, IT, Medical, Law, and Arts and Design.
There are four faculty ranks: lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor.
In engineering public universities, a lecturer requires an M.Sc. or B.Sc. degree and high academic standing in the field.
An assistant professor position requires a Ph.D. in relevant field with no experience.
An associate professorship can be conducted in the fourth year of employment, although, it is becoming more common for promotion and tenure to be awarded in the sixth year of employment.
A professor requires ten years post-PhD teaching/research experience in an HEC recognized university or a post-graduate institution or professional experience in the relevant field in a national or international organization. It requires a minimum of 8/12/15 research publications by the calendar years 2007/2008/2012 respectively, in HEC/PEC recognized journals
  • Professor Emeritus
  • Meritorious Professor/ Distinguished National Professor
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer
  • Lab Engineer
  • Research Associate

Peru

After some recent reforms in the University Law, the Peruvian universities consider these ranks:
Extraordinary professors: Principally, this is a category of recognition for his contribution as professor or researcher when he retires or as a professional when he has built a great contribution to society throughout his career. To have 10% as maximum of these professors in any university is mandatory.
  • Emeritus professor - For this recognition, the candidate should be faculty member.
  • Honorary professor - For this recognition, the candidate is not related to a faculty member. For instance, in this category is the Doctor Honoris Causa.
Research professors: Principally, full-time research position with few teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget. He is designated because of its academic excellence. He has a special bonus of fifty percent of its total payments. The competent authority of each university evaluates every two years, the production of the ordinary professors, for their permanence as a researcher.
Ordinary professors: Often full-time professors with research competences. Principal faculty. To have 25% as minimum of these professors in any university is mandatory.
  • Full professor - PhD and MSc required, and former Associate professor or 15 years of experience as researcher in the field to apply.
  • Associate professor - PhD and MSc required, and former Assistant professor or 10 years of experience as researcher in the field to apply.
  • Assistant professor - PhD and MSc required, and 5 years of experience as researcher in the field to apply.
Lecturer : Often part-time professors. Complementary faculty. Generally, their primary employer is not the university with which they have the status. Principally, this kind of professor come from practitioner market and not develop research activities. MSc required.
In addition, the universities developed prior ranks, as junior temporary rank, to get experience and training :
  • Instructor - MSc required in Postgraduate level and BSc required in Undergraduate level.
  • Teaching/research assistant - MSc required in postgraduate level and BSc required in undergraduate level.

Philippines

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Instructor
  • Assistant Instructor
  • Lecturer
  • Guest Lecturer
Administrative ranks
  • Chancellor/University President
  • Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Planning and Development
  • Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Research and Extension
  • Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Academic Affairs
  • Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Finance and Management
  • University Registrar
  • Dean
  • Assistant Dean/Associate Dean
  • Department Chairman/Program Chairman
  • Faculty Members and Staff
Other professors
  • Professor-researcher
  • Researcher
  • Professor Emeritus
  • Ad honorem professor
Tenure
Due to Philippine labor laws regarding permanency, a faculty member who has not received tenure within three years of initial hire cannot continue as a full-time hire at the same university.

Poland

Academic ranks at Polish universities and other higher education institutions are regulated by national legislature and may be further specified by university's internal regulations. Academic staff is also divided into research, teaching or research-teaching staff. The current structure and requirements for the academic ranks was introduced in 2018.
RankRequirement
Profesor Academic title of professor
Profesor uczelni Doctoral degree and prominent academic or didactic achievements
Adjunkt Doctoral degree
Asystent Master's degree

Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences implement similar structure of research ranks, with the exception of associate professor being titled profesor instytutu and the requirement of habilitation or professorship for the position.

