Mazahua people
The Mazahuas are an Indigenous people of Mexico, primarily inhabiting the northwestern portion of the State of Mexico and small parts of Michoacán and Querétaro. The largest concentration of Mazahua is found in the municipalities of San Felipe del Progreso and San José del Rincón of the State of Mexico. There is also a significant presence in Mexico City, Toluca and the Guadalajara area owing to recent migration. According to the 2010 Mexican census, there are 116,240 speakers of the language in the State of Mexico, accounting for 53% of all Indigenous language speakers in the state.
Culture
Despite their proximity to Mexico City, Mazahua culture is relatively unknown to most Mexicans and even to many anthropologists.Women's dress
One way that the Mazahuas have maintained their culture is by women's dress, the elements of which have concrete meanings and specific values. The garments include a blouse, a skirt called a chincuete, an underskirt, apron, rebozo, quezquémetl, and a sash. The layering of clothing, especially the skirts, gives the women a robust look. The traditional women's outfit, especially the version handwoven in wool, is in danger of disappearing despite efforts to save the skills and traditions needed to keep it.The chincuete is a highly pleated skirt, usually made with satin and lace. It has mostly replaced the older lía, which was two lengths of fabric sewn together horizontally with an embroidered edge. The garment is intricately folded and worn around the waist. Those who wear the chincuete also wear an underskirt, which has an embroidered edge that appears out from under the chincuete. The upper body is covered with a saco, or blouse with embroidery, layered with a quechquemetl and/or rebozo.
The skirts are held in place with a woven sash whose designs are culturally significant. The sash is one of the most important elements, worn around the waist which is considered to be the energy center related to the cosmos and Mother Earth. The sashes are woven with varied designs meant to convey ideas, stories, feelings and experiences. For example, an abundance of birds generally indicates beauty, freedom and grace. However, if a bird is portrayed with a thorn in its leg, it can mean some kind of physical or spiritual pain. Another important symbol is a stylized star, which symbolizes the guardian of the night which brings messages and is a protector of health.
In the Mazahua region, almost all women wear crescent earrings, as it is custom for a groom to buy a pair for his fiancé instead of a ring. The earrings are made from silver coins provided by the groom and made by traditional silversmiths. In the 1970s, efforts were made headed by María Teresa Pomar to preserve the silversmithing tradition, which was in danger of dying out. Her efforts eventually led to the creation of a Mazahua silversmith guild whose members have won prizes for their work.
Language
The Mazahua call themselves Tetjo ñaa jñatjo, roughly meaning "those who speak their own language." The word Mazahua probably comes from Nahuatl for "deer-foot" to refer to those who track deer for hunting. However, deer hunting has long since died out as a tradition with the loss of the deer habitat. Another interpretation of the name is from the name of the first chief, Mazatlí-Tecutli.The language belongs to the Oto-Pamean languages branch of the Oto-Manguean languages, which is related to Otomi, Pame, Matlatzinca, and others. Despite efforts to preserve the language and culture, the percentage of children learning Mazahua as their first language is decreasing.
According to the 2010 Mexican census, there are 116,240 speakers of the language in the State of Mexico, which is 53% of all Indigenous language speakers in the state, most of whom are bilingual in Spanish. Migration has caused Mazahua to be the sixth most commonly spoken language in Mexico City.
Rituals and celebrations
Religious belief and cosmology is a blending of Catholic and Indigenous beliefs. Annual festivals are based on the Catholic calendar with each community having a patron saint, the most common of which is Isidore the Laborer. Two of the largest festivals are Feast of the Cross and Day of the Dead. Traditional dances performed on special occasions include Danza de Pastoras, Danza de Santiagueros and Danza de Concheros.The Day of the Dead is the welcoming back of the souls of the ancestors, which are given offerings of foods that they preferred in life, along with drinks such as pulque and beer, along with bread, sweets and fruit. The altars are decorated much the way most others in Mexico are, with flowers, paper cutouts, etc., but they often also contain cloths hand embroidered with Mazahua motifs. The Mazahua believe that the souls of the departed return on the Day of the Dead in the form of monarch butterflies to enjoy the offerings of fruit and bread that are left on altars. To welcome them, they have a procession from the church to the cemetery and to bid them goodbye, they have a procession in the opposite direction.
