Maurice Samuel
Maurice Samuel was a Romanian-born British and American novelist, translator and lecturer of Jewish heritage. He was a prominent Jewish Humanist and Zionist intellectual. His best-known and most commercially successful work was The World of Sholom Aleichem, and for which he was awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. The non-fiction book deals with Jewish life in Russia in the nineteenth century.
In 1956, he was awarded the 1955 Stephen Wise Award of the American Jewish Congress for his “significant contributions over three decades” to Jewish education and culture."
In 1964, Robert Alter wrote of his profile in Commentary: "For more than three decades, Maurice Samuel has been a kind of one-man educational movement in American Jewish life. Anyone with even a passing interest in the East European Jewish milieu, Yiddish and Hebrew literature, Zionism, the future of American Jewry, the nature of anti-Semitism, the role of Judaism in the West, is likely to have read at least one of Samuel’s books."
In 1967, he was awarded the B’nai B’rith Jewish Heritage Award, a literary prize given annually to a writer who “makes a positive contribution to contemporary literature by his authentic interpretation of Jewish life and values."
Samuel received the Itzik Manger Prize for Yiddish literature posthumously in 1972.
Early life
Born in Măcin, Tulcea County, Romania, to Isaac Samuel and Fanny Acker, Samuel moved to Paris with his family at the age of five and one year later, the family relocated to Manchester in England, living in an immigrant district.He studied at the Victoria University on a 3-year scholarship but did not graduate.
He attended classes in chemistry with Chaim Weizmann, physics with Ernest Rutherford and a mathematics class with Horace Lamb but found he had neither talent nor interest in the subjects. Flinders Petrie lectured on Egyptology and Samuel recalls that James Frazer would occasionally visit the university to give lectures on anthropology. He also took courses in French and English literature as well as courses related to civil service requirements.
He emigrated to the United States in 1914, settling in New York City's Lower East Side. During his adolescence he had scant interest in his Jewish heritage and instead became engrossed in non-Jewish literature and socialism. His interest in his native Yiddish was renewed when he was drafted into an infantry regiment on the Lower East Side, where he was required to translate commandments to fellow Jewish soldiers with a limited level of English. Afterwards, he served with the American Expeditionary Forces in Bordeaux in France during the First World War. In 1919 he worked as an interpreter at the Versailles Peace Conference.
He also assisted the Reparations Commission in Berlin and Vienna, and served with the Morgenthau Commission investigating pogroms in Poland. He stayed in Europe until 1921, also taking Hebrew lessons in France from a Palestinian Jew.
His parents spoke Yiddish at home and he developed strong attachments to the Jewish people and the Yiddish language at early age. This later became the motivation for many of the books he wrote as an adult.
Writing career
A Jewish intellectual and writer, Samuel was known for his role as a polemicist and campaigner against anti-Semitism. Most of his work concerns itself with Judaism or the Jew's role in history and modern society. Samuel was a vocal Zionist and a champion of Yiddish culture. Several of Samuel’s works explore Zionist ideals and celebrate Yiddish literature. Six of Samuel’s books examine anti-Semitism as rooted in Western traditions of competition and aggression — contrasting sharply with Judaism’s emphasis on non-violence and cooperation.After returning to the United States in 1920, he began writing for Der Tog, a Yiddish-language newspaper in New York City.
Samuel’s early fiction, though not explicitly focused on Jewish themes, already hinted at his later interests through its portrayal of war’s impact on individuals and the struggles of immigrant life in America. His first novel, The Outsider, centers on demobilized soldiers in postwar Paris. Two years later, Whatever Gods follows Arthur Winner, a second-generation Austrian-American who rejects his family’s shoe business in pursuit of independence. After working in Ohio, Arthur ultimately returns home, having learned that meaningful change comes not from standing apart but from engaging with society, achieving success, and using one’s position to improve both self and community.
In 1924, he published You Gentiles, a non-fiction account which seeks to explore the core distinctions between Jews and Gentiles, examining how these differences relate to the phenomenon of anti-Semitism and considering whether a resolution to the tensions they produce is possible. Samuel won praise from J. Donald Adams in The New York Times: "The most striking quality of Mr. Samuel's book is its exceptional frankness." Adams added that the book "is soundly reasoned and much that is provocative of thought".
In 1927, he published I, the Jew. The non-fiction account tracks his intellectual journey from youthful certainty, through periods of doubt and rejection, toward a renewed and more expansive conviction. Raised in England and deeply attached to its culture, he long believed himself fully English, despite having been born in Romania. He later recognised that he could not share the inherited social past that defined English identity, prompting what he described as a revolt against “this tyrannous past.” His reflections led him to question scientific, religious, and political claims before arriving at the view that peace requires balancing loyalty to one’s own group with respect for others. Central to this evolution was his growing affirmation of his Jewish identity. A committed Zionist, Samuel regarded the movement as “in the forefront of fine human achievements” and hoped that a Jewish homeland—shaped by a tradition that had endured without reliance on war—might model a more ethical form of collective life.
In August 1939, he sailed to Europe on special assignment for the New York Post.
