Portuguese vocabulary


Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin because Portuguese is a Romance language.
However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic, Greek and Arabic origin.

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Even though the Portuguese often call themselves Lusitanians, the linguistic classification of Lusitanian is controversial, and the Lusitanian linguistic contribution to the Portuguese-Galician language remains unconfirmed. In fact, most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are few Iberian, Basque, and Tartessian components in Portuguese.
A project by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, led by Professor Leonard A. Curchin of Classical Studies at the University of Waterloo, concluded that the place-names of the Lusitanian province of the Roman Empire found to date, are classified as follows: Celtic, other Indo-European, Pre-Indo-European, Iberian, Latin, and 15.5% of place names of undefined origin.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

manteiga "butter" ***Uncertain origin, possibly Lat. mantica
Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of Basque lineage.carrasco "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque karraska "thunder, crash of falling tree"sarna "scabies" from Medieval Latin, but as serna attested in Theodorus Priscianus. however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf. Middle Welsh sarn "mess" and sarnaf "to wreck".
Names of Basque origin
Forenames
  • Inácio variant of Ignatius. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
Variants: Egnatius, Iñaki, Ignasi, Ignác, Ignaas, Iggy, Ignace, Ignatz, Ignác, Ignazio, Ignas, Ignacy, Ignatiy, Ignac, Ignacij, Nace, Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio
  • Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'
  • Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from etxe berri, meaning 'new house' or 'new home'
  • Ximeno, a variant of the medieval Basque given name Semen, root seme < senbe 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name Sembetten, attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni
    Surnames
  • Velasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'

Celtic

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic, survived in Portuguese ; it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language. Projections on Celtic vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 3,000 words. The Celtic substratum is often overlooked, due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived words in Portuguese and the ancient linguistic threads of pre-Roman origin.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Celtic nameModern location/town name
AnobraAnobra *Likely derived from ānniyobris "hill,"ring",
Aritium oppidum vetusCasal da Várzea
Aritium VetusAlvega
ArdilaArdila
ArmonaIlha de Armona
AraucaArouca
Equabonna/AquabonaCoina
Axabrica/AxabrixXabregas
BoidobraBoidobra, a combination of two elements: 1. *boudi or *boudo- 'victory' and 2. "briga".
BracaraBraga
BrigantiaBragança
BudensBudens
Caetobriga/Caetobrix/KaitobrixSetúbal
Calabria > CaliabrigaCastelo Calabre
CambraVale de Cambra, Casal de Cambra
CaleVila Nova de Gaia; Portucale; Portugal
CastralboPenalva do Castelo
Caxarias from the Celtic root *cax, oak-tree-
ColobreAlcolobre *: the first element derives from *kʷolu- 'wheel'
ConímbrigaConímbriga *Coimbra,
Corucho*Coruche,*
Civitas Aravorum Marialva
CollippoLeiria
EboraÉvora
EburobrittiumÓbidos
JurumegnaJuromenha
LacobrigaLagos
LamecumLamego
LemosLemos, Lemenar, Lemenhe
LondobrisBerlengas
LongobrigaLongroiva
Civitas Aravorum Marialva (Mêda)
Malaceca/MalatecaMarateca
MirobrigaMiróbriga
MoronCastelo de Almorol
PendraganumPedrógão Grande
TerenaTerena

Names

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.
A – L
  • Abrunheiro, Abrunho, Abrunhosa, from Protoceltic *agrīnio,
  • Arouca, Aroucas, Arouquela Latinised from Celtic *arauca
  • Bacelar, Bacelo, from *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach
  • Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from Proto-Celtic *bekko 'beak, kiss', cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
  • Carqueijo, Carquejo, Carqueja 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar.< Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name
  • Carvalho, Carvalhal, Carvalheiro, Carvalha, Carvalhedo, Carvalhinho, from Celtic kerb/''karb.
  • Caxaria, Caxarias, Caxigo, from the Celtic root *cax < CASSĪCOS ‘oak-tree’
  • Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from Gaulish Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
  • Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Welsh cwningen, alternatively from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog'
  • Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
  • Colmeiro, Colmeiro, Colmo, Colme, from Celtic *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
  • Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
  • Lemos, from Celtic lemo'', elm-tree.
  • Lotsa, Louza, Lousão, Lousã, Lousado, Louzado, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *laws
    M – Z
  • Magalhães, also Magalhaes and Magalhã from Celtic magal 'great, grandiose'. Toponymic of towns with the same name.
  • Menino, from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-, akin to Old Irish menn 'kid ', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
  • Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-, akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'
  • Queirós, also Queiroz, from Proto-Celtic *wroikos-, referring to the specific heather variety 'Erica umbellata'.
  • Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch', akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
  • Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' and *aro- 'ploughed field'..
  • Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota.
  • Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-, cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton ''gwaz''

