Northern Mansi

Northern Mansi is the sole surviving member of the Mansi languages, spoken in Russia in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Sverdlovsk Oblast.
Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and is the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. and have been backed to and.
This article focuses on the Severnaya Sosva dialect of Northern Mansi, considered the literary language.

Dialects

Dialects are named after the rivers their speakers originally lived next to. Mutual intelligibility between dialects can vary.

Sosva/Severnaya Sosva
Sygva
Upper Lozva
'''Ob'''

Differences

The main difference between dialects is phonetic, grammar is usually universal across the Northern Mansi, though vocabulary differences also occur.

Sosva dialect

Which could be considered the literary dialect of Northern Mansi, has several differentiating features:

The infinitive verb ending is, -ӈкве
It uses сь for the sound in its written form.

Sygva dialect

If the sound appears before or, it turns into, an example is two being '''тит'''

Upper Lozva dialect

It is the second most used dialect of Northern Mansi, after the Sosva dialect, its features consist of:

The infinitive verb ending is, -ӈкв
It uses щ for the ' sound in its written form.
The ' sound changes to ', in writing it is also changed from г' to 'й'''

Ob dialects

They don't have an official written form in Cyrillic writing, but their phonetic features include:

The absence of the ' sound, subsidized with a ' sound

Examples

Sosva: "Ханисьтан хум ханисьтаӈкве ха̄сыс, ханисьтахтын ня̄врам ханисьтахтуӈкве ат таӈхыс." — "A teacher could teach, but a student couldn’t study."
Upper Lozva: "А̄йирищум иӈ ма̄нь, но̄х-яныймаӈкв ат паты" - "My daughter is still small, she won't grow up."

Phonology

Consonants

The inventory presented here is a maximal collection of segments found across the Mansi varieties. Some remarks:

/ɕ/ is an allophone of /sʲ/.
The labialization contrast among the velars dates back to Proto-Mansi, but was in several varieties strengthened by labialization of velars adjacent to rounded vowels. In particular, Proto-Mansi *yK → Core Mansi *æKʷ.

Vowels

Northern Mansi has a largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short ** and having a very rare long :

	Full	Reduced
Close	¹,,
Mid		⁵
Open

Remarks:

ы/'и /i/ has a velar allophone before г' /ɣ/ and after х /x/.
Long occurs as a rare and archaic phonetic variant of /eː/, cf. э̄ти ~ ӣти
Long /eː/ and /oː/ can be pronounced as diphthongs and .
у /u/ is found in unstressed syllables before в /w/, in the infinitive suffix -ункве /uŋkʷe/ and in obscured compound words.
Reduced /ə/ becomes labialized or before bilabial consonants м /m/ and п /p/.

Alphabet

The highlighted letters, and Г with the value, are used only in names and loanwords. The allophones /ɕ/ and /sʲ/ are written with the letter Щ or the digraph СЬ respectively.

А а	А̄ а̄	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Е̄ е̄	Ё ё	Ё̄ ё̄	Ж ж
З з	И и	Ӣ ӣ	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	Ӈ ӈ	О о	О̄ о̄
П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ӯ ӯ	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш
Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ы̄ ы̄	Ь ь	Э э	Э̄ э̄	Ю ю	Ю̄ ю̄	Я я	Я̄ я̄

Grammar

Northern Mansi is an agglutinating, subject–object–verb language.

Article

One way to express a noun's definiteness in a sentence is with articles, and Northern Mansi uses two articles. The Indefinite is derived from the demonstrative pronominal word ань, the definite is derived from the number аква/акв ; ань, акв. They both are used before the defined word. And if their adverbial and numeral meanings are to be expressed; ань always stands before the verb or a word with a similar function and is usually stressed, акв behaves the same and is always stressed.
It's worth noting that the Northern Mansi newspaper, Lūimā sēripos, doesn't use the before-mentioned words as articles.
Definiteness can also be expressed by the third person singular possession marker, or in case of direct objects, using transitive conjugation. E.g. а̄мп → а̄мпе ; ха̄п → ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтас ≠ ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтастэ.

Nouns

There is no grammatical gender. Mansi distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number. Six grammatical cases exist. Possession is expressed using possessive suffixes, for example -ум, which means "my".

Grammatical cases, declining

There are 5 ways the case suffix can change.
Missing cases can be expressed using postpositions, such as халныл, саит, etc.