Portugal

  • Professor Catedrático or Professor Coordenador Principal – PhD and Agregação required
  • Professor Associado com Agregação or Professor Coordenador com Agregação – PhD and Agregação required
  • Professor Associado or Professor Coordenador – PhD required
  • Professor Auxiliar com Agregação – PhD and Agregação required
  • Professor Auxiliar or Professor Adjunto – PhD required.
Extinct ranks:
  • Assistente - without a PhD
  • Assistente estagiário - without a PhD or a master's degree

Romania

Administrative ranks
  • Rector : one per university
  • Prorector : one or more per university
  • Decan : one per college
  • Prodecan : one or more per college
  • Director de departament : one per department
  • Șef de disciplină : one for each subject
Research-and-teaching staff
  • Profesor universitar : holding a doctorate degree international-impact research activity
  • Conferențiar universitar : holding a doctorate degree and national-impact research activity
  • Lector universitar or Șef de lucrări : holding a doctorate degree and local-impact research activity
  • Asistent universitar : holding a doctorate degree
Special
  • Profesor invitat
  • Profesor emerit or ''Profesor consultant''

Russia

In Russia, unlike in most other countries, synonymization of the terms “academic/scientific rank” and “position in academia” is not admissible, except in informal conversations. Officially, the “scientific rank” in Russia is a title that is conferred by the Higher Attestation Commission to the scientist after several years of successful work in the professor or docent position. Similar traditions existed in the USSR.

Rwanda

Academic ranks
  • Full Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Tutorial assistant

Saudi Arabia

  • Professor أستاذ/أستاذ دكتور
  • Associate Professor أستاذ مشارك
  • Assistant Professor أستاذ مساعد
  • Lecturer محاضر
  • Demonstrator معيد
  • instructor مدرب

Singapore

Singapore universities adopt a hybrid of US and British academic ranks. Faculty members on the tenure track are appointed for sustained excellence in both teaching and research. Assistant professors are appointed on term contracts, while associate professors and professors may be appointed either with tenure or on term contract. Faculty members on the educator track engage in high-quality educational activities. They are oriented towards teaching excellence, student learning, and pedagogical research and innovation. Appointments in this track include teaching assistants, instructors, lecturers, senior lecturers and associate professors. They are on term contracts which are usually of 1–3 years in the first instance. Research track faculty members focus on conducting fundamental research of high international quality. Appointments on this track include research assistants, research fellows, senior research fellows, associate professor and professor. They are on term contracts of 1–3 years in the first instance. Practice track faculty members are scholar-practitioners with professional skills and expertise in industry to complement the teaching and research enterprise of the university. They also contribute significantly to the outreach activities of the school. Appointments are to associate professor and professor. They are on term contracts of 1–3 years in the first instance.
  • Tenure track: assistant professor; associate professor; professor
  • Educator track: teaching assistant; instructor; lecturer; senior lecturer; associate professor
  • Research track: research assistant; research fellow; senior research fellow; associate professor ; professor
  • Practice track: associate professor ; professor

Slovakia

  • Profesor, both degree and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of the process of awarding a professorship. One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
  • Docent, both degree and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain number of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitácia.
  • Odborný asistent, this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. / Th.D. is required
  • Asistent, at least Master degree is required
Special
  • Hosťujúci profesor, significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of professor
  • Hosťujúci docent, significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of associate professor
  • Mimoriadny profesor, associate professor temporarily appointed to the position of professor at a faculty while being an expectant to professor degree
Administrative
Honorary ranks
  • Emeritný profesor, may be awarded by the rector on the proposal of the scientific council of the university for significant contributions in the field of science, art or education to professor older than 65 years who is no longer employment at the university, but is still active in research and teaching
  • Doctor honoris causa, honorary doctorate of the university or a faculty awarded for special merit

Slovenia

  • Asistent – assistant or Honours degree with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies
  • Asistent-raziskovalec – research assistant or Honours degree with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies
  • Lektor
  • Docent – assistant professor
  • Izredni profesor – associate professor
  • Redni profesor – full professor
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor – rector / chancellor / head of university
  • Prorektor – prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
  • Dekan – dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
  • Prodekan – vice-dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
  • Predstojnik oddelka – head of department; several per faculty, academy or school at the university
  • Predstojnik katedre – head of cathedra/chair; several per faculty or per department
Honorary ranks
  • Zaslužni profesor – distinguished professor, a title bestowed to professors for their extraordinary achievements