General vocabulary

abanqueiro 'waterfall' < *' dam', formally a derivative in -arium of *abanco, from Proto-Celtic *abankos 'beaver, water demon' cognate of Old Irish abacc 'dwarf', Welsh afanc 'beaver, dwarf', Breton avank 'dwarf, sea monster'. Akin also to Arpitan avans 'wicker'.alvo 'white', from Celtic albo* 'white'.
alvura 'whiteness', alvorada 'dawn', alvor 'light, whiteness', alvorecer 'daybreak'.amieiro 'common alder', *likely a derivative in -arium of *abona 'river', related to Breton avon, Welsh afon, Irish abha/abhainn 'river'.
amieiral 'alder woods', amieira 'young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots'. A Galician suggestion points to another Celtic voice ameiaarpente also arpento 'arpent acre' Latin borrowing likely from Gaulish *arpen or arepennis, cognate of French arpent, Spanish arapende akin to Old Irish airchenn 'short mete, bound ; end, extremity', Welsh arbenn 'chief'abrolho 'sprout, thorn, thicket, rocky surfaces just under water, keys', from Celtic *brogilos 'copse',.
abrolhar 'to cover with thorns, to sprout, to get covered in spots, blisters, to sprout', abrolhamento 'to fence smthg with thorns, cover with sprouts, to cause hardship', desabrolhar 'to sprout, to bloom, to blossom'.abrunho/'abrunheiro 'sloe', from Vulgar Latin *aprūneu, from Latin prūnum, under the influence of Celtic *agrīnio; akin to Irish áirne, Welsh eirin 'plum'; cognate of Occitan agranhon, Provençal agreno, Catalan aranyó, Aragonese arañon.bacelo 'young vine', from Celtic *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach
baceleiro 'young vine nursery, man who specialises in planting new vines', bacelar, abacelar 'to plant and tender to new vines', abacelamento 'the act of sorting out young vines ', bacharelato 'baccalaureat, university degree', Latinised from *baccalaris- person of lower rank or young cadet, bacharel 'same as baccalaureat, chatter-box, chatty or witty person', bacharelar 'to talk too much', bacharelice, bacharelismo 'habit of chatting too much or for too long', barcelo 'white grape variety from Northern Portugal'badalo 'bell, penis' from Latinised 'battua'< Gaul. *bathu < Celt. *bathi or *baeti
abadalar or badalar, 'to ring a bell, to jabber, to gossip or chat away'.balaia also balaio 'small straw-basket' via Old French baleen 'broom ', from Gaul *balatno, metathesis of *banatlo, cognate of Breton balannen, Scots-Gaelic bealaidh, Irish beallaidh, Welsh banadl, Cornish banadhel, Asturian baléubarco 'boat, ship' from Proto-Celtic *barga-, loanward into Latin bargo, 'boat'.barra 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-, cognate of Irish, Breton barr 'summit, peak, top', Welsh bar.
barrote 'wooden beam'barrete 'hood', from Celtic or Gaulish *birros-'short coat with a hood'.
barretada 'greeting someone with your hat', barrete-de-clérigo 'fortification or building work composed of three protruding angles and two sinking ones', enfiar o barrete 'to mislead or deceive someone'.bétula 'birch', Latin "betulla," borrowed from Gaulish *betua-, from Proto-Celtic *betwiyos- or *betuyā-, ultimately tracing back to the Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-. This root is associated with the concept of "birch" or "wood," suggesting a connection between the tree and the material it provides.bico 'beak, kiss', from Proto-Celtic *bekko-, cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
bicar 'to kiss', debicar 'pecking'.bilha, 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk', akin to Old Irish bille 'large tree, tree trunk', Manx billey 'tree', Welsh pill 'stump', Breton pil; cognate of French bille 'log, chunk of wood'.bode 'billy-goat, male goat' from Proto-Celtic *bukko- akin to French bouc, loanword into Dutch bok.
  • boi 'bull, male cow' Latinised form, from Celtic *bou'cow'.
boi-cavalo yak, boieiro cow herder, cowboy, garça-boieira cattle-egret, boiuno bovine.borba 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-, cognate of French bourbe 'mud'; akin to Irish borb 'mud, slime', bearbh 'boiling', Welsh berw 'boiling', Breton berv 'broth, bubbling'.
borbotar, 'to blossom, to bloom', borbulhar 'to burble, to boil', borbulha 'bubble, spot, pimple', borbulhante 'bubbly'. borne 'terminal, metal part of an electrical circuit that connects to an external electrical circuit, inner bark of a tree, lukewarm' from Proto-Celtic *botina 'troop', akin to Old Irish buiden and Welsh byddin 'army'.
bornear 'to align an object with the view, generally closing one eye, to put a gun/weapon to aim, i.e.: to aim a cannon'.braga ' Hoop iron that held the fetter, male type of trouser, wall that served as a fortification junk, type of naval crane to lift and move weights, small four-string type of guitar'. From *braco-, cognate of Galician, Spanish, Occitan braga, French braie, Italian brache.
braguilha 'trouser-flier, braguinha 'small guitar', bragal 'coarse fabric whose plot is cord, underclothes, old measurement for land demarcation: Portion of a farm which served as the unit price in certain contracts, set of bucks and fetter', desbragar 'to make dissolute, profligate, to drop your buckles', desbragado 'riotous, foul-mouthed, indecorous, libertine, dissolute, immoral', desbragadamente 'indecorously', desbragamento 'riotous quality, ribaldry, impropriety, Bracarense 'relating to Braga, native of that city', brácaro 'a person native of Braga', bracamarte 'old claymore sword which was swung with both hands'.brim 'fabric, thread, brime' via Fra. 'brin' < Breton *brienen- brio 'pride, courage, might, power', from Italian brio, from Catalan/Old Occitan briu 'wild', from Celtic *brigos, cognate of Occitan briu, Old French brif 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irish bríg 'power', Welsh bri 'prestige, authority', Breton bri 'respect'.
brioso 'proud, brave, exuberant', briosamente 'proudly, with dignity', desbrio 'lacking pride or courage, a cowardly act', desbrioso 'someone who acts without pride, a coward, a wimp'cabra 'goat' Latinised 'capra' from Celtic *gabro-. Well attested in G PNN, Gabrus, Gabrius, Gabar, etc.. Formation *kpro- IEW 529. ACPN: 79–80; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.; RGC: 172–73. Note that not all LNN in gabro- are by default Celtic; see A. Falileyev, Celtic presence in Dobrudja: Onomastic evidence, in Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest, 296–303.cais 'quay, jetty', maybe from French quai, from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-, akin to Welsh cae, Cornish ke, Breton kae 'hedge'; French chai 'cellar'.camba 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-, cognate of Old Irish camm 'crooked, bent, curved'. Cognate of Occitan cambeta 'part of plough', Limousin Occitan chambija 'part of plough'.
cambada, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam', encambar 'to string, to entangle', cambo 'pole, bent', cambaio, cambão 'crooked, lame', cambar 'to change, to alter, to move direction ', cambalhota 'tumble, gambol', cambalhotar 'to caper, to tumble'. camboa 'trap, hole dug for capturing fish trapped at low tide', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.cambueira 'fishing net used for low tide catch', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.caminho 'pathway', from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-, cognate of Italian cammino, French chemin, Spanish camino, Catalan camí, Occitan camin, Old Irish céimm, Breton cam 'step'.
caminhar 'to walk', caminhada 'walk, journey', caminhante, caminheiro 'hiker, walker, someone who loves to walk, pilgrim', caminheira 'sort of locomotive used in road transportation', caminhável 'area or place adept/safe to walk'camisa 'shirt' from Latin, from Gaulish camisia. cognate of Spanish/Occitan camisa, Italian camicia, French chainse.
camisola 'jersey', camiseta 'undershirt, singlet', camisa-de-dormir 'nightgown', camisa-de-Venus or camisinha 'condom' candado, cando dry tree-branch, stick or trunk, horse hoof, from Celtic *kando- 'bright, white', cognate of Welsh cann 'bright, light'canga 'collar, yoke', from Celtic *kambika.cangalha 'shoulder yoke, saddle yoke', from Celtic *kambika.cangalheta 'rustic saddle, horse saddle', from Celtic *kambika.cangalho 'worthless, trashy person or worn out animal', from Celtic *kambika.canto 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-, akin to Old Irish cét 'round stone pillar, Welsh cant 'tire rim', Breton kant 'disk'; cognate of Old French chant, Occitan cant.
cantoneiro 'road worker', cantonar 'railway traffic control', recanto 'corner', cantinho 'small corner', Cantão, Cantonal 'Swiss Canton, relating to Canton's legal affairs or government, acantoar or acantonar 'to hide, to isolate', canteiro 'vegetable plot, flowerbed, border', acanteirar, encanteirar 'to place/arrange in pods', encanteirado 'in a pod', cantonado 'engraved corner '.carqueja, carqueijeira 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar.< Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name.carquilha 'wrinkle, crinkle, furrow', from Celtic *carquila.
encarquilhar 'to crinkle', encarquilhado 'wrinkled, with deep wrinkles'.carro 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latin carrum, from proto-Celtic *karro-, cognate of Rumanian car, Italian carro, French char, Provençal car, Spanish carro; akin to Irish carr, Welsh car, Breton karr.
carroça 'cart', carregar 'to load', acarretar, acartar 'to cart, to carry', carreta 'cart', carrear 'to guide animals in a cart, to drive', carroçaria 'bodywork', carruagem 'carriage', carreto 'load', carrinha 'van', carro-de-mão 'wheelbarrow', carrossel 'carousel', charrete 'carriage, horsecart'.caixigo 'oak; Portuguese oak', from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted', akin to Irish cas 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welsh cascord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturian caxigu, Aragonese caixico, Gascon casse, French chêne 'oak'.centola, santola 'European spider crab', akin to Gaulish personal name CINTULLOS 'the first one', from PCl *kintu- 'first'.cerveja 'beer', from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia, from Gaulish Cognates: French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
cervejaria 'brewery, brasserie, beer hall', cervejeiro 'brewer'cheda 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', via Medieval Latin cleta, from proto-Celtic *klētā-, cognate of Irish cloí 'fence', clíath 'palisade, hurdle', Welsh clwyd 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', Cornish kloos 'fence', Breton kloued 'barrier, fence'; cognate of French claie 'rack, wattle fencing', Occitan cleda, Catalan cleda 'livestock pen', Basque gereta.choco 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-, akin to Old Irish clocc, Welsh cloch, Breton kloc'h; cognate of Asturian llueca and llócara 'cowbell', French cloche 'bell', German Glock.
chocar 'to bang, to shock', chocalho 'cowbell', chocalhar and chacoalhar 'to shake smthg or someone, to insult someone'.cibalho 'bird food' from Gaelic *cib- 'reed', akin to Irish 'cibeach'coelho 'rabbit', likely from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog' akin to Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Galician coello, Welsh cwningen, Catalan conill, Danish/Swedish/Norwegian kanin, Dutch konijn, Finnish kani, Frisian knyn, German Kanninchen, Icelandic kanína, Italian coniglio, Romansh cunigl, Spanish conejo, Veneto conéjo.
coelheira 'rabbit hutch', coelheiro ' good at hunting rabbits', rabicoelha also rabiscoelha 'corncrake, spotted crake', coelhinha 'bunny'colmeia 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', from * kŏlmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
colmeeiro 'hiver', colmeal 'beekeeping space, area'comba 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā, cognate of North Italian comba, French combe, Occitan comba; akin to Irish com, Welsh cwm 'hollow ', Cornish komm 'small valley, dingle', Breton komm 'small valley, deep water'.combo 'curved, bent', from Celtic *kumbo-, cognate of Provençal comb, Spanish combo.
combar 'to bend'.cômoro also combro 'mound, hillock, limit of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare--, cognate of Old Irish comair 'in front of', Welsh cyfair 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.
acomarar 'to mark out a field '.corno 'horn'. Although the word has been considered a loan from Latin, there is no reason to deny its Celtic origin.curral 'corral, pen; corner', from Celtic *korro-, akin to Middle Irish cor 'circle, turn', corrán 'sickle', Welsh cor 'enclosure', Cornish kor 'turn, veering'.Deus 'God' via Latin, 'deus' from Celtic *dēuo-, *dīuo- 'god'. Well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. PNN Deo-gnata, diuuo-gna. Traditionally, to PIE *dhei-'shine' IEW: 183–87, LIV: 108. ACPN: 70–71; DLG: 142–43; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.dorna 'a type of boat; trough, measurement ', from proto-Celtic *durno- 'fist', Irish dorn fish, Breton dorn 'hand'; Akin to Old French, Occitan dorn, 'a handful'. Nevertheless, the Asturian duerna 'bowl' demand a form **dorno-.embaixada 'embassy', from Provençal ambaissada, from ambaissa 'service, duty', from proto-Celtic *ambactos 'servant', akin to Welsh amaeth 'farm', Cornish ammeth 'farming', Old Breton ambaith.
embaixador 'ambassador', embaixatriz 'madam-ambassador'gabela, gavela 'handful, faggot', from Proto-Celtic *gabalā or *gabaglā-, cognate of French javelle, Provençal gavela, Spanish gavilla; akin to Old Cornish gavael 'catch, capture', Irish gabháil 'get, take, grab, capture', gabhal 'fork'.galga 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone', akin to Irish gall, French galet 'gravel' gallete 'plain cake'.
galgar 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.gancho ler|pt|cel-pro|*ganskyos||branch, twig, hook. enganchar to hook, to grab, to hook up, to clasp. From proto-Celtic *ganskyos.desenganchar to unhook, to unclasp, to release, to free.gorar 'sickness, rotting of an egg, to get confused ', from Proto-Celtic *gʷor-, akin to Old Irish guirid, Welsh and Cornish gori 'to hatch ' and Breton goriñ.
goro 'unfertilized egg, failure, misfortune', gorado 'an egg which didn't hatch, a failed situation or unfortunate person'.jarrete 'knee-cap, hock, hamstring' from Gaulish *garra 'leg', akin to Welsh 'garr', which is of uncertain origin; possibly sharing a common origin with Proto-Greek άκαρα 'leg, shank'lago 'lake', Latinised 'lacus' from Celtic *locu-, *loco- 'lake'. According to E. Hamp in ZCP 46, 12, independent loans from an unknown substratum language.lagoa 'small lake, lagoon'. Latinised 'lacus' from Celtic *locu-, *loco- 'lake'landa, lande 'uncultivated or sandy plot' from Proto-Celtic *landā, akin to Old Irish lann 'land, church', Welsh lann 'church lands', French lande 'sandy plot', Provençal and Catalan landa.lage 'stone slab', from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.légua 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of French lieue, Spanish legua; akin to Old Irish líe 'stone', Irish lialeira 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from the medieval form laria, from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-, akin to Old Irish làr 'ground, floor', Breton leur 'ground', Welsh llawr 'floor'.
leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiria 'place of small plots, allotments'.lerca 'skinny, malnourished cow or cattle in general, skinny woman', from proto-Celtic *wliskā 'stick', cognate of Old Irish flesc.lousa also loisa 'flagstone', 'trap', from Proto-Celtic *laws-, cognate of Provençal lausa, Spanish losa, French losenge 'diamond'.
enlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof', lousão 'large flagstone', louseiro or loiseiro' 'stonemason', enlousar 'to cover with stones, to make a stone wall, to trap, to trick or fool someone'lota 'fish auction/market', Latinised borrowing 'lota' < Gaulish *lotta 'flat fish' akin to French lotte, Old Irish lethaid 'he extends, expands', Welsh lledu, llydan 'flounders' Cornish leyth 'flounder, flat-fish'.mar 'sea' Latinised 'mare' from Celtic *mori- mor; OW mor. The word is well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. more. gl.mare, morici gl. marini, Pliny's mori marusa, G. PNN Mori-tasgus, Mori-rigis; see GPN: 232–33, KGP: 245. To PIE *mori- IEW: 748. ACPN: 92–93; DLG: 229, PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.menino, menina 'kid, child, baby', from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-, akin to Old Irish menn 'kid ', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
meninice or meninez 'childhood, infancy, childishness', meninote 'nipper', .minhoca 'earthworm', from medieval *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-, akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'.
Derivative: minhoquice 'unfounded suspicions, brooding on smthg unimportant'nau 'ship, vessel' Latinised 'navis' from Celtic *nauo- . Cf. Auson. nausum. To PIE *neh2u- 'boat' IEW: 755-56. DLG: 232, s.v. nauson; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v. nauo.
navegar 'to sail', navegante, Navegador 'sailor', 'Seafarer', nave 'ship, boat', navio 'ship'.olga, 'small farming land, plain between hills', from Proto-Celtic *ɸolkā, cognate of French ouche and Provençal olca.peça 'piece', from Vulgar Latin *pettia, from Gaulish petsi, from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi, cognate of Italian pezza, French pièce, Spanish pieza; akin to Old Irish cuit 'piece, share, part', Welsh peth 'thing', Breton pez.
pedaço, pedacinho, pedação 'piece, little piece, big piece'- ** uncertain whether from Lat.pittacĭu < Gr. pittákion or Proto-Celtic *pettia 'piece'.pequeno 'small, kid', from Gaelic *bec-, becan-, beag, beagan- 'small'.
pequerrucho, pequerruchichinho 'little one', pequenagem, pequenez 'small thing, infancy', pequenino, pequenote, pequeninote pequenininho 'small child, small thing or object', empequenecer, empequenitar 'to make small, to make someone feel small', pequenada, pequerruchada 'a group of small children'.pitada 'pinch, handful' from Celtic *pit-, pet-, cuid-, cuit-, coda- 'piece'.
petar 'to break in small pieces, to tell lies', petiscar 'to knible, to snack, to eat delicacies, to touch slightly, to have a vague knowledge about something or someone', petisco 'delicacy, speciality dish, small bites, snack', petisqueira, petiscaria 'snack-bar, restaurant specialising in local dishes', petanisco 'poking stick', pitéu 'delicacy ', petiz 'child, kid', petizada 'kids, children', carrapito 'bob, midget ', carapeto 'wild pear', carapeteiro 'wild pear tree, liar', carrapeta, carapeta 'small pion, short person', peta 'white lie'.piteira 'drunkenness, agave plant, ballast, debt, default, cigarette holder, cut or blow in the head' from Celtic *pett, pitt- 'small'. rego, 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā, akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
regueira 'small water canal', regato 'stream, gully, glen', regatear 'to haggle, to bargain', regateio 'quibble', regateável 'arguable ', regateiro 'person who haggles, presumptuous'rodovalho, 'hefty, short man, 'pleuronectidae type of fish ' from Celtic *roto-ball-jo-, da forma composta celta *roto-ball-jo-, meaning 'round edges', akin to Irish roth 'wheel', Welsh rhod, and Breton rod combined with Irish ball 'member, organ'.saiote 'peticoat, under-skirt' and saia 'skirt', from the medieval form sagia, from an ancient Celtic form from which also Latin sagum 'robe', Greek ságos from Gaulish *sagos- 'coat', fr *seg- 'to hold on or together'.seara also senra, sown field recently broken up, but which is left fallow', from a medieval form senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' and *aro- 'ploughed field'..
seareiro 'cereals farmer, small farmer'tasca and tasquinha, 'swingle', related to Galatian taskós 'peg, stake'.tola furrow from Proto-Celtic *tullo- 'pierced, pricked', akin to Irish toll 'hole, hollow', Welsh twll 'hole', Breton toull 'hole'; Catalan toll and Old French tolon 'hill'.toleima, tolémia, 'foolishness' from ancient Celtic *TULLESMENA tona 'skin, bark, scum of milk, surface of any liquid', from proto-Celtic *tondā, cognate of Old Irish tonn, Welsh tonn.
toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk', tonel 'wine barrel' cognate of Old French tonel, French tonneau 'barrel, cask'.tojo, 'gorse, furze ', from Celtic *togi-, akin to Spanish/Gascon toja, French dialectal tuie.
fura-tojos 'marten'; tojal, tojeira 'place with tojos'.touça, toiça, 'young wood, shrub' from ancient Celtic *TOUTIA < *TEUTIĀ toucinho, also toicinho 'bacon, lard, pork rash' via Latin 'tuccinum ', from Celtic tucca 'buttery juice'.
toucinheiro, toicinheiro 'lard seller, butcher', toucinho-do-céu 'Portuguese regional sweet made with almonds and egg yolk'trado 'auger', from Proto-Celtic *taratro-, cognate of Irish tarathar, Welsh taradr, Breton tarar, Occitan taraire, Catalan taradre, Spanish taladro, French tarière, Romansch tarader.
tradar, tradear 'to drill'.tranca, tranco 'beam, pole, penis', from proto-Celtic *tarankā, tarinca, cognate of Spanish tranca 'club, cudgel', French taranche 'screw bar, ratchet ', Provençal tarenco; akin to OIr tairinge 'iron nail, tine', Ir tairne 'metal nail, Sc tairnge 'nail'.
trancar 'to close, lock or block', destrancar 'to open, unlock or unblock smthg. or someone', trancada 'to hit someone or smthg. with a bat, copulation', trancaria 'pile of wood logs', destrancador 'opener', trança ' brade', entrantrançado 'weaved', tranqueta 'lock, latch, bolt'.trevo 'clover', from Proto-Celtic *trebno- farm house, homestead, akin to Irish treb, Cornish tre, Welsh tref, Asturian truébanu, French trèfle, Spanish trébol and Catalan trèvol.trengo 'silly, nitwit, little brat, idiot', from Celtic *trenco 'short, small'.trincar 'to bite, to snap', possible Latin loanword *trinicāre- from Gaulish *trincare, trancare-to cut , cognate of old Provençal trencar, Catalan trencar, French trancher.
tranche 'slice', retrincar, retrinco 'to chew, to cut into smaller pieces', 'patch of a bigger piece', trinco 'latch, lock, bolt', trinca, trincadela, 'bite, knibble, small cut' from Gaulish, possibly from Proto-Celtic *trenco- 'small piece'.trincha 'brush, roller, wood carving knife or chisel', from Celtic *trenco 'short, small'.truta 'trout', from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota.varga 'hut; wall made of hurdles; hurdle, fence', from Celtic *wraga, French barge, akin to Old Irish fraig, Irish fraigh 'braided wall, roof, pen', Br gwrac'hell 'haybale, rick of hay'.vasculho 'bundle of straw; broom', from proto-Celtic *baski- 'bundle', cognate of Gascon bascojo 'basket', Asturian bascayu 'broom', Breton bec'h 'bundle, load'.vassalo from Vulgar Latin vassalus, from proto-Celtic *wasso- or *wasto- 'young man, squire', cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz.
avassalar 'to overwhelm, to stagger, to overpower', avassalador, avassalante 'overwhelming'vassoura or vassoira 'broom' from Proto-Celtic *basca- or *baski- 'bind, tangle', via Gaulish bascauda, akin to French bâche 'canvas sheet, tarpaulin' Gascon bascojo 'hanging basket', Asturian bascayu, Béarn bascoyes, Welsh basg 'plaiting', Middle Irish basc 'neckband'.
vassoirar or vassourar 'to sweep with a broom', vassourada or vassoirada 'broom sweep, broomstick strike/hit'vereda 'main road', from the medieval form vereda, from Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-, 'pathway'; akin to Welsh gorwydd 'steed', Vulgar Latin veredus 'horse', French palefroi 'steed'.
enveredar 'to take or chose a path or direction in life or profession'vidoeiro, French bouleau, Italian betulla ; akin to Irish beith, Welsh bedw, Breton bezv.
vidoeiral' 'place with birch-trees'.