Possession

Possession is expressed with possessive suffixes, and the suffix change is determined by the last letter of a word.
There are 5 ways that the suffixes can change:

Verbs

Northern Mansi conjugation has three persons, three numbers, two tenses, and five moods. Active and passive voices exist.
There is no clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.
The verb can conjugate in a Definite and Indefinite way which depends on if the sentence has an object, which the action depicted by the verb refers to directly.

Personal suffixes

Personal suffixes are attached after the verbal marker. The suffixes are the following:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	-ум	-ме̄н	-в
2nd person	-ын	-ы̄н	-ы̄н
3rd person	-ø	-ø	-ыт

Tenses

Tenses are formed with suffixes except for the future.

Present tense

The tense suffix precedes the personal suffix. The form of the present tense suffix depends on the character of the verbal stem, as well as moods. Tense conjugation is formed with the suffixes -эг, -э̄г, -и, -э, -э̄, -г, or -в. In the following examples, the tense suffix is in bold and the personal ending is in italic.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	рӯпитэ̄гум	рӯпитыме̄н	рӯпитэ̄в
2nd person	рӯпитэ̄гын	рӯпитэгы̄н	рӯпитэгы̄н
3rd person	рӯпиты	рӯпитэ̄г	рӯпитэ̄гыт

The present tense suffix -э̄г is used if the following personal marker contains a consonant or a highly reduced vowel; the suffix -эг is used if the following personal marker has a stronger vowel, as it is the case in 2nd person dual and plural. 1st person dual has no tense marker but rather a ы' between the verb stem and personal ending.
Verb stems that end in a vowel, have -г as verbal marker. Verb stems that end with the vowel у have -в' as verbal marker.
3rd person dual has no personal ending. If the verbal stem ends in a vowel, the tense suffix becomes -ыг.
1st person plural personal ending is -в if the verbal stems ends in a consonant; the personal ending becomes -ув if the verbal stem ends in a vowel.

Past tense

The past tense suffix if the verb stem is monosylabalic is -ыс- and if the verb is polysyllabic it is -ас-:

Сяр ма̄ньлат каснэ хум Евгений Глызин о̄лыс.	The youngest participant in the competition was Jevgeni Glizin.
Ёська мо̄лхо̄тал урт рӯпитас.	Joseph worked at the mountain yesterday.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	рӯпитасум	рӯпитасаме̄н	рӯпитасув
2nd person	рӯпитасын	рӯпитасы̄н	рӯпитасы̄н
3rd person	рӯпитас	рӯпитасы̄г	рӯпита̄сыт

3rd person dual in past tense has a -ы̄г personal ending.
The 1st person plural personal suffix turns into -ув.

Future "tense"

To represent the Future, the verb патуӈкве is used as an auxiliary verb conjugated in the Present Indicative:

Тав кӯтювытыл рӯпитаӈкве паты.

He will work with dogs.

Definiteness

Verbs can conjugate two ways to show agreement with the sentence's object.

Indefinite conjugation

In Indefinite verb conjugations, no object is present. Any suffix does not represent it.

Definite conjugation

In Definite verb conjugations there are three ways the verb can represent the direct object's number.

Singular Object	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	рӯпитылум	рӯпитыламēн	рӯпитылув
2nd person	рӯпитылын	рӯпитылы̄н	рӯпитылы̄н
3rd person	рӯпитытэ	рӯпитытэ̄н	рӯпитыяныл

The singular object is expressed with the -ыл- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

Dual Object	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	рӯпитыягум	рӯпитыягмēн	рӯпитыягув
2nd person	рӯпитыягын	рӯпитыягы̄н	рӯпитыягы̄н
3rd person	рӯпитыяге	рӯпитыягēн	рӯпитыяга̄ныл

The dual object is expressed with the -ыяг- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.
Plural Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыянум рӯпитыянмēн рӯпитыянув
2nd person рӯпитыянын or
рӯпитыян
рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
3rd person рӯпитыянэ рӯпитыянанэ̄н or
рӯпитыянэ̄н
рӯпитыяна̄ныл or
рӯпитыя̄ныл