The New Fire ceremony occurs on March 19, which is a blessing of fire in springtime, co-ordinated by the head of the Mazahua people. The ceremony is done in a circle, with points aligned with the cardinal directions, each honoring a different deity. The wood in the center is blessed and lit. The fire is then distributed by candles.
The Ofrenda al Agua, or Offering to Water, occurs August 15 or 16 near rivers and lakes. Its purpose is to thank the element for its help in the agricultural cycle and to ask forgiveness for abuses to the resource. It takes place at the end of the rainy season when rains and water supply begin to diminish.
One important local Mazahua ceremony is the Xita Corpus, held in Temascalcingo. It honors and reinterprets an ancient myth of the "xita" who come to the town after journeying. According to the myth, they ask for food but there is none. The townspeople ask them to pray for rain, which they do. The rains come and the harvest is plentiful.
Today, the ceremony is done in conjunction with Corpus Christi, while corn in planted, just before the rainy season. The ceremony has retained its significance, but the growing of corn is no longer the area's main source of income. One main aspect is the elaborate costume that is worn by the dancers who play the old travelers. It is meant to imitate traditional Indigenous travelers and can weigh up to 55 lb.
The Centro Ceremonial Mazahua
is in a small village, Santa Ana Nichi, surrounded by forest, 32 km from San Felipe del Progreso. It was started in the 1980s and is dedicated to preserving the Mazahua culture, history and handcrafts. The site contains three buildings, which resemble kiosks, which are used for ceremonies such as the spring equinox as well as assemblies. It also contains a museum housing a collection of handcrafts and other objects to demonstrate the Mazahua life and worldview.
Handcrafts
The main handcraft-producing areas are San Felipe del Progreso, Temascalcingo, Ixtlahuaca and Atlacomulco. Handcrafts include textiles such as blankets, sashes, rugs, cushions, tablecloths, carrying bags and quezquémetls made of wool. In San Felipe del Progreso and Villa Victoria, there are workshops which made brooms and brushes. In Temascalcingo, red clay pottery is dominant especially cooking pots, flowerpots and crucibles. The making of gloves, scarves and sweaters is dominant in Ixtlahuaca. Straw hats are made in Atlacomulco. Silversmithing is done in San Felipe del Progreso.Mazahua textiles attest to how the people live, view their world, and represent the symbols of their culture. Weaving and embroidering of times begin with buying fabric and thread in cities like Toluca and Zitácuaro. There are set rules as to how to arrange designs and colors. Textiles are made for personal use as well as for sale and include tablecloths, blankets, cushions, and carrying bags. Textiles are also made as offerings covering altars and walls at special ceremonies, such as saints' days.
In 2011, a group of rag dolls made by Mazahua women were displayed at the Museo de Arte Popular. The dolls were traditional but were dressed in the manner of famous international designers. The event was called Fashion's Night Out, sponsored by Vogue México.
While traditional handcrafts have been an important part of Mazahua culture, the tradition of making them is disappearing in the younger generations.
Diet
Health for the Mazahuas is both physical and spiritual. They also believe in "good" and "bad" ailments, the former sent by God and the latter provoked by some evil on someone's part or supernatural causes. "Good" ailments include diarrhea, pneumonia, bronchitis, and intestinal parasites. "Bad" ones include "the evil eye", "fright," and "bad air." The classification indicates the kind of treatment, which can include herbal remedies, massages, ceremonies, or professional medicine.The nuclear family is the base of Mazahua society, with defined roles determined mostly by sex and age. In addition to familial duties, Mazahuas are required to contribute voluntary labor to the community, called faena. The work often includes the building of institutions like schools, markets, and roads.
Mazahua cuisine is often tied to ritual and its cosmology and very similar to Otomi cuisine. Common ingredients include squash, pipian sauce, a vegetable called quelite and a wide variety of mushrooms, generally found in the forest at certain times of the year. Common feast foods are turkey in mole sauce and drinks called zende and pulque, especially on the locality's patron saint's feast day. Turkey in mole sauce is usually reserved for the patron saint day and weddings. Zende is a local drink made with sprouted corn, which is brewed and colored with a little bit of chili pepper. A small amount of pulque is then added to start the fermentation process. Ready about four days later, it has a sweet and sour taste.