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the Suebi and Visigoths.
Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo, natural world orvalho, Human qualities like franqueza, orgulho, some verbs like ganhar, town and placenames such as Aldão, Alderete, Albergaria-a-Velha, Albergaria-a-Nova, Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths", numerous Suebi derivations like, Freamunde, Vermunde, Amonde, Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão, Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei, Esmoriz, Esmeriz, Alhariz, Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar, Gondarém, Gudim, Guimarães, Torres Vedras, Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro, Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho and Douro regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the Suebic Kingdom in the middle-ages.
Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD.
It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty.
Some scholars have proposed that the name Thervingi-Goths may have pre-Pontic, Scandinavian, origins. Wolfram cites the example of J. Svennung who believed that the Tervingi were Scandinavian "ox people".
The Suebi are believed to have originated east of the Elbe River, in Germany. They were composed of different tribes who spoke different Germanic dialects. The Marcomanni and Quadi being the most relevant Suebians in what is today Portugal and Galicia.

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from English, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Visigothic and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese, with a tendency to increase due to English, German and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an asterisk is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

from Frankish

  • estandarte= a military standard: from Old French estandart, probably from Frankish standhard "standard that marks a meeting place",, from standan "to stand", standan, from the IE root + hard "hard, firm", see ardid below in Germanic section.
  • forro= lining, liner, ceiling from Frankish fôdare
  • forrar= to cover, to insulate, to wallpaper, to line, to sheathe
  • desforra= vindication, revenge, revanche
  • ginja= sweet cherry from Frankish *wihsila-
  • guante= glove, gauntlet: from Frankish want "gauntlet."
  • megengra, muzengro, majangro= titmouse, from Frankish meisinga, this in turn related to Celtic meann, menn.
  • tasca= tavern, inn: from Frankish *taska

from Norwegian

  • slalom= slalom (from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian 'slalåm': "sla," meaning slightly inclining hillside, and "låm," meaning track after skis
Langobardic:
  • rufia, rufião= ruffian, thug, bully: from Langobardic *hruf

from Middle Dutch

from Middle High German

  • estroina= fast liver, bohemian, spend-thrifty, reveller, vagabond: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon-
  • estroinice= pleasure seeker's, bohemian conduct or behaviour: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon-
  • estroinar = living the high-life, to live beyond one's means: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon-

from Old English

  • arlequim= harlequin: from Italian arlecchino, from Old French Herlequin "mythic chief of a tribe", probably from Middle English Herle king, from Old English Herla cyning, Herla Kyning literally King Herla, a king of Germanic mythology identified with Odin/Woden. Cyning "king" is from Germanic kunjan "family", from the IE root gen- "to birth, regenerate".
  • bote= a small, uncovered boat: from Old French bot, from Middle English bot, boot, from Old English bāt, from Germanic bait-, from the IE root bheid- "to split".
  • caneco= jug: from Old English *canne < from Proto-Germanic kunnan/kanna
  • caneca= mug: *see above
  • este= east: from French est, from Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Germanic aust-, from the IE root awes-, aus "to shine".
  • norte= north: from Old French nord, from Old English north, from Germanic north-, from the IE root nr-to "north", from nr- "wikt:under, to the left"
  • oeste= west: from Middle English west, from Old English west, from Germanic west-, from wes-to-, from wes-, from wespero- "evening, dusk"
  • sul= south : from Old French sud "south", from Old English sūth, from Germanic sunthaz, from the IE root sun-, swen-, variants of sāwel- "sun"

from Old Norse

  • bife= steak, beefsteak: from English beefsteak, from beef + steak, from Middle English steyke, from Old Norse steik "piece of meat cooked on a spit", from Germanic stik-, see estaca below in the Germanic section.
  • guindar = to lift, to be pretentious from French guinder from Old Norse vinda 'to toss'
  • guinda= hoisting rope from Old Norse vinda
  • guindaste= crane, winch via French guindeau < Old French guindas, from Old Norse vindáss
  • vaga= wave possibly from Old Norse vagr or Gothic vega from Germanic vigan akin to French 'vague'

from Old Swedish

from Gothic, Suebian

Aguerridamente from Gothic wirroAguerrido from Gothic wirroAguerrir, Aguerreirar from Gothic wirroalbergar from Gothic haribergoalbergue from Gothic haribergoaleive from Gothic lavjanaleivosia from Gothic lavjanaleivoso from Gothic lavjan
  • ardil= from Gothic ?????? 'hard' or Frankish ardjan
  • ardiloso= from Gothic ?????? 'hard' or Frankish ardjanaringa from Gothic hringsAtreguar from Gothic trigivoBanca from Gothic bankaBancário from Gothic bankaBanco from Gothic bankaBanqueiro from Gothic bankaBrasa from Gothic *bras, brasaBrasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasaBrasão from Gothic *bras, brasaBraseiro from Gothic *bras, brasaBrasido from Gothic *bras, brasaBrasil from Gothic *bras, brasaBrasonado from Gothic *bras, brasaDestacar from Gothic stakkaDestaque from Gothic stakka
  • duende= elf, gnome, from *tomt akin to Swedish 'tomten'Elmo from Gothic hilmsEscanção from Gothic skankjaEscançar, Escancear, Escanchar from Gothic skankjaEspora from Gothic spaúraEsporão from Gothic spaúraEstaca from Gothic stakkaEstacada from Gothic stakkaEstacar from Gothic stakkaFona from Gothic fonFornir from Gothic frumjanGodo/Gótico from Gothic guthansGuerra, Guerreio from Gothic wirroGuerreão from Gothic wirroGuerrear from Gothic wirroGuerreiro from Gothic wirroGuerrilha from Gothic wirroGuia from Gothic widaGuiar from Gothic widaIntrabancário from Gothic bankaLasca from Gothic laskaLascar from Gothic laskaLascarino or Lascarinho from Gothic laskaMarta from Gothic marthusMultibanco from Gothic bankaRoca from Gothic rukaTampa from Gothic tappaTascar from Gothic taskonTexugo or Teixugo from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus-Trégua from Gothic trigivoTriscar from Gothic thriskanUfa from Gothic ufjoUfanear or Ufanar from Gothic ufjoUfano from Gothic ufjoVaga from Gothic vega < vigan

from Germanic languages

  • abandonar = to abandon: from Old French a bandon, from a + bandon "control" from ban "proclamation, jurisdiction, power", from Germanic banwan, bannan "to proclaim, speak publicly"Aguardar from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer
  • alemão= of Germany, the German language: from Late Latin Alemanni, an ancient Germanic tribe, from Germanic alamanniz, from ala- "all" + mannis, plural of manna-/''mannaz "man" from the IE root man- "man"Barão, Baronesa from Germanic baro
  • bóia= a buoy: probably from Old French boie, from Germanic, possibly from Old High German bouhhan, from Germanic baukna- "signal", from the IE root bha- "to shine"Branca from Germanic blankaBranco from Germanic blankBranco from Germanic blank
  • branco= white, white person, blank: from Vulgar Latin blancus, from Germanic blank- "to shine", from the IE root.Brancura from Germanic blankBranqueio from Germanic blankBranquela from Germanic blankBranquicento from Germanic blank
  • brincadeira= joyful play, joke, prank from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.
  • brincar= to play from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.
  • brinquedo= toy from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.
  • churrasco, churrasqueira, churrascaria, churrascar= from Suebian/Gothic SAURUSEscarnecedor, from Germanic skernjanEscarnicação, from Germanic skernjanEscarniçador, etc. from Germanic skernjanEscarniçar from Germanic skernjanEscarninhamente, from Germanic skernjanEscarninho, from Germanic skernjanEscárnio, from Germanic skernjanEscarnir *Escarniçar from Germanic skernjan
  • estaca= a stake: from Germanic stak-, from the IE root steg- "pale, post pointed stick". Ganhar from Germanic waidanjanGanho from Germanic waidanjanGavião from Germanic gabilansGuarda from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic werGuardar from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer
  • guardar= to guard, watch over, keep, observe : from Germanic wardōn "to look after, take care of", from the IE root wor-to-, "to watch", from wor-, wer- "to see, watch, perceive"Guardião from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic werResguardar from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic werRoubador from Germanic raubonRoubalheira from Germanic raubonRoubar from Germanic raubonRoubo from Germanic raubon
  • sopa = soup'',
  • venda= blindfold: from Proto-Germanic * bǐnda-

Others

A
  • abandonar; abandono= "to abandon"; "abandon"
  • atacar= "to attack"
  • abordar= "to attack "

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi, Visigoths, Vandals, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common Portuguese-Galician names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern Portugal, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

" Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi "
Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document.

Germanic names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity. The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name, with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records. and in local toponyms.
Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it. Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.
These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance, which were variations and alliteration. Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson, following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most into or and the conversion of into before a consonant. was initially preserved, although noted as or before becoming . These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo.

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils:
Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.
Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón, Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá, Tuimil and Toimil.

