Pano-Tacanan languages


Pano-Tacanan is a proposed and generally accepted family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan, with 33 languages. There are lexical and grammatical similarities between the two branches, but it has not yet been demonstrated that these are genetic.
Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia.

Genealogical relations

Migliazza has presented lexical evidence in support of a genetic relationship between the Panoan and Yanomaman languages. He also suggests that a Panoan–Chibchan relationship is plausible.
Jolkesky also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawakan languages due to contact.

Comparison

Below is a list of lexical cognates shared between Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of the Pano and Takana branches. The two branches also share many basic cognate grammatical morphemes.
glossproto-Panoproto-Takanaproto-Pano-Takana
tree*hiwi*akwi**hegwi
tooth*ʂɨ-*t͡ʂe-**ʂɨ-
two*ɾa-ßɨta*beta**bɨta
liver*takwa*takwa**takwa
leaf*pɨʔi*pei ‘to fan’**pɨʔi
bone*ʂao*t͡ʂau**ʂau
tongue*hana*ana**hana
hand*mɨ-*me-**mɨ-
night*mɨtV*meta**mɨta
skin*ßitsi*biti**bitsi
fire*tsiʔi*ti**tsiʔi
knee*ɾã-*da**da-n
blood*himi*ami**hemi
breast*ʂo-*aṭṣu**aṣu
sun*ßari*badi ‘moon’**badi
I*ʔɨ*e**ʔɨ
you *mi*mi**mi
come*ßɨ- ‘come, bring’*be- ‘bring’**bɨ-
flesh*nami*ɾami**Nami
fat *ʂɨni*ṭṣeri**ṣɨNi
fingernail*mɨ̃-tsis*metiji**mɨ-tsizi
foot, leg*ta- ‘foot’*ta- ‘leg’**ta-
lip, edge*kwɨ-*kwe-**kwɨ ~ **kɨ-
cheek*tamo*tamu**tamu
mouth*kwɨʂa*kwat͡ʂa**kweʂa
elbow*βaȿ-*–batʂu**baṣu
howler monkey*ɾoʔo*duʔu**duʔu
mother*ɨwa*e-kwa**ɨ-kwa
big*ani*aɾi**aNi
flute*ɾɨwɨ*dewe**dɨwɨ
hole*kini*kani**keni