In 1944, he was awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, administered by The Saturday Review of Literature for his non-fiction work, The World of Sholom Aleichem, which deals with Jewish life in Russia in the nineteenth century. The citation accompanying the award described it as "a clear portrayal of a distinctive group of individuals sometimes irrational, often whimsical, occasionally irritating, but always alive and genuinely human." It was also his most commercially successful work, reprinted every two or three years.
In the same year, he published Harvest in the Desert, a chronicle of progress in Mandate Palestine, where the Jewish population had rose to 600, 000. Samuel describes a collective nation‑building effort driven largely by ordinary workers rather than philanthropists. He highlights the purchase of land through the Jewish National Fund and the extensive labour involved in draining swamps, irrigating fields, constructing roads and housing, and establishing agricultural communes that challenged stereotypes about Jewish manual and collective labour. Urban growth accompanied this development, with new industries, schools, hospitals, and the expansion of the Histadrut labour federation. He also argues that, despite these achievements, the Jewish population remained constrained by British policy. Drawing on contemporary critiques, he accuses the British administration of inconsistency and inaction during periods of unrest, and points to opposition from the Grand Mufti and local elites who feared social and economic change.
Writing in the June 1947 issue of Commentary, Meyer Levin argued that the literary careers of himself, Samuel Ludwig Lewisohn, Daniel Fuchs, and Irving Fineman had been constrained by limited reader and publishing‑industry interest in works that engaged with Jewish or Zionist themes. However, Irving Howe underscores Maurice Samuel’s literary significance by emphasizing his unique position between two cultural spheres: the American literary establishment and the Yiddish intellectual tradition. Rather than belonging fully to either, Samuel operated within the liminal space that connected them. Howe commends him as “the rare kind of literary man who established connections between two orders of sensibility and thereby modified each of them a little.”
In 1948, Samuel wrote Prince of the Ghetto, about I. L. Peretz, a Polish Jewish writer and playwright writing in Yiddish. Samuel’s presentation of Peretz includes retellings of his major stories, noting that their cultural depth resists straightforward translation but offers readers a vivid portrait of the vanished, Torah‑centred Jewish communities of eastern Europe. Peretz’s tales draw on folklore, moral reflection, and imaginative fantasy, depicting a world where the boundaries between earthly and spiritual realms are fluid. Although deeply devoted to his people, Peretz was aware of the tensions between his Jewish heritage and his European intellectual formation, a conflict Samuel argues was eased through Peretz’s admiration for Hasidism. In his Commentary review, Leslie Fiedler wrote that "On the whole, he has skillfully disentangled the living Peretz from the 19th-century corpse of the same name: the optimistic believer in material progress, science, and rationalism, the popularizing lecturer, the despiser of ritual." In 1948, Samuel and S. Y. Agnon were awarded the annual Louis Lamed Fund prizes, which recognized the two best Jewish books published in English in the United States. Samuel received the award for The Prince of the Ghetto.
He also assisted Chaim Weizmann, President of Israel, to write his autobiography, Trial and Error. In 1950, he published The Gentleman and the Jew. Within this autobiographical account of his intellectual formation, Samuel reflects on Jewish history, ethical traditions, and the significance of the Hebrew Bible, while also addressing the complexities of Jewish nationalism in relation to Zionism and the modern State of Israel. He frames these discussions through a broader interpretive scheme that contrasts what he sees as distinct Hebrew and non‑Hebrew value systems, using this distinction to organise his reading of Jewish historical experience.David Daiches reviewed the book in the December 1950 issue of Commentary, praising it as "fascinating and provocative." Daiches concluded "it must suffice to recommend the book most warmly to Jews and Christians alike as a brilliant and searching analysis of some of the values of civilization."
In 1963, he published the memoir Little Did I Know: Recollections and Reflections. The collection of essays explore Jewish identity, arguing that despite its challenges, Jewish life carries profound value and meaning. The book was praised by Maurice Edelman in The New York Times as a "sane, witty and challenging book offers a bracing therapy."
In 1968, Samuel published Light on Israel, about the post-Six-Day War nation. He wrote of his ambitions for Israel as an important "culture producing unit" and that her military victory "focused the world's attention on her nonmilitary achievements, without which her victory would have been impossible." Chaim Potok praised the book in The New York Times: "It is a fine book, written with the grace and wit and controlled passion we have come to expect from Maurice Samuel, and filled with keen and subtle insights."
In 1971, he published In Praise of Yiddish. Lucy Dawidowicz reviewed the non-fiction book in the December 1971 issue of Commentary.
He also wrote more conventional fiction, such as The Web of Lucifer, which takes place during the Borgias' rule of Renaissance Italy, and the fantasy science-fiction novel The Devil that Failed. Samuel also wrote the nonfiction King Mob under the pseudonym "Frank K. Notch". He and his work received acclaim within the Jewish community during his lifetime. He received the Itzik Manger Prize for Yiddish literature posthumously in 1972. He was also a well known radio personality appearing in discussions on the NBC summer program "Eternal Light: The Words We Live By" from 1953-1971 alongside Mark van Doren where the two discussed the literary and cultural impact of the Bible.