Roots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities, totemic animals and weapons ; many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities. Some refer to the condition of ruler or master. Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country, and another appears to refer to Huns, Suevi, Goths, Vandals, Celts, Vendians/Slavs, Galindians/Balths, Franks, Saxons, Angles, Danes and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy, others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens.
Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.ab-, to PGmc *abōn "man": Abbelinusabr-, to PGmc *abraz "huge, strong": Abragasia, Abrecan, Abronilliad-, to PGmc *haþuz "battle, fight": Adefonsus, Adegundia, Adeqisio, Aderedus, Aderico, Adesindus, Adica, Adiero, Adarius, Adila, Adileobo, Adileova, Adimirus, Adolinus, Adosindaadal-, to PGmc *aþalaz "noble": Adala, Addalinus, Adegaster, Adelasindo, Atalamondoagi-, egi-, to PGmc *agez "fear" or *agjō "edge": Agimadus, Agio, Agiulfus, Aidio, Egeredus, Egica, Egila, Agila, Egildus, Agildus, Egilo, Ailo, Eigonza, Eileuva, Eilleus, Eimirus, Eindu, Eirigu, Eisindus, Haginusagr- possibly to PGmc *akraz "field, open land": Agrivulfum, Agromirusaist-, to PGmc *aistēn "to give reverence": Aistandoala-, to PGmc *ala "all, wholly": Alaguntia, Alamiro, Alaricus, Alarius, Alatrudia, Alobrida, Aloindo, Aloitus, Alvarusalb-, to PGmc *albaz "elf": Albiaster, Alvaricus, Alvatusald-, to PGmc *aldaz "old": Aldemirus, Aldereto, Aldericus, Aldia, Aldinusaldr-, to Proto-Germani *aldran "age, life": Aldras, Aldroitusali-, to PGmc *aljaz "other": Alia, Alio, Aliaricus, Alifreda, Aliulfus, Aliverga, Alivergo, Aliverko, Aliverta, Alivertus, Alliefredusam-, eim-, em-, en-, to PGmc *haimaz "dear": Amingus, Eimoricus, Emila, Emilo, Emiso, Enaredus, Engildus, Entrudiamal-, to PGmc *amal- "valiant, brave": Amalilliamed-, to PGmc *amitaz "continuous": Amedon, Amedeiroan-, to PGmc *an- "forefather": Anagildus, Analsus, Anila, Anilo, Anualdus, Anulfoand-, ant-, to PGmc *anda "throughout": Andeatus, Andericus, Andiarius, Andifonso, Andila, Andilevo, Andilo, Anditio, Ando, Andosindus, Andulfus, Antemirusans-, to PGmc *ansuz "god": Ansedeus, Ansemarus, Ansemirus, Ansemondus, Anseredo, Ansericus, Ansetrudia, Ansila, Ansileova, Ansilo, Ansiulphus, Ansiunda, Ansobrida, Ansoi, Anson, Ansuallo, Ansuario, Ansueto, Ansuildi, Ansvertusaquis-, to PGmc *akwesiz "axe": Aquisildear-, to PGmc *arnōn "eagle" or *arwaz "swift, ready": Aragunti, Arosinda, Arosindus, Arualdus, Aruildi, Arumundoard-, to PGmc *harduz "hard" or *arduz "land": Ardabastus, Ardericus, Ardaldus, Ardesendus, Ardilo, Ardulfus, Artemiro, Erdebredoari-, argi-, to PGmc *harjaz "army": Arebuldo, Argeberto, Argefonsus, Argemirus, Argemondo, Argenilli, Argeredus, Argericus, Argesindus, Argeva, Argevadus, Argevitus, Argifonsa, Argifredus, Argileuva, Argilo, Argioi, Argiuolus, Argivastro, Ariulfusaria-, to PGmc arjaz "noble": Arias, Ariastrearn-, to PGmc *arnuz "eagle": Arnadius, Arnaldus, Arnulfoasc-, to PGmc *askaz "ash-tree": Ascarigus, Ascarius, Asculfoase-, to PGmc *haswaz "grey": Asemondus, Asileva, Asinoy, Asiulfus, Asofuda, Asoi, Asoredusasp-, to PGmc *aspōn "aspen": Asparigusast-, to PGmc *astaz "branch" or *austaz "east": Astaguerra, Asterigo, Astileuva, Astredo, Astualdu, Astulfusastr-, ostr-, obstr-, stor-, to PGmc *austraz "east": Astragis, Astragundia, Astramondus, Astratus, Astremarus, Astriverga, Astrogoto, Astruara, Astruario, Astruedu, Astruildi, Astrulfus, Obstrisinda, Ostamalus, Ostosia, Ostrofreda, Ostrofredo, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Storesindoat- to PGmc *haþuz "war": Ataulfus, Atarius, Atericus, Atonatan-, tan-, to PGmc *aþnaz "year": Atanagildus, Atanaricus, Atanus, Tanina, Tanino, Atanitus, Tano, Tanoi, Tenildiatt-, to PGmc *attōn "father": Atauldus, Attan, Attila, Attinaaud-, od-, to PGmc *audaz "wealth": Audeca, Audesinda, Audila, Audinus, Audibertus, Audofredo, Audugus, Ausendus, Oda, Odemundus, Odamirus, Odericus, Odisclus, Odorica, Odoynus, Oduarius, Otualdoaur-, or-, to PGmc *auraz "sand, sea": Auresindus, Aurilli, Orosindaaus-, os-, to PGmc *aus- "shining": Osoarius, Osobredus, Osmundo, Osoredo, Osorico, Ausarigus, Osoy, Ossila, Ozandusbad-, to PGmc *badwō "battle": Badamundus, Bademirus, Badila, Badosindusbait-, to PGmc *baitaz "ship, boat": Baitusbald-, balt-, to PGmc *balþaz "bold": Baldemarius, Baldemirus, Balderedo, Balderico, Baldesindo, Baldila, Baldoi, Baldoigius, Baltarius, Baltino, Baltobar-, to PGmc *baraz "man": Barilli, Barsilli, Baron, Baroncellus, Baronza, Barvaldusbat-, to PGmc *bataz "good": Bati, Batinus, Batonbaud-, to PGmc *baudiz "ruler": Baudemirus, Baudesindusbaz-, to PGmc *bazaz "naked": Bazariusbeg-, bag-, bec-, bac-, to PGmc *bēgaz "contest, quarrel": Baga, Bega, Becilla, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Bagina, Bagino, Baquina, Baquino, Begica, Pegitober-, to PGmc *berōn "bear": Bera, Bergundi, Berila, Berildi, Berosildi, Berilo, Berina, Berinus, Beroi, Berosindus, Berulfusberg-, verg-, to PGmc *bergaz "shelter": Bergas, Bergila, Vergilli, Vergina, Virgiabern-, to PGmc *bernuz "bear": Bernaldusbert-, vert-, to PGmc *berhtaz "bright": Berta, Bertamirus, Bertarius, Bertinus, Berto, Bertosinda, Bertuara, Betrulfus, Bretenandus, Vertilabett-, bitt-, probably to PGmc *bitraz "bitter": Betellus, Betericus, Bitilo, Bittobid-, to PGmc *bidō "request, prayer": Biddi, Bidualdusbil-, bel-, to PGmc *bilaz "good" or *bīþlan "axe": Bela, Belavrida, Belesarius, Belestrio, Belfonsus, Bellengo, Bellerto, Bello, Belloy, Belmirus, Billabland- to PGmc *blandiz, likely an adjective derived from *blandaną "to blend, make murky; to mix, mingle": Blandilabliv-, to PGmc *blēwaz "blue": Bliviaricusbon-, to PGmc *bōniz "prayer, petition": Bonesindus, Bonilde, Bonimiro, Boninus, Boniza, Bonoibot-, but-, to PGmc *bōtō "good, profit": Botan, Butilabrand-, to PGmc *brandaz "fire, sword": Brandericus, Brandila, Brandinus, Brandiulfus, Brandonbrun-, to PGmc *brunjōn "breastplate": Brunildiburgal-, to *Bulgar- "? Bulgarian": Burgalaca-, to PGmc *ga- "with": Camunduscanut-, to PGmc *knūtaz "bold": Canutocar-, kar-, to PGmc *karō "care": Karmiruscarl-, to PGmc *karlaz "man": Carlocart-, kart-, to PGmc *krattaz "cart, wagon": Cartinus, Cartemiruscen-, to PGmc *kwenōn "woman": Cenabrida, Cenusendacend-, kend-, zend-, quint-, to PGmc *kenþan "child": Cendamiro, Cendas, Cendon, Kenderedus, Kendulfus, Kindiverga, Quintila, Quintilo, Zendasindocens-, zens-, possibly to PGmc *zinz "tribute" or *kwēniz "woman": Censerigus, Censoi, Zenzitusconia-, to PGmc *kunjan "tribe, nation": Coniaricuscresc-, possibly to Latin crescens "thrive": Crescemiruscriz-, to PGmc *krēsō "dainty, food": Criziladad-, ded-, to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": Dada, Dadila, Dadilo, Dadinus, Dado, Dededag-, dac-, to PGmc *dagaz "day": Dacamiro, Dacoi, Dagadrudia, Dacaredus, Dago, Daildusdan-, da-, to PGmc *daniz "Dane": Damiro, Damondus, Daniladest-, test-, possibly to Latin dexter "right, skilful": Destoy, Destericus, Desteillidoc-, duc-, to PGmc *dōgiz "day": Docemiro, Duciladod-, no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": Dodo, Dodadom-, to PGmc *dōmaz "judgement, ruling": Domerigodulc-, dolc-, to PGmc *dulgan "enmity", *dulgaz 'law, debt': Dulcemirus, Dolcemondusebr-, ebur-, evor-, to *eburaz "boar": Ebragundia, Ebreguldus, Ebregulfus, Ebrildi, Eburicus, Evorinuselp-, to PGmc *helpō "help": Elpericoelpand-, to Germanic *elpandus "elephant": Elpandusengl-, to PGmc *angilaz "Angles": Engladiusengo-, to PGmc *Ingwaz "a god": Engomirus, Engoredus, Engorigusens-, possibly to Latin ensis "sword": Ensalde, Iensericuser-, her-, to PGmc *heruz "sword": Erifonsus, Eroigius, Eruulfus, Heruserm-, herm-, to PGmc *ermenaz "great": Ermaldus, Ermedrudia, Ermefara, Ermefreda, Ermefredo, Ermegildus, Ermegis, Ermego, Ermegoto, Ermegotus, Ermegundia, Ermelindus, Ermemirus, Ermericus, Ermerote, Ermesinda, Ermiarius, Ermila, Ermildi, Ermileuva, Ermitus, Ermoleo, Ermosindus, Ermoygius, Ermulfo, Heremigarium, Hermecisclus, Hermellusevo-, to PGmc *ehwaz "horse": Euvenandus, Eva, Evorido, Evosindo, Ivolicus, Ibillifaf-, to PGmc *faff-, possibly related to Indo-European *papp- "dad": Faffila, Faffia fag-, to PGmc *fagenaz "glad, joyful": Fagila, Fagildus, Fagilo, Faginusfald-, to PGmc *faldiz "fold, cloak": Falderedo, Falgildus, Fardulfusfand-, to PGmc *fanþjōn "infantryman": Fandila, Fandina, Fandinus, Fannusfaq-, fak-, to PGmc *fah- "glad, joyful": Facalo, Facco, Fakino, Faquilofar-, to PGmc *faran "journey, ship": Faregia, Farella, Farino, Farita, Farnus, Framiro, Fraredus, Frarigo, Fregulfus, Ferildifat-, to PGmc *fatan "cloth; vessel": Fatu, Fateredusfel-, fil-, to PGmc *felu "much, very": Felellus, Felgirus, Felmiro, Filisteus, Filivertus, Filonflor-, to PGmc *flōraz "floor" or Latin florens "blooming, prosperous": Floresindusfof-, possibly to PGmc *fōþrą "load, wagonload": Fofo, Fofinus, Fofellusfons-, funs-, to PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": Fonso, Fonsa, Fonsinus, Fonsellusfradi-, to PGmc *fraþīn "efficacy": Fradegundia, Fradila, Fradiulfusfram-, to PGmc *framaz "forward; valiant": Framila, Framilli, Framtan, Framuldofrank-, franc-, to PGmc *frankōn "javelin; Frank": Francellus, Francemirus, Franco, Francoi, Francolino, Frankila, Frankilofred-, frid-, to PGmc *friþuz "peace" or *frīdaz "fair, beautiful": Freda, Fredamundus, Fredario, Fredegundia, Fredemiro, Fredenanda, Fredenandus, Fredericus, Fredesinda, Fredilli, Fredisclus, Fredoaldus, Fredoindus, Fredosindus, Freduarius, Fredulfus, Fredus, Fridivertofroa-, frau-, frog-, froy-, fron-, to PGmc *frawjōn "lord, master": Froarengus, Fralenko, Frogeva, Frogildi, Frogina, Frogiulfo, Froiellus, Froila, Froilo, Froiloba, Froisenda, Froisendus, Fronildi, Fronosili, Fronuldo, Froya, Froyo, Froyslo, Fruaricus, Frugildus, Fruginus, Frauino, Frumirus, Frunilofrum-, from-, to PGmc *frumōn "foremost, first" and *frumistaz "first": Fromista, Fremosilli, Fromaldus, Fromaricus, Fromildus, Fromosinda, Fromosindus, Fruma, Frumarius, Frumellus, Frumildifulc-, to PGmc *fulkan "crow, army": Fulcaredusgad-, gat-, to PGmc *gadōn "comrade": Gademiro, Gadenanda, Gatongael-, gel-, to PGmc *gailaz "merry": Gaella, Gelmiro, Geloiragaf-, gef-, geb-, to PGmc *gebō "gift": Gaffo, Gebuldus, Geferagaid-, to PGmc *gaidō "spearhead, arrowhead": Gaidusgaif-, to PGmc *waibjanan "to surround": Gaifargalind-, kalend-, to PGmc *galind- "Galindian" : Galindus, Kalendusgan-, possibly to Germanic gan "enchantment": Ganati, Ganilli, Ganiti, Ganoigand-, to PGmc *gandaz "wand, staff": Gandila, Gandinus, Gandulfo, Gandusgard-, to PGmc *gardaz "house, enclosure": Gardingus, Gardulfusgas-, ges-, gis-, ger-, gir-, to PGmc *gaizaz "spear": Gasuildi, Gera, Gesa, Gero, Geserigus, Gesmira, Germira, Gesmiro, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Giraldus, Gismundus, Germundus, Gisovredus, Gisvadogast-, to PGmc *gastiz "guest": Gastregaud-, caud-, no clear etymology; possibly to *gaut- "Goth" or Latin gaudeo "rejoice": Caudemirus, Gauderigus, Gaudesindo, Gaudilani, Gaudilli, Gaudinasgav-, gau-, gogi-, cogi-, gagi-, cagi-, kegi-, to PGmc *gaujan "district": Cagildo, Cagita, Cagitus, Gagica, Gaufredus, Gaulfus, Gavila, Gavina, Gavinus, Gega, Gegitus, Gigelus, Gogia, Gogilli, Gogina, Gogitus, Gogius, Goymundus, Guimundus, Guginus, Gugivertus, Guimirus, Guiricus, Guisenda, Goysenda, Guisindus, Kagilda, Keilageld-, gild-, kelt-, to PGmc *geldan "tribute, recompense": Geldemirus, Gildaricus, Gildo, Keltoigen-, ian-, ion-, to PGmc *gennan "beginning": Genildi, Ionilde, Genlo, Genobreda, Gemundus, Ianardo, Ionaricogend-, possibly to PGmc *gantijaną "To make whole; make complete": Gendo, Gendinaget-, git-, "glory": Geda, Getericus, Getilli, Getina, Getoy, Gidiberto, Gitarius, Gitesindus, Gitiogisl-, viscl-, cisl-, to PGmc *gīslaz "hostage": Cisla, Viclavara, Viscaverga, Visclafredo, Visclamirus, Visclamundus, Visclariogivel-, to PGmc *geblōn "skull, gable": Givellanglad-, to PGmc *gladaz "bright, glad": Gladilagod-, gud-, to PGmc *gōdaz "good": Godefredus, Godegildus, Godella, Godellus, Godemiro, Godenanda, Godesinda, Godoigia, Godomundus, Gudenandus, Guderedus, Guderigo, Gudesindus, Gudesteus, Gudigeba, Gudila, Gudileuva, Gudilo, Gudilulfo, Gudivergagol-, to PGmc *gōljanan "to greet", gōlaz "pride": Golinus, Gollogom-, gum-, to PGmc *gumōn "man": Gomadus, Gomaldo, Gomaredus, Gomarigus, Gomesindo, Gomita, Gomulfus, Gomundus, Guma, Gumarius, Gumellus, Gumila, Gumitogram-, to PGmc *gramaz "furious": Gramilagran-, to PGmc *grannaz "slim, slender" or *granō "moustache": Granilogrim-, to PGmc *grīmōn "mask, helmet": Grima, Grimaldusgris-, to PGmc *grīsanan "to dread" or *grīsaz "grey": Grisulfus, Gresomarusguald-, to PGmc *waldaz "powerful, mighty": Gualdarius, Gualdeoguandal-, to PGmc *wandilaz "Vandal": Guandalisco, Guandalarguld-, to PGmc *wulþuz "splendour": Goldegildo, Goldredo, Guldarius, Gulderigusguldr-, goltr-, to PGmc *wulþraz "wonderful, precious": Goldregodo, Gulderes, Gualdramirusgulf-, golf-, to PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": Golfarico, Gulfarius, Gulfemirusgund-, gunt-, gunz-, cunt-, gond-, to PGmc *gunthz "fight": Gonceria, Gondella, Gondenanda, Gonso, Gonta, Gontemondus, Gontere, Gonderes, Gontoi, Gontualdo, Gonza, Guncitus, Gundarius, Gundebredo, Gundebrida, Gundelinus, Gundemarus, Gunderamnus, Gunderedo, Gunderigus, Gunderona, Gundertia, Gundesindus, Gundifortis, Gundigeva, Gundila, Gundilo, Gundisalva, Gundisalvus, Gundiscalcus, Gundivadus, Gundivaldo, Gundivera, Gundiverga, Gundon, Gundulfo, Guntato, Guntedrudia, Guntellus, Guntemirus, Gunterotis, Gunti, Guntiesclo, Guntigio, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Guntina, Guntinus, Guntuigiagut-, to PGmc *gutōn "Goth": Gotesendus, Goto, Gota, Goton, Gudegisus, Gutellus, Gutemirus, Gutemondo, Gutilli, Gutilo, Gutina, Gutinus, Guto, Guta, Gutumarushend-, ind-, hand-, probably related to Burgundian hendinus "king": Endulfus, Hamdino, Indisclushild-, ild-, eld-, ald-, to PGmc *heldjō "battle": Alderedus, Alduarius, Eldan, Eldebona, Eldegeses, Eldegotus, Eldegundia, Eldemirus, Eldemundus, Eldesinda, Eldesindus, Eldigia, Eldinus, Eldivercus, Eldivertus, Eldo, Eldoigius, Elleca, Ildebredus, Ildefonsus, Ilderigus, Ildiverga, Ildoi, Ildoncia, Ildras, Ilduara, Ildulfusik-, eq-, ig-, possibly to PGmc *eka "I": Igo, Ika, Ikilait-, id- : Idiverto, Itila, Itilo, Itimondo, Itaultusiuv-, iub- no clear etymology; possibly to Latin iuvenis "young" or a metathesis of PGmc *webaną "to weave" : Iovellinus, Iubarius, Iubinus, Iuuisclus, Iuvatus, Iuvericus, Iuvila, Iuvitusket-, qued-, quid-, to PGmc *kweþanan "to say": Kedisilo, Ketemera, Ketenando, Keti, Ketoi, Quedesendo, Quedulfus, Quidemirus, Quidericus, Quitarius, Quitoilal-, lel-, lil- probably to Latin lallus "lullaby": Lalla, Lalli, Lallina, Lallinus, Lallus, Lelino, Leliola, Lilliola, Lelli, Lilla, Lilli, Lillo, Lillaleo-, to PGmc *hlewaz "glory, renown": Leomirusleode-, leude-, to PGmc *leudiz "man, people": Ledla, Leodarius, Leodefredus, Leodegasti, Leodegisius, Leodegundia, Leodemiro, Leodemundo, Leoderigus, Leodesindo, Leodeuigus, Leodo, Leodulfusleov-, leub-, to PGmc *leubaz "beloved": Leovaldo, Leovegildus, Leovegoto, Leoveredus, Leoverigus, Leoverona, Leoverto, Leovesenda, Leovesindus, Leovilli, Leovus, Leuba, Leubegutus, Liuvilo, Lovoi, Lubellus, Lubila, Lubinuslot-, to PGmc *hludaz "famous": Lotariusmact-, to PGmc *mahtiz "power, might": Meitinus, Matericus, Mectubrida, Meitilli, Meitulfusmag-, to PGmc *magenan "might, power": Magan, Magila, Magitus, Maniaricus, Maniarius, Magnitus, Maniulfus, Megildusmal- : Malaricus, Malaredusmalasc-, possibly to PGmc *malskaz "proud": Malascomaldr-, possibly to PGmc *maldriz "flour": Maldrasman-, to PGmc *manan "fellow": Manildi, Manusildi, Manileuva, Manilla, Maninus, Manosenda, Manosindus, Manualdus, Manulfus, Menegundiamand-, mant-, to PGmc *manþaz "kind": Mandila, Mandinus, Mandulfo, Mantellusmann-, to PGmc *mannz "man": Manitus, Manna, Mannello, Manni, Manno, Manoim, Mansuaramarc-, to PGmc *markō "region, border" or *marhaz "horse": Marco, Marcosendus, Marcitusmart-, possibly to PGmc *marþuz "marten": Martilamatl-, matr-, to PGmc *maþlan "assembly": Matrosindus, Matrinus, Matroimaur-, possibly to PGmc *mauraz "ant" or Latin maurus "Moor": Mauran, Maurentan, Maurican, Mauronmedum-, to PGmc *medumaz "middling, moderate": Medumamer-, mir-, mar-, to PGmc *mērjaz "famous": Margilli, Merila, Meroildi, Mervigius, Mira, Mirella, Mirellus, Miro, Mirosinda, Mirualdomod-, mud-, to PGmc *mōdaz "anger, wrath": Modericus, Moderido, Modildus, Modilli, Mudario, Mudilamun-, mon-, to PGmc *muniz "thought": Monefonsus, Monobredo, Munisclusmund-, mond-, to PGmc *mundō "protection": Monderico, Mondoi, Mundellus, Mundila, Mundildus, Mundinus, Mundusnand-, nant-, to PGmc *nanþaz "bold, courageous": Nandamundus, Nandaricus, Nandinus, Nandoi, Nandulfo, Nandus, Nantemiro, Nantildonaust-, to PGmc *naustą "a ship-shed, boathouse": Naustus, Naustilaneu-, nu-, to PGmc *neujaz "new": Nuilla, Nuillo, Neufilanit-, to PGmc *nīþaz "hatred" or *niþjaz "kinsman": Nitigisiusnot-, to PGmc *nauthiz "need": Notariusof-, to PGmc *ubjōn "abundance": Offa, Ofila, Offiloold-, to PGmc *hulþaz "kind, clement": Olda, Oldaricusopp-, possibly to PGmc *ōbjanan "to celebrate solemnly" : Oppa, Oppilaosd-, to PGmc *huzdan "treasure": Osdulfuspant-, to PGmc *pandan "pledge" or *banti "district": Pantardus, Panto, Pantinuspap-, pep- no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *pipo "A pipe or flute; a wind instrument." or Latin pāpiliō "butterfly, moth": Papellus, Papitus, Pappinus, Pappo, Pepi, Pipericus, Pipinuspenn-, pen- possibly to Latin penna "feather": Penetrudia, Penus, Penninorad-, rat-, to PGmc *rēdaz "advice": Rademirus, Rademundus, Radesindus, Radulfus, Ratario, Retericusragi-, ragn-, to PGmc *raginą "advice, decision": Ragesenda, Ragesindus, Ragian, Ragifredo, Ragimiru, Ragito, Ragolfus, Raiola, Raiolo, Reginaldus, Reimondus, Reirigusrak-, to PGmc *rakan "reason, talk" or *wrakaz "pursuer": Rakericusram-, to PGmc *rammaz "strong; ram": Ramila, Ramon, Ramulorana-, rani-, probably to PGmc *rannjanan "to run": Ranarius, Ranemira, Ranemirus, Ranemundus, Ranilo, Ranisclus, Raniverga, Raniverta, Ranivertus, Ranosenda, Ranosindus, Ranualdus, Ranulfusrand-, rant-, to PGmc *randaz "shield": Randemirus, Randili, Randinus, Rando, Randuarius, Randulfus, Rendericusraup-, to PGmc *raupjanan "to plunder, to spoil": Raupariusrec-, req-, ric-, to PGmc *rīkjaz "mighty, noble": Recaredus, Reccafredus, Recebrida, Recedrudia, Recelli, Recemera, Recemirus, Recemundus, Recesenda, Recesindus, Recesuinda, Recesuindus, Rechiarius, Recilli, Requilli, Recinus, Recualdus, Regaulfus, Reicionda, Rekeritus, Requefonsus, Rezevera, Ricardo, Riquila, Riquilo, Riquilodo, Riquoiref-, to PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": Refulforem-, to PGmc *remez "rest, calmness": Remegildus, Remesario, Remesilli, Remesindus, Remestro, Remismundus, Remisol, Rimiondarest-, to PGmc *ristiz "rising up": Restericusrod-, rud-, to PGmc *hrōþaz "fame": Rodemirus, Rodevertus, Rodosildi, Rodougus, Roelindus, Rouvredo, Rudericus, Rudesindus, Rudila, Rudilorom-, rum-, to PGmc *hrōmaz "fame": Romarigus, Romila, Rumariosala-, to PGmc *salaz 'hall, dwelling': Salamirus, Salamarus, Sallasand-, sant-, to PGmc *sanþaz "truth, justice": Sandinus, Sando, Santimirussar-, to PGmc *sarwan "arm, armament": Saroi, Saruillisax-, to PGmc *sahsan "knife" and *sahxōn "Saxon": Saxo, Seixomirscap-, to PGmc *skapan "vessel": Scapascarc-, to PGmc *skalkaz "servant; sword": Scarcilascer-, to PGmc *skīriz "pure": Scerinussed-, to PGmc *seduz "custom": Sedinosedeg-, to PGmc *sedīgaz "well-bred, well-behaved": Sedegesseg-, sag-, sig-, to PGmc *segez "victory": Sagatus, Sagildo, Sagulfus, Segemundus, Segesindo, Segestro, Segga, Segika, Segimarus, Segioi, Segomirus, Seguinus, Sigeberto, Sigefrida, Sigeredus, Sigericus, Sigesgundia, Sigesinda, Sigila, Sigu, Segiosel-, to PGmc *sēliz "good, kind": Selmirus, Seloiselv-, to PGmc *selbaz "self": Selvas, Selvatussen-, sin-, to PGmc *senaz "ever, old": Senatrudia, Seniberta, Senildi, Senuita, Senuldo, Sinerta, Sinifredussend-, sent-, to PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": Senda, Sendamirus, Sendello, Sendericus, Senderiga, Sendina, Sendinus, Sendoi, Sendon, Sendredus, Senduitu, Sendulfus, Senta, Sentarius, Sindamundus, Sindi, Sindigis, Sindila, Sindileuba, Sindilo, Sindiverga, Sindo, Sinduaraser-, to PGmc *swēraz "valued, honoured": Seririgo, Serulfus, Servaldussigunt-, to PGmc *sebunþōn "seventh": Sigunterigosis-, ses-, possibly related to Old High German sisu "funerary song, ritual": Sescutus, Sesericus, Sesina, Sesmiro, Sesmundo, Sesoi, Sesuito, Sisa, Sisebutus, Sisegundia, Sisellus, Sisildus, Sisileova, Sisilli, Sisilu, Sisinus, Sisiverta, Sisiverto, Sisivigia, Sisnandus, Sisualdo, Sisuita, Sisuldus, Sisulfus, Zisilasit-, to PGmc *setan "seat": Sitagellus, Siti, Sitividissmer-, to PGmc *smerwōn "fat": Smerlosontr-, suntr-, to PGmc *sunþrjaz "southern": Sontrilli, Suntriaspan-, to PGmc *spananan "to lead": Spanaricu, Spanarius, Spanilo, Spanosendo, Spanubridaspand-, possibly to *spannanan "to join": Spandaricusspar-, to PGmc *sparwaz "sparrow": Espallo, Sparuildisperaut-, to PGmc *spreutanan "to sprout": Sperautanspint-, to PGmc *spenþa "fat": Spintilo, Spintinospod-, possibly to PGmc *spōdiz "prosperity, success": Spodemiro, Spoderigostan-, to PGmc *stainaz "stone": Stanildistod-, possibly to PGmc *stōdą "a herd of horses": Stodildistrouc-, to PGmc *streukanan "to stroke": Stroucosuab-, sab-, sav-, sev-, to PGmc *swēbaz "Suebian": Sabaredus, Sabegoto, Sabila, Sabita, Sabitus, Savaracus, Savaricus, Savegodus, Savildi, Savoy, Sevegildo, Suabas, Suavarsue-, to PGmc *swe- "own": Sueredus, Suimirussund-, sunt-, to PGmc *sunþiz "south": Sundemirus, Suntariussuni-, seni-, sani-, soni-, to PGmc *sunjō "truth": Sanigia, Seniaredus, Seniulfus, Sonegildus, Songimera, Soniaricus, Sonifreda, Sonita, Suniagisclus, Suniarius, Suniemirus, Sunila, Sunildi, Sunilo, Sunitussunn-, to PGmc *sunnan "sun": Sonnatanc-, to PGmc *þankaz "favor, grace": Tancila, Tancinus, Tancus, Tanquillitanth-, to PGmc *tanþz "tooth": Tandustat-, zaz-, to PGmc *taitaz "radiant; bright": Tata, Tatina, Zazitus, Zazoteg-, to PGmc *þegnaz "thane, freeman": Tegila, Tegino, Tegio, Tegitusteq-, possibly to PGmc *tēkaną "to touch, to grasp" or *tehwō "order, array" via alteration of H to K: Tequilo, Texilliteud-, teod-, tod-, ted-, to PGmc *þeudō "nation" and *þeudanaz "king": Teadario, Tederona, Tedoy, Teobaldus, Teoda, Teodefredo, Teodegildo, Teodegondia, Teodemirus, Teodemundus, Teodenandus, Teoderados, Teoderago, Teoderedus, Teodericus, Teodesinda, Teodesindus, Teodeverga, Teodiberta, Teodila, Teodildi, Teodilo, Teodinus, Teodisclus, Teodiu, Teodoriga, Teodulfus, Teton, Teudecutus, Teudisila, Theodivertus, Tiotevadus, Todegia, Todegogia, Toduldo, Tota, Tudiscaisumtit-, tet-, to PGmc *taitōn "little boy": Tetina, Titilators-, turis-, to PGmc *þursaz "giant": Torsario, Turisulfustrad-, to PGmc þrēdaz "quick": Tradus, Tradinustras-, to PGmc *þrasō "move, fight": Tracinus, Trasaricus, Trasarius, Trasavara, Trasendus, Trasido, Trasilli, Trasiuadus, Trasmira, Trasmiro, Trasmondo, Trasoi, Trassemutus, Trasuarius, Trasuinda, Trasulfustrast-, to PGmc *traustaz "strong": Trastalo, Trastelus, Trastemiro, Trastidia, Trastina, Trastulfus, Trastivigiatrevu-, to PGmc *trewwaz "faithful": Trevuleustruct- to *druhtiz "people, army" and druhtīnaz "lord, master": Tructinus, Tructa, Tructemiro, Tructemondo, Tructericus, Tructesinda, Tructesindus, Tructilli, Tructus, Truitellus, Truiterotrud-, to PGmc *drūdaz "friend, beloved": Truda, Trudigildus, Trudildi, Trudilo, Trudina, Trudinus, Trudulfustund-, tunt-, to PGmc *tunþuz "tooth": Tumtuldo, Tundulfus, Tuntilaun-, on-, to PGmc *hūnaz "cub" and "Hun": Uniscus, Unisco, Onaredus, Onegilda, Onegildo, Onemirus, Onesindus, Onildi, Unilli, Onoricus, Onosinda, Unemundus, Unileus, Unillavad-, guad-, to PGmc *wadaz "ford": Guadla, Uaduuara, Vadamundus, Vademirusvala-, guala-, quala-, to PGmc *walaz "the slain, battlefield" or *walhaz "Celt": Gualamarius, Gualamira, Gualamirus, Qualatrudia, Qualavara, Valariusvamb-, to PGmc *wambō "belly": Vambavand-, guand-, to PGmc *wanduz "wand, rod": Guanadildi, Guandila, Guandilo, Guantaldus, Vandino, Vuandaven-, guin-, to PGmc *weniz "friend": Guina, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guinusvenet-, guend-, vened-, genit-, to PGmc *wenedaz "Vendian, Slav": Genitigia, Guendo, Venedario, Venetricusver-, to PGmc *wērō "pledge; true": Vera, Vermundus, Veremudusvia-, possibly to PGmc *wīhan "temple": Viaricus, Viamundusvidr-, vedr-, quitr-, to PGmc *wiþra "against": Quitre, Vederoi, Vedragese, Vedrailli, Vidragildus, Vidraldus, Vidramirusvidub-, to PGmc *widuwaz "widowed": Vidubasvig-, veg-, to PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": Uegitus, Vigila, Vigilli, Vigilo, Vigiltu, Vigoyvil-, guil-, quil-, to PGmc *weljōn "will": Guiliberto, Quella, Uiliaredus, Uilloi, Gilloi, Vilesinda, Viliamirus, Vilian, Viliaricu, Viliarius, Viliatus, Viliefredus, Vilifonsus, Viligus, Vilitro, Viliulfus, Vilivado, Villavaria, Villelmus, Villisendo, Villovim- to PGmc *wīgą "fight, battle": Guimarigus, Uimaredus, Viman, Vimaravinc-, to PGmc *wenkjanan "to move sideways, to avoid": Venze, Vincilavis-, ius-, to PGmc *wesuz "good": Iusuandus, Uisulfus, Usegildus, Visaldus, Visaridus, Viselluvisand-, to PGmc *wisundaz "bison": Visandusvist-, iust-, to PGmc *westan "west": Iusterigo, Iustiarius, Iustila, Vistemundo, Vistesinda, Iustesenda, Vistiberga, Vistisclo, Vistivara, Wistizvistr-, iustr-, to PGmc *westraz "westward": Iustri, Uistrello, Uistrileuba, Vestregoti, Visterla, Visterlo, Vistragildus, Vistramundi, Vistraricus, Vistrarius, Vistravara, Vistravarius, Vistregia, Vistremiro, Vistresindus, Vistrevius, Vistrildi, Vistresilli, Vistroivit-, to PGmc *witan "knowledge": Uita, Vidila, Vitinus, Vitisclusvitt-, vict, to PGmc *witjan "comprehension": Uiti, Uittina, Victemirus, Victericus, Vitarius, Vitas, Vitila, Vitildus, Vitiza, Vittimeroviv, oyv-, to PGmc *wīban "wife, woman": Oyeuio, Vivildusviz-, quiz-, unclear etymology, the alteration of v to qu suggests that the original word started with an hw- cluster, possibly to PGmc *hwis "to hiss, to rush, make a rushing sound": ''Quizino, Viza, Vizamundus, Vizila, Vizoi''

Feminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:-berta, -verta, PGmc *berhtō "bright": Aliverta, Raniverta, Sisiverta, Teodiverta-berga, -verga, PGmc *bergō "shelter": Aliverga, Astriverga, Gundiverga, Ildiverga, Kindiverga, Raniverga, Sindiverga, Teodeverga, Viscaverga, Vistiberga-drudia/-trudia, PGmc *drūd-jō "friend, beloved": Alatrudia, Aniedrudia, Ansetrudia, Dagadrudia, Entrudi, Ermedrudia, Guntedrudia, Penetrudia, Qualatrudia, Recedrudia, Senatrudia-fara, PGmc *farō "journey": Ermefara-freda/-breda/-brida/-vrida, PGmc *friþ-ō "peace": Alifreda, Alobrida, Ansobrida, Belavrida, Genobreda, Gundebrida, Mectubrida, Recebrida, Sigefrida, Sonifreda, Spanubrida-fonsa, PGmc *funs-ō "eager, ready": Argifonsa-go, PGmc *gauj-ō "region, district": Ermego-geba/-geva, PGmc *gebō "gift": Argeva, Frogeva, Gudigeba, Gundigeva-gelda, PGmc *geld-ō "reward": Kagilda, Onegilda-isila, -gīsl-ō "hostage, sprout": Teudisila-goto/-godo, PGmc *gaut-ō "Goth woman": Astrogoto, Ermegoto, Goldregodo, Leovegoto, Sabegoto, Vestregoti-cuntia/-cundia/-guntia/-gundia/-gunza/-onda, PGmc *gunþ-jō "fight": Adegundia, Alaguntia, Ansiunda, Aragunti, Astragundia, Bergundi, Ebragundia, Eigonza, Eldegundia, Ermegundia, Fradegundia, Helaguntia, Ildoncia, Leodegundia, Menegundia, Reicionda, Rimionda, Sigesgundia, Siseguntia, Teodogoncia, Treitegundia-ildi, -illi, PGmc *heldiz "battle": Abronilli, Amalilli, Ansuildi, Argenilli, Aruildi, Astruildi, Aurilli, Barsilli, Barilli, Berildi, Berosildi, Bonilde, Brunildi, Desteilli, Donadildi, Ebrildi, Ebrailli, Ermildi, Framilli, Fremosilli, Frogildi, Fronildi, Fronosili, Frumildi, Ganilli, Gasuildi, Gaudilli, Genildi, Ionilde, Getilli, Gogilli, Guanadildi, Guananildi, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Gutilli, Ibilli, Leovilli, Manildi, Manusildi, Margilli, Meitilli, Meroildi, Modilli, Onildi, Unilli, Randili, Recilli, Requilli, Remesilli, Rodosildi, Saruilli, Sarilli, Savildi, Senildi, Sisilli, Sontrilli, Sparuildi, Stanildi, Stodildi, Sunildi, Tanquilli, Tenildi, Teodildi, Texilli, Trasilli, Trasuildi, Tructilli, Trudildi, Vedrailli, Vergilli, Vigilli, Vistrildi, Vistresilli-leuba, -leova, PGmc *leub-ō "beloved": Adileova, Ansileova, Argileuva, Asileva, Astileuva, Eileuva, Ermileuva, Froiloba, Gudileuva, Manileuva, Sindileuba, Sisileova, Uistrileuba-mira, -mera, PGmc *mēr-ō "famous, excellent": Gesmira, Germira, Giudimira, Gualamira, Ketemera, Ranemira, Recemera, Songimera, Trasmira-nanda, PGmc *nanþ-ō "bold, courageous": Fredenanda, Gadenanda, Godenanda, Gondenanda-rica, PGmc *rīk-ō "ruler": Odorica, Senderiga, Teodoriga-rotis, PGmc *rōt-iz "glad, cheerful": Gunterotis-rona, PGmc *rūnō "mystery, secret": Gunderona, Leoverona, Tederona-senda, -sinda, PGmc *senþ-ō "companion" or *swenþ-ō "strong": Adosinda, Arosinda, Audesinda, Bertosinda, Cenusenda, Eldesinda, Ermesinda, Eudisinda, Fredesinda, Froisenda, Fromosinda, Godesinda, Guisenda, Goysenda, Leovesenda, Manosenda, Mirosinda, Obstrisinda, Onosinda, Orosinda, Peruisenda, Ragesenda, Ranosenda, Recesenda, Sigesinda, Teodesinda, Tructesinda, Vilesinda, Vistesinda, Iustesenda-suenda, -suinda, PGmc *swenþ-ō "strong": Recesuinda, Trasuinda-vara, PGmc *warō "care, attention; possession": Astruara, Bertuara, Ilduara, Mansuara, Qualavara, Rezevera, Sinduara, Trasavara, Uaduuara, Visclavara, Villavaria, Vistivara, Vistravara-vera, PGmc *wērō "pledge, plight": Gelvira, Gundivera-vigia, -igia, PGmc *wīg-jō "fighter": Genitigia, Godoigia, Guntuigia, Sanigia, Sisivigia, Trastivigia, Vistregia-vita, -vidis, probably related to PGmc *witjan "knowledge, comprehension": :Senuita, Sisuita, Sitividis
Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include: -alo: Facalo, Trastalo-ilo : Acilo, Andilo, Anilo, Ansilo, Ardilo, Argilo, Berilo, Bitilo, Cisilo, Dadilo, Egilo, Ailo, Emilo, Esmerlo, Espallo, Fagilo, Faquilo, Frankilo, Froilo, Frunilo, Genilo, Genlo, Geodilo, Gracilo, Granilo, Guandilo, Gudilo, Gundilo, Gutilo, Itilo, Liuvilo, Nisilo, Nuillo, Nunnilo, Quintilo, Ranilo, Riquilo, Rudilo, Sindilo, Sisilu, Spanilo, Spintilo, Sunilo, Tafila, Teodilo, Tequilo, Trudilo, Vigilo, Visterlo-ina: Bagina, Baquina, Berina, Fandina, Frogina, Gavina, Gendina, Getina, Gogina, Guntina, Gutina, Lallina, Nunnina, Sendina, Sesina, Tanina, Tidina, Tetina, Trastina, Trudina, Vergina, Zanina-ita : Acita, Cagita, Farita, Gomita, Nunnita, Sabita, Sonita-ella: Farella, Gondella, Mirella, Nunella

Masculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:-badus, -vadus, PGmc *badwō "fight": Argevadus, Gisvado, Gundivadus, Tiotevadus, Trasiuadus, Vilivado-baldus, -valdus, PGmc *balþaz "bold": Gundivaldo, Teobaldus-bertus, -vertus, PGmc *berhtaz "bright": Alivertus, Ansvertus, Argeberto, Audibertus, Eldivertus, Filivertus, Fridiverto, Geodevertus, Gidiberto, Gugivertus, Guiliberto, Idiverto, Leoverto, Ranivertus, Rodevertus, Sigeberto, Sisiverto, Theodivertus-butus, PGmc *bōtō "profit, usefulness": Sisebutus-fredus, -fridus, -bredus, -vredus, PGmc *friþuz "peace": Alliefredus, Argifredus, Audofredo, Erdebredo, Ermefredo, Geodefredo, Gisovredus, Godefredus, Gundebredo, Ildebredus, Leodefredus, Monobredo, Osobredus, Ostrofredo, Ragifredo, Reccafredus, Rouvredo, Sinifredus, Teodefredo, Viliefredus, Visclafredo-funsus, -fonsus, -bonsus, PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": Adefonsus, Andifonso, Argefonsus, Belfonsus, Erifonsus, Ildefonsus, Monefonsus, Requefonsus, Vilifonsus-fortis, probably Latin fortis "strong": Gundifortis-gis, -ges, -geses, -garius, PGmc *gaizaz "spear": Adeqisio, Astragis, Eldegeses, Ermegis, Felgirus, Gudegisus, Heremigarium, Leodegisius, Nitigisius, Sindigis, Tudiscaisum, Vedragese-gaster, -bastus, PGmc *gastiz "guest": Adegaster, Albiaster, Algaster, Ardabastus, Argivastro, Donagastro, Leodegasti-gotus, -godus, PGmc *gautaz "Goth": Eldegotus, Ermegotus, Leubegutus, Savegodus, Sescutus, Teudecutus, Visigotus-gogia, PGmc *gaujan "district": Todegogia-gildus, -ildus, PGmc *geld-az "reward": Anagildus, Aquisildus, Atanagildus, Cagildo, Daildus, Donegildus, Egildus, Agildus, Engildus, Ermegildus, Fagildus, Falgildus, Fredilli, Fromildus, Frugildus, Gaudilti, Geodegildus, Goldegildo, Leovegildus, Megildus, Modildus, Mundildus, Nantildo, Onegildo, Pabregildus, Pederagildu, Remegildus, Sagildo, Sevegildo, Sisildus, Sitagellus, Sonegildus, Tarildus, Teodegildo, Tudeildus, Trenelldus, Trudigildus, Uanagildi, Usegildus, Vidragildus, Vigiltu, Vistragildus, Vitildus, Vivildus-gisclus, -isclus, to -gīslaz "hostage, sprout": Fredisclus, Guntiesclo, Hermecisclus, Indisclus, Iuuisclus, Kedisilo, Munisclus, Odisclus, Ranisclus, Suniagisclus, Teodisclus, Vistisclo, Vitisclus-ardus, PGmc *harduz "hard": Ianardo, Pantardus, Ricardo-arius, PGmc *harjaz "army, host": Adarius, Agarius, Alarius, Amedeiro, Andiarius, Ascarius, Atarius, Aunarius, Baltarius, Bazarius, Belesarius, Bertarius, Cufarius, Donazarius, Ermiarius, Fredario, Frumarius, Gaifarius, Gitarius, Gualdarius, Guldarius, Gulfarius, Gumarius, Gundarius, Iubarius, Iustiarius, Leodarius, Lotarius, Magnarius, Mudario, Notarius, Olcarius, Quitarius, Ranarius, Ratario, Rauparius, Rechiarius, Remesario, Rumario, Sentarius, Spanarius, Suavarius, Suniarius, Suntarius, Teadario, Torsario, Trasarius, Truitero, Uandalarius, Valarius, Venedario, Viliarius, Visclario, Vistrarius, Vitarius-atus, PGmc *haþuz "war": Alvatus, Andeatus, Astratus, Eugienadus, Ganati, Gomadus, Guanatus, Guntato, Iuvatus, Sagatus, Selvatus, Viliatus-elmus, PGmc *helmaz "helm": Villelmus-leus, PGmc *hlewaz "renown": Eilleus, Trevuleus, Unileus-ramnus, PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": Gunderamnus-ringus, -lenco, PGmc *hrengaz "ring": Froaringus, Fralenko-licus, PGmc *laikaz "dance, game, battle": Ivolicus-lindus, PGmc *lenþaz "gentle, mild": Ermelindus, Roelindus, Teodelindus-leobo, -levo, PGmc *leubaz "dear": Adileobo, Andilevo-marius, -marus, PGmc mērjaz "great, famous": Ansemarus, Astremarus, Baldemarius, Gresumarus, Gualamarius, Gundemarus, Gutumarus, Leudemarus, Salamarus, Segimarus, Zamarius-madus, PGmc *maþ- "good": Agimadus-mirus, -mero, PGmc *mērjaz "famous, excellent": Acimiro, Adimirus, Agromirus, Alamiro, Aldemirus, Ansemirus, Antemirus, Ariamiro, Argemirus, Artemiro, Aumiro, Bademirus, Baldemirus, Baudemirus, Belmirus, Bertamirus, Bonimiro, Cartemiro, Caudemirus, Cendamiro, Crescemirus, Crodemirus, Dacamiro, Damiro, Docemiro, Dulcemirus, Eimirus, Eldemirus, Engomirus, Ermemirus, Felmiro, Framiro, Francemirus, Franomiro, Fredemiro, Frumirus, Gademiro, Geldemirus, Gelmiro, Geodemirus, Gesmiro, Godemiro, Gualamirus, Guimirus, Guldremirus, Gulfemirus, Guntemirus, Gutemirus, Karmirus, Leodemiro, Leomirus, Nantemiro, Odamirus, Onemirus, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Quidemirus, Rademirus, Ragimiru, Randemirus, Ranemirus, Recemirus, Rodemirus, Salamirus, Santimirus, Saxomirus, Segomirus, Selmirus, Sendamirus, Sesmiro, Spodemirus, Suimirus, Sulfemirus, Sundemirus, Suniemirus, Teodemirus, Trasmiro, Trastemiro, Tructemiro, Vademirus, Victemirus, Vidramirus, Viliamirus, Visclamirus, Vistremiro, Vittimero-modus, PGmc *mōdaz "courage, anger, wrath": Trassemutus, Vermudus-mundus, *mundaz "protection, guardianship": Ansemondus, Argemondo, Arumundo, Asemondus, Astramondus, Atalamondo, Badamundus, Camundus, Damondus, Dolcemondus, Eldemundus, Fredamundus, Gemundus, Geodemondo, Gismundus, Germundus, Godomundus, Gomundus, Gontemondus, Goymundus, Guimundus, Gutemondo, Hermundus, Itimondo, Keremondus, Leodemundo, Nandamundus, Odemundus, Olemundus, Rademundus, Ranemundus, Recemundus, Reimondus, Remismundus, Rosamundus, Segemundus, Sesmundo, Sindamundus, Teodemundus, Trasmondo, Tructemondo, Unemundus, Vadamundus, Viamundus, Visclamundus, Vistemundo, Vistramundi, Vizamundus, Zamondo-nandus, PGmc *nanþ-az "bold, courageous": Bretenandus, Ermenandus, Euvenandus, Fredenandus, Gudenandus, Ketenando, Reinantus, Riquinandus, Sisnandus, Teodenandus, Vittinandus-redus, -radus, -ridus, PGmc *rēdaz "advice": Aderedus, Alderedus, Anseredo, Argeredus, Asoredus, Astredo, Balderedo, Dagaredus, Egeredus, Enaredus, Engoredus, Evorido, Falderedo, Fateredus, Fraredus, Fulcaredus, Goldredo, Gomaredus, Guderedus, Gunderedo, Kenderedus, Leoveredus, Malaredus, Moderido, Onaredus, Osoredo, Provaredo, Recaredus, Sabaredus, Sendredus, Seniaredus, Sigeredus, Sueredus, Teoderedus, Uiliaredus, Uimaredus, Visaridus-ricus, PGmc *rīkz "ruler, lord": Accaricus, Aderico, Alaricus, Aldericus, Aliaricus, Alvaricus, Andericus, Ansericus, Ardericus, Argericus, Ascarigus, Asparigus, Asterigo, Atanaricus, Atericus, Balderico, Betericus, Bliviaricus, Brandericus, Censerigus, Iensericus, Coniaricus, Desterigus, Domerigo, Eburicus, Eimericus, Eirigu, Elperico, Engorigus, Ermericus, Fredericus, Fromaricus, Fruaricus, Gauderigus, Geserigus, Getericus, Gildaricus, Golfarico, Gomarigus, Guderigo, Guimarigus, Guiricus, Gulderigus, Gunderigus, Ilderigus, Ionarico, Iusterigo, Iuvericus, Leoderigus, Leoverigus, Magnaricus, Malaricus, Matericus, Modericus, Monderico, Nandaricus, Odericus, Onoricus, Osorico, Ausarigus, Pipericus, Quidericus, Rakericus, Reirigus, Rendericus, Restericus, Retericus, Romarigus, Rudericus, Savaricus, Sendericus, Seririgo, Sesericus, Sigericus, Sigunterigo, Soniaricus, Spanaricu, Spandaricus, Spoderigo, Teodericus, Trasaricus, Tructericus, Turpericus, Venetricus, Vendericus, Genitrigus, Viaricus, Victericus, Viliaricu, Vistraricus-racus, PGmc *rakaz "straight": Savaracus, Teoderago-rote, PGmc *rōtaz "glad": Ermerote-sendus, -sindus, PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": Adelasindo, Adesindus, Andosindus, Ardesendus, Argesindus, Arosindus, Auresindus, Ausendus, Badosindus, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Baldesindo, Baudesindus, Berosindus, Bonesindus, Eisindus, Eldesindus, Ermosindus, Evosindo, Floresindus, Fortesindus, Fredosindus, Froisendus, Fromosindus, Gaudesindo, Geodesindus, Gitesindus, Gomesindo, Gotesendus, Gudesindus, Guisindus, Gundesindus, Leodesindo, Leovesindus, Manosindus, Marcosendus, Onesindus, Quedesendo, Kedesendo, Radesindus, Ragesindus, Ranosindus, Recesindus, Remesindus, Rudesindus, Segesindo, Spanosendo, Storesindo, Teodesindus, Trasendus, Tructesindus, Villisendo, Vistresindus, Zendasindo-scalcus, PGmc *skalkaz "servant": Gundiscalcus-suendo, -suindo, PGmc *swenþaz "strong": Reccesuindus-teus, -deus, -dius, PGmc *þewaz "servant": Ansedeus, Arnadius, Engladius, Filisteus, Gudesteus-ualdus, -aldus, -gualdus, -allo, PGmc *waldaz "ruler, mighty": Ansuallo, Anualdus, Ardaldus, Arnaldus, Arualdus, Astualdu, Avaldus, Barvaldus, Bernaldus, Bidualdus, Ensaldus, Ermaldus, Fredoaldus, Fromaldus, Giraldus, Gomaldo, Gontualdo, Grimaldus, Guantaldus, Leovaldo, Manualdus, Mirualdo, Otualdo, Ranualdus, Recualdus, Reginaldus, Servaldus, Sisualdo, Trasoldi, Vidraldus, Visaldus-uarius, -oarius, PGmc *warjaz "inhabitant, defender": Alduarius, Ansuario, Astruario, Freduarius, Oduarius, Osoarius, Randuarius, Trasuarius, Vistravarius-oindus, PGmc *wendaz "wind": Aloindo, Eindu, Fredoindus-oynus, PGmc *weniz "friend": Odoynus-uerco, related to PGmc *werkan "work": Aliverko, Eldivercus-uigio, -uigus, PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": Audugus, Baldoigius, Eldoigius, Ermoygius, Eroigius, Erigio, Guntigio, Leodeuigus, Mervigius, Rodougus, Viligus, Vistrevius-oytus, -vitus, probably related to PGmc *witōn "wise": Aldroitus, Aloitus, Argevitus, Senduitu, Sesuito-ulfus, -gulfus, PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": Adaulfus, Ataulfus, Agiulfus, Agrivulfum, Aliulfus, Andulfus, Ansiulphus, Anulfo, Ardulfus, Ariulfus, Arnulfo, Asarulfo, Asculfo, Asiulfus, Astrulfus, Astulfus, Aulfus, Berulfus, Betrulfus, Brandiulfus, Ebregulfus, Endulfus, Ermulfo, Eruulfus, Fardulfus, Fradiulfus, Fredulfus, Fregulfus, Frogiulfo, Gandulfo, Gardulfus, Gaulfus, Geodulfus, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Gigulfo, Gomulfus, Gresulfo, Gudilulfo, Gundulfo, Ildulfus, Kendulfus, Leodulfus, Mandulfo, Maniulfus, Manulfus, Meitulfus, Nandulfo, Osdulfus, Quedulfus, Radulfus, Ragolfus, Randulfus, Ranulfus, Refulfo, Regaulfus, Sagulfus, Sendulfus, Seniulfus, Serulfus, Sisulfus, Teodulfus, Trastulfus, Trasulfus, Trudulfus, Tundulfus, Turisulfus, Uisulfus, Venariufi, Viliulfus-uldus, -guldus, PGmc *wulþuz "splendor": Arebuldo, Atauldus, Ebreguldus, Framuldo, Frineguldus, Fronuldo, Gebuldus, Itaultus, Senuldo, Sisuldus, Toduldo, Tumtuldo
Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:-eca, -ica : Abrecan, Adica, Audeca, Begica, Egica, Elleca, Gagica, Segika-ila : Adila, Andila, Anila, Ansila, Attila, Audila, Azilane, Badila, Baldila, Becilla, Bergila, Berila, Blandila, Brandila, Butila, Cixila, Crizila, Cutella, Dadila, Danila, Ducila, Egila, Agila, Emila, Ermila, Fafila, Fafia, Fagila, Fandila, Favila, Fradila, Framila, Frankila, Froila, Gandila, Gaudilani, Gavila, Gladila, Gramila, Guadla, Guandila, Gudila, Gulfila, Gumila, Gundila, Ikila, Itila, Iudila, Iustila, Iuvila, Keila, Kinquila, Ledla, Lubila, Magila, Manilla, Mantila, Martila, Massila, Mellilla, Merila, Mudila, Mugila, Mumila, Mundila, Naustila, Nuilla, Neufila, Nunnila, Ofila, Oila, Opila, Ossila, Quintila, Ramila, Riquila, Romila, Rudila, Sabila, Scarcila, Sigila, Sindila, Sunila, Tancila, Tegila, Teodila, Titila, Tuntila, Unilla, Vertila, Vidila, Vigila, Vincila, Visterla, Vitila, Vizila, Zisila-inus : Addalinus, Aldinus, Bagino, Baltino, Baquino, Batinus, Berinus, Bertinus, Blandinus, Boninus, Brandinus, Cartinus, Crescino, Dadinus, Dalinus, Eldinus, Evorinus, Fandinus, Farino, Favino, Fofino, Fonsinus, Fruginus, Frauino, Gandinus, Gaudinas, Gavinus, Gentino, Gendinus, Golinus, Guginus, Gulfinus, Gultinus, Guntinus, Gutinus, Haginus, Hamdino, Iubinus, Karinus, Lallinus, Lelino, Lubinus, Mandinus, Maninus, Matlinus, Muginus, Mundinus, Nandinus, Naninus, Nunninus, Odinus, Audinus, Pantinus, Pappinus, Pennino, Pipinus, Quizino, Randinus, Recinus, Sandinus, Scerinus, Sedino, Sendinus, Sisinus, Spintino, Suffini, Tancinus, Tanino, Tatina, Tetina, Tegino, Teodinus, Tracinus, Tradinus, Tructinus, Trudinus, Uittina, Uittinus, Vandino, Goandinus, Vitinus, Zanino-linus, -llinus: Abbelino, Adolinus, Francolino, Gundelinus, Iovellinus-itus : Cagitus, Carito, Crescitu, Donnitus, Froritum, Ganiti, Gegitus, Gogitus, Gumito, Guncitus, Iuvitus, Magitus, Magnitus, Manitus, Marcitus, Maxitus, Nannitus, Nonnitu, Papitus, Pegito, Pinnitus, Ragito, Sabitus, Sunitus, Sonnito, Tanitus, Atanitus, Tegitus, Trasido, Uegitus, Zanitus, Zazitus, Zenzitus -ellus : Betellus, Felellus, Francellus, Froiellus, Frumellus, Gigelus, Gumellus, Guntellus, Gutellus, Hermellus, Lubellus, Mannello, Mantellus, Mirellus, Mundellus, Nonellus, Papellus, Recelli, Sendello, Sisellus, Trastelus, Truitellus, Uistrello, Visellu, Zanellus
Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names:
-iza: Boniza, Wittiza
-istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro
Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:-ingaz: Amingus, Bellengus, Gardingus-iskaz: Vandaliscus "Vandal", Huniscus "Hun" -iskō: Hunisco "Hun"