South Africa

  • Full professor
  • Associate professor
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Junior lecturer

South Korea

Protected job titles :
  • professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
Other positions:
  • Lecturer
  • Research professor
  • Clinical professor
  • Adjunct professor
  • Teaching assistant professor
  • Collegiate professor
  • Visiting professor
  • Chaired professor
  • Emeritus professor

Spain

  • Full Professor / Catedrático de Universidad
  • Associate Professor / Profesor Titular
  • Assistant Professor / Senior Lecturer / Profesor Contratado Doctor
  • Lecturer / Profesor Ayudante Doctor
  • Instructor / Profesor Asociado

Sri Lanka

The appointment of professors follows the British system and is governed by the University Grants Commission regulations. A points-based system considers contributions to the research field, national development and institutional development. Several types of professorships exist:
  • Professor emeritus
  • Senior professor
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
Professor positions are clearly separated from other junior faculty positions such as, in seniority order: senior lecturer , senior lecturer , lecturer, lecturer, Temporary lecturer.
  • Professor emeritus
  • Senior professor
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Temporary lecturer
  • Instructor/ demonstrator
  • Student instructor
Administrative ranks
  • Chancellor
  • Vice-chancellor/president
  • Registrar
  • Deans of faculties
  • Heads of departments/schools
  • Directors of Postgraduate Institutes

Sudan

  • Professor أستاذ
  • Associate Professor أستاذ مشارك
  • Assistant Professor أستاذ مساعد
  • Lecturer محاضر
  • Teaching Assistant مساعد تدريس

Sweden

Academic ranks
  • Docent
  • Adjungerad professor
  • Adjunkt
  • Forskarassistent
  • Biträdande Lektor
  • Lektor
  • Professor
  • Professor Emeritus
  • Director musices
Administrative ranks
  • President
  • Deputy President
  • Dean
  • Vice Dean
  • Head of Department
  • Deputy Head of Department
Honorary titles
  • Honorary doctor
  • Honorary Fellow

Switzerland

; German-language universities
  • Ordentlicher Professor/Ordentliche Professorin, Ordinarius/Ordinaria: full professor
  • Ausserordentlicher Professor/Ausserordentliche Professorin, Extraordinarius/Extraordinaria: associate professor
  • Assistenzprofessor/Assistenzprofessorin: assistant professor
  • Assoziierter Professor/Assoziierte Professorin: adjunct professor
  • Titularprofessor/Titularprofessorin: affiliated professor
  • Honorarprofessor/Honorarprofessorin: honorary professor
  • Privatdozent/Privatdozentin : senior lecturer
  • Gastdozent/Gastdozentin: visiting lecturer
  • Lehrbeauftragter/Lehrbeauftragte: lecturer
  • Oberassistent/Oberassistentin: senior researcher/lecturer
  • Postdoc: Postdoc
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin: Scientific Staff
  • Assistent/Assistentin: research assistant
  • Hilfassistent/Hilfassistentin: Undergraduate research assistant / Undergraduate teaching assistant
; French-language universities
  • Professeur ordinaire
  • Professeur extraordinaire
  • Professeur invité
  • Professeur associé
  • Professeur assistant
  • Chargé de cours
  • Privat docent
  • Chargé d'enseignement
  • Maître-Assistant
  • Assistant
  • ''Moniteur''

Syria

The academic rankings in the Syrian Arab Republic are very similar to the Egyptian ones; see Academic ranks in Egypt for details.

