Masurian Canal
The Masurian Canal is a abandoned canal in Poland and Russia in Central Europe. Planned to connect Königsberg and Mauersee in Prussia, construction of the canal was paused for the World Wars and hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic, before being abandoned.
History
Proposals for a canal connecting the Masurian Lakes area with the Baltic Sea at Königsberg existed from the 18th century, when other canal schemes to connect the Masurian Lakes were enacted by Johann Friedrich Domhardt. An early proposal would have had a canal from to the sea making substantial use of river navigations, and another plan was to have a canal leave Lake Mamry north via Węgielsztyn. A further plan for a canal was proposed in 1849, and a survey was drawn up by 1862. This plan would have used inclined planes as on the nearby Elbląg Canal. Failure to acquire consent from landowners was one reason this proposal did not come to fruition.In 1890, hydraulic engineer August Hess—who had previously designed the Aller Canal—revised the plans to replace the inclined planes with locks, publishing The Masurian Shipping Canal in East Prussia in 1892. Two years later, engineer Otto Intze published his Expert Opinion on the Utilization of Considerable Water Power for Industrial Purposes Through the Masurian Shipping Canal which recommended the installation of hydroelectric power stations at the locks.
By 1898 the Landtag approved the land purchase of 200,000ℳ. On 14 May 1908, authorisation was given to construct a navigable waterway between Königsberg and Lake Mamry. The canal, planned to make use of the Pregolya and Łyna rivers upstream of Königsberg and a canal from Allenburg to Mamry, would drop approximately from the lakes to the river.
A second phase of construction would have seen an extension to the Narew valley which would have provided an onward connection to Warsaw.
Construction
After authorisation of the canal, the works were divided into two schemes; the first was from the Łyna to the Gerdauen–Nordenburg railway line, and the second was from the railway line to Lake Mamry. The contract for construction was given to Philipp Holzmann and Dyckerhoff & Widmann, and construction began in April 1911.Construction was halted at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914; the canal was described as being "far from complete" with only two locks having been started. In September 1914, engagements of the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes took place near the canal works.
When construction recommenced after the war, completion was planned for 1940. Many navvies came from western Germany and had accommodation in barracks near the works; some of these later settled in Druzhba. Local men were also employed, which stimulated local economy. In 1921, it was again suggested that the canal could be used for hydroelectric power, with a recognised capacity of up to. The following year, hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic again put works on hold. At this point, construction of most of the locks had begun, with one at Allenburg complete.
Construction recommenced in 1934, using local and forced labour, with a proposed completion of May 1941 and a projected total cost of 19,500,000ℛℳ. In 1936, the lock at Kostromino was reported to have been complete.
The outbreak of the Second World War again halted construction; the cut was complete but many of the locks along the waterway remained unfinished. Navvies were subsequently employed to construct Adolf Hitler's nearby Wolf's Lair and the Mauerwald base of the OKH; a legend suggests that the canal's real purpose was to serve a secret U-boat facility at Mauerwald.
Works were finally abandoned in 1942. The Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 divided the course of the canal, with assigned to Poland and to the USSR. After the Second World War, many of the mechanisms at the locks and weirs were looted.
Route
The canal begins at a fortified junction with Lake Przystań, a bay on the west side of Lake Mamry, at approximately AMSL. Heading west, the canal was crossed by a road bridge and a railway bridge carrying the Kętrzyn–Węgorzewo line. The first lock, Leśniewo Upper Lock, is that with the greatest rise. Beyond the second lock, Leśniewo Lower Lock, the first cut ends and the waterway makes use of for of its route. The canal heads north from the lake on another cut, through Piaski Lock, the only completed lock on the Polish side of the canal. Passing the Marszałki forest, the canal drops through locks at Bajory Małe and Bajory Wielkie. Beyond the locks the canal was crossed by the narrow gauge railway between Barciany and Krylovo. The last lock on the Polish side, Długopole Lock, had the lowest rise of any on the canal. Adjacent to the lock was a watchtower, now administered by the Polish Teachers' Union.North of the Poland–Russia border, the dry canal bed heads north-west and was crossed by the Zheleznodorozhny–Krylovo railway; the bridge is now demolished. The route passes through forest and the lost village of Wikrowo. The first lock in Russia is Ozerki Lock, beyond which is a railway bridge defended by anti-tank obstacles. After the next lock, near the village of Marinovka, the canal passes the Mauenwalde estate before heading west and reaching a lock at Kostromino. At Druzhba, two locks drop the canal to the level of the Łyna ; after the village, the canal enters a sweeping curve to the north to join the river.
Specifications
The cut was dug to a specification of depth, a maximum beam of. The beam at waterline was. The canal alternated between cuttings and embankments, with some earthworks reaching high. The channel was lined with of stone to prevent leakage. Where the canal was cut through marshy ground, it was further strengthened with reinforced concrete. In inhabited areas such as villages and farms, the channel was secured with barbed wire and fencing.The minimum-curve radius was designed to be to allow Finowmaß-specification vessels to navigate bends at full speed. At these locations, the channel was widened by.
Locks
Ten locks were constructed on the canal, with chambers made of reinforced concrete using the Torkret injection method. These were placed in one of three categories based on the pressure caused by the hydraulic head above the lock:- Category 1 – locks with a rise less than
- Category 2 – locks with a rise of
- Category 3 – locks with a rise greater than
The superstructure of the upper lock at Leśniewo features a recess for the Reichsadler of the coat of arms of the Third Reich.
At the abandonment of works, the locks were in varying states of completion.
| Lock name | Image | Distance from Łyna | Distance from Lake Mamry | Rise/fall | Location | Country | Coordinates |
| Druzhba Lock 1 | Druzhba, Pravdinsky District | Russia | |||||
| Druzhba Lock 2 | Druzhba, Pravdinsky District | Russia | |||||
| Kostromino Lock | Kostromino, Pravdinsky District | Russia | |||||
| Marinovka Lock | Marinovka, Pravdinsky District | Russia | |||||
| Ozerki Lock | Ozerki, Pravdinsky District | Russia | |||||
| Długopole Lock | Bajory Wielkie, Gmina Srokowo | Poland | |||||
| Bajory Lock | Bajory Małe, Gmina Srokowo | Poland | |||||
| Piaski Lock | Guja, Gmina Węgorzewo | Poland | |||||
| Leśniewo Lower Lock | Leśniewo, Gmina Srokowo | Poland | |||||
| Leśniewo Upper Lock | Leśniewo, Gmina Srokowo | Poland |