Toponyms

Many of these names are also toponyms, usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property such as vila, vilar ''castro, casa, porta, agro, sa, busto, cabana, lama, fonte, pena, pomar and vale''. This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal:
b) Sigefredo, Gondomar, Arganil, Adães e Adufe ; hildis and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras ; for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths. Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa":
  • Adães to Athus= fight
  • Aldão to Aldonaci < Alds or Altheis
  • Aldarete to Alderedus
  • Adaúfe to Ulfe= wolf
  • Aldreu to Alde + reth < Alderedus
  • Santiago de Ribeira de Alhariz to Aliarici, genitive of Aliaricus
  • Alvarenga to Alfarr, from alfr + herr
  • Amonde to Monde= Protection
  • Arganil to Hargis= army
  • Armamar to Mar= Horse
  • Baltar to Baltarii, genitive of Baltharius
  • Dume to döm= church, cathedral
  • Escariz to Rico= Lord
  • Ermesinde to Sinde < sinth= military expedition
  • Esmoriz to Rico= Lord
  • Esposende to Sende= path
  • Fafiães
  • Freamunde to Mundis= protection
  • Germunde to Mundis= protection
  • Gudim to Suebian Goodwinn
  • Gomesende to Gumesindi, genitive of Gumesindus
  • Gondomar to Gundemari, genitive of Gundemarus
  • Gondim to Guntini, genitive of Guntinus
  • Guimarães to Vimaranis, to Weig-mar
  • São Paio de Merelim to Merelinus + uilla
  • Mondariz to Munderici, genitive of Mundericus
  • Mondim de Basto to Mundis + uilla
  • Redufe to Ulfe= wolf
  • Rendufe
  • Resende to Sende= path
  • Roriz to Rico= Lord, noble
  • Ruães to Rodanis, toponymic
  • Sandim to Sande= truthful
  • Sendim to Sende= path
  • Tagilde to Hildis= combat, fight
  • Tibães to Tibianes < Tibianis
  • Trasmil to thras= dispute, skirmish
  • Tresmonde to thras + mundis= skirmish-protection
  • Trouxemil to Miro= famous
Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern and central Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

  • Orel, Vladimir. Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden: Brill, 2003..
  • Köbler, Gerhard.. Germanisches Wörterbuch. On-line .
  • Kroonen, Guus.. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill, 2013..

Germanic personal names

  • Förstemanm, Ernst. . P. Hanstein: Bonn, 1900.
  • Fossner, Thorvald . . Uppsala, 1916.
  • Redin, Mats. . Uppsala, 1919.
  • Schönfeld, M.. . Heidelberg, 1911.
  • Searle, W. G.. . Cambridge: 1897.

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

  • Rivas Quintas, Elixio Onomástica persoal do noroeste hispano. Alvarellos: Lugo, 1991..
  • Boullón Agrelo, Ana I.. Antroponimia medieval galega . Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999..

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

  • Sachs, Georg Die germanischen Ortsnamen in Spanien und Portugal. Jena: Leipzig, 1932.
  • Piel, J. Os nomes germânicos na toponímia portuguesa. In vol. II-VII: Lisboa.
*

Forenames

  • Rodrigo= from Germanic Hrodric/Hrēðrīc/Rørik/Hrœrekr, from the Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīkaz; it was borne by the last of the Visigoth kings and is one of the most common Lusophone personal names of Germanic origin.

Surnames

  • Araújo, Araujo= toponymic, from Gothic 'Ruderic'
  • Zeller, VanZeller= Originally Flemish "Zellaer", in Portugal since the 13th century. From Germanic 'kellā̌ri',< Lat. 'cellārium'

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, most of Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic Emirate of Cordoba known as. During that period, although the local populations continued to speak Western Romance, and further south Mozarabic dialects; Arabic being the elite language, lent new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the Iberian Peninsula and the Western world in the Middle Ages.

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

  • alvenarias البناء