Taiwan

  • Professor emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer
  • Adjunct professor
  • Adjunct associate professor
  • Adjunct assistant professor
  • Adjunct researcher

Thailand

  • Professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Lecturer

Trinidad and Tobago

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer
  • Instructor
  • Graduate/Research Assistant

Tunisia

  • Professeur ordinaire
  • Professeur extraordinaire
  • Professeur
  • Chargé de cours définitif
  • Chargé de cours temporaire
  • Chargé de cours invité
  • Maître de conférences
  • Directeur de recherche
  • Chef de travaux agrégé
  • Maître de Conférences
  • Chef de travaux
  • Chercheur qualifié
  • Premier assistant
  • Chargé de recherche
  • Assistant de recherche
Administrative ranks
  • Recteur
  • Vice-Recteur
  • Doyen
  • Président d'institut
  • Vice-Doyen
  • ''Président de département''

Turkey

Academic ranks
  • Emeritus Profesör,
  • Ordinaryus Profesör,
  • Profesör,
  • Doçent,
  • Yardımcı Doçent,
  • Doktor Öğretim Üyesi,
  • Öğretim Görevlisi Doktor,
  • Öğretim Görevlisi,
  • Okutman,
  • Doktor Araştırma Görevlisi,
  • Araştırma Görevlisi,
  • Başasistan Hekim
  • Asistan Hekim
Administrative ranks
  • Rektör, rector or president
  • Rektör Yardımcısı, vice-rector or vice-president
  • Fakülte Dekanı, dean of the faculty
  • Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute
  • Dekan Yardımcısı, vice-dean or associate dean
  • Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute
  • Enstitü müdür yardımcısı, Deputy director of the institute
  • Bölüm Başkanı, head of department
  • Yüksekokul Müdürü, head of school
  • Ana Bilim/Sanat Dalı Başkanı, head of chair/ chairman of academic programs

Ukraine

Academic ranks
  • Profesor / Професор
  • Dotsent / Доцент
  • Starshyj doslidnyk / Старший дослідник
  • Starshyj vykladach / Старший викладач
  • Vykladach / Викладач
  • Asystent / Асистент
Administrative ranks
  • Rektor / Ректор, rector or president
  • Prorektor / Проректор, vice-rector or vice-president
  • Dyrektor instytutu / centru / Директор інституту / центру, Director of the institute / centre
  • Dekan Fakultetu / Декан факультету, dean of the faculty
  • Zastupnyk dekana/dyrektora / Заступник декана/директора, vice-dean or associate dean / deputy director of the institute
  • Zaviduvach kafedry / Завідувач кафедри, head of department
  • Zaviduvach laboratoriji / Завідувач лабораторії, head of laboratory
  • Zaviduvach sekciji kafedry / Завідувач секції кафедри, chairman of academic programs

United Kingdom

Research and teaching career pathway
  • Professor/chair
  • Reader
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer, clinical lecturer
  • Assistant lecturer, demonstrator, seminar leader, associate lecturer, graduate teaching assistant, departmental lecturer
Research career pathway
  • Professor/professorial research fellow/research professor/director of research
  • Reader
  • Senior research fellow/Senior researcher
  • Research fellow, research associate
  • Research assistant
Teaching career pathway
  • Professorial teaching fellow
  • Principal teaching fellow
  • Senior teaching fellow
  • Teaching fellow
  • Teaching associate
  • Graduate teaching assistant
Technical career pathway
  • Principal technologist, Departmental manager/coordinator
  • Senior chief technologist, Lab manager/coordinator
  • Chief technician
  • Senior technician
  • Advanced technician
  • Technician
  • Junior technician, apprentice technician
  • Trainee technician

Uruguay

At the University level, Services/Chairs follow the following structure:
  • Ayudante de Cátedra
  • Asistente de Cátedra
  • Profesor Adjunto
  • Profesor Agregado
  • ''Profesor Titular''

Venezuela

  • Profesor Titular
  • Profesor Asociado
  • Profesor Agregado
  • Profesor Asistente
  • Instructor

Zimbabwe

  • Full professor
  • Associate professor
  • Assistant professor
  • Senior lecturer
  • Lecturer
  • Teaching assistant