The plural object is expressed with the -ыян- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.
Moods
There are four moods: indicative, mirative, optative, imperative and conditional.
Indicative mood has no suffix. Imperative mood exists only in the second person. Optative and Imperative don't have tenses.
Mirative mood
Is a mood presented in the present indefinite by the -не suffix and by the -но in definite.
In the past tense it is represented by the -ам suffix, both in indefinite and definite.
Optative mood
The mood is represented by the -нӯв and -нув suffixes, determined by the vowel in the next suffix.
Imperative mood
It exists only in the second person, and in indefinite conjugation, it doesn't show any personal markers, and it is represented by the -эн and -э̄н suffixes.
Active/Passive voice
Verbs have active and passive voice. Active voice has no suffix; the suffix to express the passive is -ве-.
Verbal prefixes
Verbal prefixes are used to modify the meaning of the verb in both concrete and abstract ways.
э̄л – 'away'
юв – 'back'
хот – 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity'
та̄ртаӈкве 'to let, to allow' хот-та̄ртаӈкве 'to let go'
патуӈкве 'to fall' хот-патуӈкве 'to fall away'

Vocabulary
The vocabulary of the Mansi languages is distinguished by a fairly large number of forms for denoting concepts related to hunting, reindeer husbandry, fishing '. For example, there are about seven words are used to define different types of swamps. At the same time, the language almost lacks its socio-political vocabulary. To denote such concepts that appeared in the life of Mansi in the 20th century; compounding, derivation, and or borrowings were used. For example, "hospital" can be described by a borrowing пӯльница and derivation пусмалтан кол' literally "medicinal/curative house"''.
Words from extinct dialects could also be revitalized in the literary language
Noteworthy lexical items
Kinship terms
Northern Mansi differentiates between relatives based on from which side of the family they came from and also their relative age, for example:
maternal paternal
grandmother ане̄ква сясе̄ква
grandfather асёйка о̄па

maternal younger maternal older paternal younger paternal older unspecified age
uncle - - аки каӈк сасыг
aunt ный акв ӯвси акв -

Siblings are similarly differentiated to Hungarian and other Uralic languages:
younger elder unspecified
sister э̄сь ӯвси яга̄ги
brother а̄пси/кась каӈк ягпыг

Examples
Numbers
Whole and below ten numbers
Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв and кит.
The ма̄нь and яныг before 7 and 100 are there to differentiate between the two if both are in the same number or sentence; meaning small and big respectively.
Numbers between twenty and ten
The Mansi numbering system is different in this range than after twenty.
Here, you form a number with the word хуйп ;
# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
11 аквхуйплов tizenegy
15 атхуйплов tizenöt
19 онтоловхуйплов tizenkilenc

Therefore, аквхуйплов means "one over/above ten", in a similar way to other Uralic languages.
Numbers above twenty
Numbering in this range uses the word нупыл ;
# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
21 ва̄т нупыл аква huszonegy
31 налыман нупыл аква harmincegy
41 атпан нупыл аква negyvenegy
51 хо̄тпан нупыл аква ötvenegy
61 са̄тлов нупыл аква hatvanegy
71 нёлса̄т нупыл аква hetvenegy
81 онтырса̄т нупыл аква nyolcvanegy

Therefore, ва̄т нупыл аква means "Towards thirty with one".
Exepction can be found in the Ob dialects, where the postposition of нупыл isn't used;
# Ob Mansi Hungarian
21 ва̄тн аква huszonegy
31 налыманн аква harmincegy
41 атпанн аква negyvenegy
51 хо̄тпанн аква ötvenegy
61 са̄тловн аква hatvanegy
71 нёлса̄тн аква hetvenegy
81 онтырса̄тн аква nyolcvanegy
Numbers above ninety
Above 89, the postposition of нупыл isn't used;
# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
91 онтырса̄т аква kilencvenegy
95 онтырса̄т ат kilencvenöt
99 онтырса̄т онтолов kilencvenkilenc
Numbers above hundred
You just add the number after the biggest number;
# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
101 яныгса̄т аква százegy
111 яныгса̄т аквхуйплов száztizenegy
121 яныгса̄т ва̄т нупыл аква százhuszonegy
201 китса̄т аква kétszázegy
301 хурмса̄т аква háromszázegy
991 онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т аква kilencszázkilencvenegy

In the Ob dialect, the word denoting the number that counts approaches is suffixed with the -н, similarly when counting from 21 to 89.
# Ob Mansi Hungarian
101 китса̄тн аква százegy
111 китса̄тн аквхуйплов száztizenegy
121 китса̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква százhuszonegy
201 хӯрмса̄тн аква kétszázegy
301 ниласа̄тн аква háromszázegy
981 онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т нупыл аква kilencszázkilencvenegy

Ordinal numbering above 100
# Ob Mansi Hungarian
101 китыт са̄тн аква százegyedik
111 китыт са̄тн аквхуйплов száztizenegyedik
121 китыт са̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква százhuszonegyedik
201 хӯрмит са̄тн аква kétszázegyedik
301 нилат са̄тн аква háromszázegyedik

Media
Since 1989, the Lūimā sēripos newspaper has been the only and most prominent Mansi media. As of 2024, most articles on the, have their authors read the articles out loud, so people can not just read the news in their native language but listen to it as well. This initiative was taken as the UN declared 2022-2032 as the International Decade of Indigenous Languages.
said Галина Кондина the head editor of the newsagency.
The Gospel of Mark in Northern Mansi is available online on site, can also be found
Sample text
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Northern Mansi:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Northern Mansi:
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in English:

Plural Object	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	рӯпитыянум	рӯпитыянмēн	рӯпитыянув
2nd person	рӯпитыянын or рӯпит*ыян*	рӯпитыяны̄н or рӯпитыян	рӯпитыяны̄н or рӯпит*ыян*
3rd person	рӯпитыянэ	рӯпитыянанэ̄н or рӯпитыянэ̄н	рӯпитыяна̄ныл or рӯпитыя̄ныл

та̄ртаӈкве 'to let, to allow'	хот-та̄ртаӈкве 'to let go'
патуӈкве 'to fall'	хот-патуӈкве 'to fall away'

	maternal	paternal
grandmother	ане̄ква	сясе̄ква
grandfather	асёйка	о̄па

	maternal younger	maternal older	paternal younger	paternal older	unspecified age
uncle	-	-	аки	каӈк	сасыг
aunt	ный	акв	ӯвси	акв	-

	younger	elder	unspecified
sister	э̄сь	ӯвси	яга̄ги
brother	а̄пси/кась	каӈк	ягпыг

#	Northern Sosva Mansi	Hungarian
11	аквхуйплов	tizenegy
15	атхуйплов	tizenöt
19	онтоловхуйплов	tizenkilenc

#	Northern Sosva Mansi	Hungarian
21	ва̄т нупыл аква	huszonegy
31	налыман нупыл аква	harmincegy
41	атпан нупыл аква	negyvenegy
51	хо̄тпан нупыл аква	ötvenegy
61	са̄тлов нупыл аква	hatvanegy
71	нёлса̄т нупыл аква	hetvenegy
81	онтырса̄т нупыл аква	nyolcvanegy

#	Ob Mansi	Hungarian
21	ва̄тн аква	huszonegy
31	налыманн аква	harmincegy
41	атпанн аква	negyvenegy
51	хо̄тпанн аква	ötvenegy
61	са̄тловн аква	hatvanegy
71	нёлса̄тн аква	hetvenegy
81	онтырса̄тн аква	nyolcvanegy

#	Northern Sosva Mansi	Hungarian
91	онтырса̄т аква	kilencvenegy
95	онтырса̄т ат	kilencvenöt
99	онтырса̄т онтолов	kilencvenkilenc

#	Northern Sosva Mansi	Hungarian
101	яныгса̄т аква	százegy
111	яныгса̄т аквхуйплов	száztizenegy
121	яныгса̄т ва̄т нупыл аква	százhuszonegy
201	китса̄т аква	kétszázegy
301	хурмса̄т аква	háromszázegy
991	онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т аква	kilencszázkilencvenegy

#	Ob Mansi	Hungarian
101	китса̄тн аква	százegy
111	китса̄тн аквхуйплов	száztizenegy
121	китса̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква	százhuszonegy
201	хӯрмса̄тн аква	kétszázegy
301	ниласа̄тн аква	háromszázegy
981	онтоловса̄т онтырса̄т нупыл аква	kilencszázkilencvenegy

#	Ob Mansi	Hungarian
101	китыт са̄тн аква	százegyedik
111	китыт са̄тн аквхуйплов	száztizenegyedik
121	китыт са̄тн ва̄т нупыл аква	százhuszonegyedik
201	хӯрмит са̄тн аква	kétszázegyedik
301	нилат са̄тн аква	háromszázegyedik